Council house

Semi-detached council house in Seacroft, Leeds, West Yorkshire

Council housing in Hurlford, East Ayrshire, Scotland

A council house is a form of public or social housing built by local municipalities in the United Kingdom and Ireland. A council estate is a building complex containing a great many council houses and other amenities like schools and shops. Council houses were solidly built and distinctive in design which evolved over the period of their construction from 1919 to 1980. There were local design variations but they all adhered to Local Authority building standards.

Context

House design in the United Kingdom is defined by a series of Housing Acts, and public housing house design is defined by government directives and central governments' relationship with local authorities. From the first interventions in the Public Health Act 1875, council houses could be homes fit for heroes, general housing aimed at the working classes, general housing for all, parts of a slum clearance programme or just homes provided for the most needy. They could be funded directly, through central government incentive or by revenue obtained when other houses were sold. Increasingly, they have been transferred through the instrument of housing associations into the private sector.

First World War housing

Woolwich Borough Council was responsible for the Well Hall Estate designed for workers at the munition factories at Woolwich Arsenal. The estate and the house were built to the garden suburb philosophy: houses were all different. The estate received the royal seal of approval when on Friday, 24 March 1916, Queen Mary made an unannounced visit. ^[1]

Interwar housing

A programme of council house building started after the First World War following on from the David Lloyd George’s government’s Housing Act of 1919. The 'Addison Act' brought in subsidies for council house building and aimed to provide 500,000 "homes fit for heroes" within a three-year period although less than half of this target was met.^[2] The housing built comprised three-bedroom dwellings with parlour and scullery: larger properties also include a living room. The standards are based on the Tudor Walters Report of 1919, and the Design Manual written according to the 1913 building standards. In 1923 the Chamberlain Act withdrew subsidies for council houses except for private builders and houses for sale. Councils could undertake to build houses and offer these for sale but also to sell off some of their existing properties. This was essentially reversed by the incoming Labour government of 1924. The Wheatley Act (1924) passed by the new Labour Government introduced higher subsidies for council housing and also allowed for a contribution to be made from the rates. The housing revenue account was always separated from the general account.^[2] This was a major period of council house construction.

The Housing Act 1930 stimulated slum clearance, i.e., the destruction of inadequate houses in the inner cities that had been built before the 1875 Act. This released land for housing and the need for smaller two bedroomed houses to replace the two-up two-down houses that had been demolished. Smaller three bedroom properties were also built. The Housing Act of 1935 led to a continuation of this policy ^[3], but the war stopped all construction, and enemy action reduced the usable housing stock. ^[2]

Post-war housing

Prefabs

The immediate post-war period saw the building of prefab bungalows with a design life of ten years. Innovative steel-framed properties were also tried in an attempt to speed up construction. A number survive, a testament to the durability of a series of housing designs and construction methods only envisaged to last 10 years.

The Burt Committee, formed in 1942 by the wartime government of Winston Churchill, proposed to address the need for an anticipated 200,000 shortfall in post-war housing stock, by building 500,000 prefabricated houses, with a planned life of up to 10 years within five years of the end of the Second World War. The eventual bill, under the post-war Labour government of Prime Minister Clement Attlee, agreed to deliver 300,000 units within 10 years, within a budget of £150m. In the end, of 1.2 million new houses built from 1945 to 1951 when the programme officially ended, only 156,623 prefab houses were constructed.^[4][5]

New Towns Act housing

Mainly during the immediate post-war years, and well into the 1950s, council house provision was shaped by the New Towns Act 1946 and the Town and Country Planning Act 1947 of the 1945–51 Labour government. At the same time this government introduced housing legislation that removed explicit references to housing for the working class and introduced the concept of "general needs" construction (i.e., that council housing should aim to fill the needs for a wide range of society). In particular, Aneurin Bevan, the Minister for Health and Housing, promoted a vision of new estates where "the working man, the doctor and the clergyman will live in close proximity to each other".^[6]

Design

Progress estate houses (1916)

Council houses on the Progress Estate, Eltham, Southeast London

Homes fit for heroes (1918–1923)

The Addison Act 1919 houses were usually three bedroomed houses with lounge and scullery—or lounge, dining room and scullery. Some had two, four or five bedrooms, and generously sized back gardens intended for vegetable growing. At the best they were built at twelve houses per acre. Importantly they were built to the recommendations in the Tudor Walters Report

Table

Seen in Downham, Watling Estate and Becontree.

Labour government homes (1924–1930)

The Addison Act 1919, and the severe housing shortage in the early 1920s created the first generation of houses to feature electricity, running water, bathrooms, indoor toilets and front/rear gardens. However, until well into the 1930s, some were built with outdoor toilets. Some did not feature an actual bathroom; the bath could often be found in the kitchen with a design which allowed it to double as a work surface. ^[8]

The Chamberlain Act 1923 reduced the expected standards. The Wheatley Act 1924 attempted to restore some of them. Under the Addison Act, a house would be 1,000 square feet (93 m²) but after 1924 it would be 620 square feet (58 m²).^[9] This was a major period of council house construction.

