Craspedacusta sowerbii

Craspedacusta sowerbii
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Hydrozoa
Order: Limnomedusae
Family: Olindiidae
Genus: Craspedacusta
Species: C. sowerbii
Binomial name
Craspedacusta sowerbii
Lankester, 1880
Synonyms

Craspedacusta sowerbyi (lapsus)

A specimen in a farming pond (Upstate New York).

Craspedacusta sowerbii is a freshwater jellyfish in the phylum Cnidaria. Since it is classified as a hydrozoan, it is one of many jellyfish that are also known as hydromedusae. Hydromedusan jellyfish differ from scyphozoan jellyfish because they have a muscular, shelf-like structure called a velum on the ventral surface, attached to the bell margin. Originally from the Yangtze basin in China, C. sowerbii is an invasive species now found throughout the world in bodies of fresh water.[1]

Form

C. sowerbii medusae are about 20–25 mm (approximately 1 in.) in diameter, somewhat flatter than a hemisphere, and very delicate, when fully grown. They have a whorl of up to 400 tentacles tightly packed around the bell margin. Hanging down from the center of the inside of the bell is a large stomach structure called a manubrium, with a mouth-opening with four frilly lips. Circulation of nutrients is facilitated by four radial canals which originate at the edges of the stomach (manubrium), and which are also connected to a ring canal, located near the bell margin. Most of the body is transparent or translucent, with a whitish or greenish tinge. The (usually) four large flat sex organs (gonads) are attached to the four radial canals, and are usually opaque white. The many tentacles each contain thousands of cells called cnidocytes, which contain nematocysts (also known as cnidocysts), and are used to capture prey and pass it to the mouth. Food is taken in the mouth opening, and waste is finally expelled out of the same opening.

Habitat and distribution

C. sowerbii is native to the Yangtze basin in China, but has been introduced widely around the world (the only continent where not found is Antarctica).[1] It is usually found in calm, freshwater reservoirs, lakes, impoundments, gravel pits or quarries. They have also been seen in slow-moving backwaters of river systems such as the Allegheny River, the Ohio River and the Tennessee River in the United States and the Wang Thong River of Thailand. They prefer standing water, and are not generally seen in fast flowing streams or rivers.

C. sowerbii has a global distribution - it has been found in countries on almost every continent and nearly every state in the United States (no reports yet from Montana, Wyoming, North Dakota, South Dakota, Alaska or Hawaii) and most provinces in Canada (no reports yet from Alberta, Saskatchewan).[2]

The medusa's appearance is sporadic and unpredictable from year to year. It is not uncommon for C. sowerbii to appear in a body of water where it had never been documented before, in very large numbers, and its appearance may even be reported on the local news.

On August 21, 2010, C. sowerbii was spotted and captured on the northwest corner of Falcon Lake in Manitoba, Canada. Scientists believe this is due to a recent heat wave in the Whiteshell Provincial Park area. It is proposed the C. sowerbii came to Falcon Lake on waterfowl originating from Star Lake, Manitoba, Canada. Falcon Lake along with Star Lake remain the only two confirmed sightings of C. sowerbii in Manitoba.[3]

C. sowerbii has been seen in Pennsylvanian lakes and reservoirs including Marsh Creek Lake, Downingtown/Eagle, PA Turnpike/Rt 100/Rt 401, SR 282 (2007,2008).[4]

It has been found in water reservoirs and artificial lakes in south-eastern Australia, including the Thorndon Park reservoir[5] and Lake Burley Griffin.[6]

In 1981, it was reported in Argentina[7] and in Brazil in the 2000s.[8]

Since 2008 the freshwater jellyfish have been sighted every September and October in the Zhaojiaya Reservoir near Zhangjiajie, Hunan, China.[9]

It has been found in the Cauvery River and backwaters of the Hemavathi River in Karnataka, India[10] and in several lakes in Hungary.[11]

During the abnormal heat in the summer 2010 in Russia sightings of C. sowerbii were reported in the Moscow River.[12]

Feeding

C. sowerbii is a predator on zooplankton including daphnia and copepods. Prey is caught with their stinging tentacles. Drifting with its tentacles extended, the jelly waits for suitable prey to touch a tentacle. Once contact has been made, nematocysts on the tentacle fire into the prey, injecting poison which paralyzes the animal, and the tentacle itself coils around the prey. The tentacles then bring the prey into the mouth, where it is released and then digested.

Just like salt water jellyfish they do have stinging cells. However, these cnidocytes cells are used for paralyzing very tiny prey and have not been proven to have the capacity to pierce human skin.[13]

Life cycle

C. sowerbii begins life as a tiny polyp, which lives in colonies attached to underwater vegetation, rocks, or tree stumps, feeding and asexually reproducing during spring and summer. Some of these offspring are the sexually reproducing medusae. Fertilized eggs develop into small ciliated larvae called planula. The planula then settle to the bottom, and develop into polyps. However, the majority of C. sowerbii populations existing in the United States are either all male or all female, so there is no sexual reproduction in those populations.

During the cold winter months, polyps contract and enter dormancy as resting bodies called podocysts. It is believed that podocysts are transported by aquatic plants or animals to other bodies of water. Once conditions become favorable, they develop into polyps again.

References

  1. 1 2 Didžiulis, Viktoras. "NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet – Craspedacusta sowerbyi" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 May 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
  2. ↑ Peard, Terry. "Distribution of the freshwater jellyfish". Retrieved 2008-08-11.
  3. ↑ "Families find Manitoba's first jellyfish". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  4. ↑ "What is the distribution of the freshwater jellyfish in Pennsylvania". Dr. Terry Peard. Retrieved 2016-12-29.
  5. ↑ "Tiny African jellyfish in S.A. reservoir". Mail (Adelaide, SA : 1912 - 1954). 1950-03-11. p. 3. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  6. ↑ "Jellyfish live in lake". Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995). 1967-03-01. p. 1. Retrieved 2017-08-05.
  7. ↑ Boltovskoy, A. & P.A. Battistoni, 1981. La medusa Craspedacusta sowerbyi en el embalse Río III, Córdoba, Argentina. Physis, Secc B. 39:78.
  8. ↑ Silva, W.M. & K.F. Roche, 2007. Occurrence of the freshwater jellyfish Craspedacusta sowerbii (Lankester, 1880) (Hydrozoa, Limnomedusae) in a calcareous lake in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, Biota Neotropica, 7: 227-230. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/bn/v7n1/27.pdf
  9. ↑ "ZJJ Cili Zhaojiaya Reservoir Appeared Freshwater Jellyfish". Zhangjiajie City Information Center. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  10. ↑ "Photographs of C. Sowerbii in India".
  11. ↑ "Az édesvízi medúza (Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankaster, 1880) magyarországi előfordulása | The freshwater jellyfish (Craspedacusta sowerbii Lankester, 1880) in Hungarian waters - REAL - az MTA Könyvtárának Repozitóriuma". Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  12. ↑ "Man nets seven jellyfish in Moscow River". RIA Novisti. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
  13. ↑ "Will freshwater jellyfish sting me?".
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