Crédit Mobilier

Crédit Mobilier (officially the Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier, or General Society of Home Credit) was a French banking company, and one of the most important financial institutions of the world during the mid-19th century. It had a major role in the financing of numerous railroads and other infrastructure projects by mobilizing the savings of middle class French investors as capital for vast lending schemes. The Crédit Mobilier investments created vast debts for the countries which accepted these infrastructure loans and was thus indirectly involved in the European occupations of the countries whose governments defaulted on these loans during the worldwide economic depression of the 1870s.

It became a powerful and dynamic funding agency for major projects in France, Europe, North Africa and the world at large. It specialized in mining development; it funded other banks including the Imperial Ottoman Bank and the Austrian Mortgage Bank; it funded railway construction[1] and insurance companies, as well as building contractors. The bank had large investments in transatlantic steamship lines, urban gas lighting, a newspaper and the Paris public transit system.

In 1866/7, the bank underwent a severe crisis, and the Pereire brothers were forced to resign at the demand of their enemy, the Banque de France; the Crédit Mobilier never recovered.

History and objectives

Established in 1852,[2] the French Government sanctioned the statutes of the new bank with the name of the Société Générale du Crédit Mobilier, with a capital of 60,000,000 francs.[3] It was founded by the Pereire brothers with a view to countering James Mayer Rothschild's alliance with the industrialist Paulin Talabot regarding competition for the railway expansion.[4] It was allowed to acquire shares of public companies, and to pay calls made upon it in respect of such shares by its own notes or obligations; also to sell or give in security all shares thus acquired.[5] The operations of the society were conducted upon a very extensive scale.[5] A joint-stock company operating on a principle of limited liability, its initial investments came from large industrialists, but its capital was vastly increased by accepting investments from the general public.[6][7]

In 1854 it subscribed largely to the war loan of the French government, raised during the Crimean War, to the Grand Central Railway Company, to the General Omnibus Company of Paris, and to various other important projects. The dividend declared for 1854 was 12%. In 1855, it lent two sums to the government—the one of 250,000,000 and the other of 375,000,000 francs. Its operations were vast during this year, and the net dividend declared amounted to 40%. The directors then proposed to avail themselves of their privilege of issuing their own obligations, and thought to issue two kinds of notes—the one at short dates, the other at long dates, and redeemable by installments. The proposed issue was to amount to 240,000,000 francs, but the public became alarmed at the prospect of so vast an issue of paper money, and in March 1856, the French government deemed it necessary to prohibit the proposed scheme.[5]

The prohibition was a severe blow to the institution. In 1856, its dividends did not exceed 22%; in 1857 they were only 5%. Several attempts to resuscitate its credit failed, and finally, in November 1871, it was reorganized with a new board of management. In 1877 its assets were 77,000,000 francs, but its shares, the par value of which was 500 francs, sold for 200 francs only. During 1878–79 the capital was first reduced to 32,000,000 francs, and then increased to 40,000,000. In 1884 it was a second time reduced to 30,000,000 francs, but the company never regained its losses.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Ralf Roth; Günter Dinhobl (2008). Across the Borders: Financing the World's Railways in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Ashgate. p. 19.
  2. ↑ P.B. Whale -Joint Stock Banking In Germany: A Study Of The German Creditbanks Before And After The War Routledge, 22 Mar 1968 Retrieved 2012-06-02
  3. ↑ Quigley, Carroll (1966). Tragedy And Hope. New York: Macmillan. p. 519. ISBN 0-945001-10-X.
  4. ↑ López-Morell, Migule Á. (2015). Rothschild; Una historia de poder e influencia en España. Madrid: MARCIAL PONS, EDICIONES DE HISTORIA, S.A. p. 141. ISBN 978-84-15963-59-2.
  5. 1 2 3 4  Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). "Crédit Mobilier". New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.
  6. ↑ Newmarch, William, “On the Recent History of the Crédit Mobilier,” Journal of the Statistical Society of London, Vol. 21, No. 4 (December 1858), pp. 444-453
  7. ↑  Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Crédit Mobilier". Encyclopedia Americana.

Further reading

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