Smaller houses (1931–1939)

With the Housing Act of 1930 the government signalled a change of priority, slum clearance. Pre-regulation terraced housing was to be cleared and the residents rehoused in new council houses. There was a cut in funding and the housing density on the peripheral estates was increased leading to a poorer build quality. The former tenants of the inner city properties, were displaced far from their workplaces unable to afford the higher rents (though reduced from the 1919 levels) or the cost of transport. Stable communities were broken up, and with it support networks. ^[9]

Temporary prefabs (1941–1950)

Grade II listed Phoenix prefabs in Wake Green Road, Birmingham

All prefab units approved by the Ministry of Works had to have a minimum floor space size of 635 square feet (59.0 m²), and the sections should be less than 7.5 feet (2.3 m) wide.^[5] These "service units," had to include a combined back-to-back prefabricated kitchen that backed onto a prebuilt bathroom, so water pipes, waste pipes and electrical distribution were all in the same place, and hence easy to install. The house retained a coal-fire, with a back boiler to create both central heating and a constant supply of hot water.^[4] Thus it had a bathroom included a flushing toilet and man-sized bath with hot running water. In the kitchen were a built-in oven, refrigerator and baxi water heater. All prefabs under the housing act came pre-decorated in magnolia, with gloss-green on all additional wood, including the door trimmings and skirting boards.^[4]

Pre-cast reinforced concrete

1950s semi-detached PRC houses in Seacroft, Leeds, West Yorkshire

These were built by prefabrication techniques but had an expected design life of 60 years. They included various kinds such as Airey, Cornish, Wates, Unity, Reema, Tarran, Woolaway and Parkinson types. The city of Leeds lead the way with the highest number of PRCs.^[10]

Parker Morris homes 1971

The Parker Morris Committee drew up an influential 1961 report on housing space standards in public housing in the United Kingdom titled Homes for Today and Tomorrow. The report concluded that the quality of social housing needed to be improved to match the rise in living standards. Out of the report came the Parker Morris Standards. In 1963 these were set out in the Ministry of Housing's "Design Bulletin 6 – Space in the Home". They became mandatory for all council houses from 1967 until 1980. ^[11] Among the Parker Morris standards were the requirements saying that:

• In one-, two- and three-bedroom dwellings, one flushing toilet is required, and it may be in the bathroom.
• A semi-detached or end-of-terrace house for four people should have a net floor area of 72 square metres.
• A dwelling for three or more people should have enclosed storage space for the kitchen of 2.3 cubic metres.
• Dwellings should be fitted with heating systems that maintain the kitchen and circulation space at 13 degrees Celsius, and the living and dining spaces at 18 °C, when the external temperature is −1 °C.

Radburn Style Estates 1970s

The Radburn layout. Maisonettes on Teak Avenue, on the St Ann's estate, Nottingham the facing houses are on Tulip Avenue. Nottingham. The upper houses are accessed from this walk way, while car access is limited to the crossing roads.

The Radburn housing layout that aimed to separate cars from housing was used extensively in New Towns. As a result, the houses are accessible to the front only by footpaths. This has created areas with poor surveillance, particularly over car parking at the rear, which have become the focus of crime. In Skelmersdale, tenants are calling for their Radburn style housing to be remodelled so that defensible space is created with parking close to their homes and a reduction in general use areas which give rise to anti-social behaviour.^[12]

Historical statistics on housing construction

Dwellings completed by local authorities, New Towns, and Scottish Housing Association, 1945–80 (thousands)^[13]

See also

• List of large council estates in the UK
• Public housing in the United Kingdom
• New Towns in the United Kingdom

References

Bibliography

• Calow, Dennis (2007). Home Sweet Home: A century of Leicester housing 1814–1914. Leicester: University of Leicester:Special collections online. Retrieved 7 October 2015. 
• John M. "A History of Council Housing in Wolverhampton". geograph. Retrieved 18 November 2015. 
• Hanley, Lynsey (2012). Estates : an intimate history. Granta: Granta. ISBN 9781847087027. 
• Kennett, John. "Case Study:Progress Estate". Ideal Homes -A History of the South East London Suburbs. University of Greenwich. Retrieved 18 November 2015. 
• Manoochehri, Jamileh (2009). "Social policy and housing: reflections of social values – UCL Discovery" (PDF): 413. Retrieved 18 December 2016. 
• Parkinson-Bailey, John J. (2000). Manchester: an Architectural History. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5606-3. 
• "Select Committee on Transport, Local Government and the Regions Nineteenth Report". www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk. Select Committee on Transport, Local Government and the Regions. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2016. licensed under Open Government Licence 
• Pawley, Martin (1993). "A dose of morphine". Frieze magazine. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
• Sturgis, Matthew (2003-10-11). "The century makers: 1945". London: The Telegraph. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
• "The History of Council Housing". The History of Council Housing. University of the West of England. Retrieved 19 November 2015. 
• "A permanent home for a temporary house – the prefab at St Fagans". National Museum of Wales. 2007. Retrieved 2010-01-02. 
• Homes for Today and Tomorrow: more on the Parker Morris standards. 18 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2016. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Council housing in the United Kingdom.

• "Bleak Housing", by David Kynaston, TLS, 2 February 2007.
• BBC NEWS: "Council home for sale at £895,000".
• Website of the campaign to "Defend Council Housing" against privatisation.
• Social Housing Law Association.
• Council house exchange Describing how mutual exchange schemes operate.
• Harold Hill: A People's History Recollections of former and current residents of the Harold Hill council estate.