Cooks River

Cooks
A semi-mature tide dominated drowned valley estuary[1]
Cooks River, near Sydney Airport
Country Australia
State New South Wales
Regions Sydney basin (IBRA), Inner West
Part of Botany Bay
Tributaries
 - left Coxs Creek, Wolli Creek
 - right Cup and Saucer Creek, Alexandra Canal
Source Graf Park
 - location Yagoona
Mouth Botany Bay
 - location Kyeemagh
 - coordinates 33°56′57″S 151°10′06″E / 33.94917°S 151.16833°E / -33.94917; 151.16833Coordinates: 33°56′57″S 151°10′06″E / 33.94917°S 151.16833°E / -33.94917; 151.16833
Length 23 km (14 mi)
Depth 0.9 m (3 ft)
Volume 1,084.4 m3 (38,295 cu ft)
Basin 100 km2 (39 sq mi)
NASA satellite image of the Cooks River, with the location of the mouth, as marked
Wikimedia Commons: Cooks River
Website: NSW Environment and Heritage webpage

The Cooks River, a semi-mature tide dominated drowned valley estuary,[1] is a tributary of Botany Bay, located in south-eastern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The course of the 23 kilometres (14 mi) long urban waterway has been altered to accommodate various developments along its shore. It serves as part of a stormwater system for the 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of its watershed, and many of the original streams running into it have been turned into concrete lined channels. The tidal sections support significant areas of mangroves, bird, and fish life, and are used for recreational activities.

Course

The river begins at Graf Park, Yagoona, then flows in a roughly north-easterly direction to Chullora. It reaches its northernmost point at Strathfield, where it leads into a concrete open canal, no more than one metre wide and thirty centimetres deep. It then heads towards the south-east. Where Cooks River runs through Strathfield Golf Course, the concrete lining has been partly removed. Here the plants have returned and have created an environment where the water is filtered and runs clean, and where wildlife has returned. One section here is called the Chain of Ponds.

At Belfield it joins with the Cox Creek Channel and flows in an easterly direction. The canal widens and deepens as it picks up stormwater from surrounding suburbs, such as Campsie and becomes influenced by tidal action.

At Canterbury, it is joined by Cup and Saucer Creek. Industrial areas line the Cooks River at Canterbury. In the past, factories discharged their waste directly into the water.

The valley becomes more pronounced as the river reaches Tempe, where it is joined by Wolli Creek and the Alexandra Canal. The Princes Highway crosses the Cooks River and links Tempe to the suburb of Wolli Creek. Also here is the low-lying Fatima Island, which is submerged at high tide.

The course of the final south-flowing section of river is entirely artificial, altered to accommodate the expanding Sydney Airport. Cooks River connects with Botany Bay at Kyeemagh.

The corridor of land beside the river is a conduit for many services along large parts of its length including electricity, high voltage lines, a high pressure oil pipe owned by Shell, and high volume sewage pipes. Many of the lower lying areas have been filled and are parks and sports grounds. In spite of this the river and adjacent lands are being recognised for their beauty, history, amenity, environmental value, if not also for potential for improvements. The walkway and cycleway beside much of the "river" is part of the path connecting Sydney Olympic Park with Botany Bay.

Management

Care and control of the river is shared between many local councils and the New South Wales Government through agencies such as the Sydney Metropolitan Catchment Management Authority, the Environment Protection Authority and the Sydney Water corporation.

The river also has a number of community-based organisations which assist its maintenance, in particular The Cooks River Valley Association (CRVA). The CRVA grew from The Cooks River Improvement League, founded in 1925, which had published a book entitled “Our Ocean to Ocean Opportunity”. The League recommended cleaning up the river by developing a canal system and removing of the footings of Tempe Dam, proposal which had been made originally by engineer H B Henson, in 1896.

In 2010 the Cup and Saucer Wetlands were built in Canterbury to create a natural environment for the native wildlife and fauna.[2]

Selected areas of the Cooks River which is lined with concrete will be replaced in 2013 and 2014 with a more natural bank with sand stone rocks and indigenous planting.[3]

Environmental issues

Aerial view of the river and surrounding suburbs

The Cooks River has a catchment area of 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi), within the metropolitan areas of Sydney enclosed by urban environments and extensive recreational areas. Over 400,000 people live in this area and there are over 100,000 commercial and industrial premises. The river has typical water catchment management problems characteristic of heavily urbanised areas, including:

The Cooks River Alliance is a partnership between councils in the Cooks River Catchment. It works with the local communities to restore the health of the river. The Alliance Board is made up of one councillor from each member council. The members of the Cooks River Alliance are: Bayside, Canterbury-Bankstown, City of Sydney, Inner West, and Strathfield. The Alliance combines and builds resources, experience, knowledge and skills within councils and communities, to work on complex environmental challenges. Community Representatives will have the opportunity to contribute to the direction of the Alliance, and provide local resident perspectives.

Water quality testing conducted by the Water Research Centre found quantities of pharmaceutical and industrial chemicals at levels similar to untreated sewage.[4] A very old and broken sewerage system has been blamed for the contaminants which included soaps, insecticides, caffeine and anticonvulsants.[4]

A group of local Councils fund the project named Riverlife, which trains tour guides and organises interpretive walking and cycling tours of the "river" most weekends.[5]

History

Before European Settlement, the river was part of the area owned by the Cadigal people. The Indigenous Australian population used the river by fishing and gathering shellfish. This had little effect on the river's natural ecology. In 1770, Captain Cook sailed into Botany Bay and made the first written description of the river as follows: "I found a very fine stream of fresh water on the north side in the first sandy cove within the island before which a ship might lay land-locked and wood for fuel may be got everywhere."[6] The existence of the river appeared to make settlement a possibility, however when the First Fleet arrived the river and valley was regarded as unsuitable. Captain John Hunter and Lieutenant Bradley both mentioned the shallowness of the water and large swamp areas.

View of the Cooks River at Campsie

The first land grants along the river tended to be fairly large and used mostly for grazing and timber with some fishing and lime burning at Botany Bay. Governor Macquarie makes reference to a slender bridge in his 1810 diary, adding that "the soil is bad and neither good for tillage or pasturage". Nevertheless, some farmers did find they could till the land and settlement along the river spread, and roads and crossings were made in several places.

In the 1830s a dam was built across the river, however this did not provide a clean water supply and the structure itself began to damage the river's ecology by preventing tidal flushing of deposited urban silt. A second dam was built to serve a Sugar Mill at the new village of Canterbury Vale. The location took advantage of the water supply and barge transport. The Mill closed in 1855, however other polluting industries were later to follow including wool washes, tanneries and boiling down works. Despite the increasingly doubtful quality of the water, the river remained a popular place in the late nineteenth century for boating, picnics and swimming. In 1894, artist Sydney Long painted an idyllic scene of boys swimming in the Cook's River, entitled By Tranquil Waters, which was so well received that it was bought by the Trustees of the Art Gallery of New South Wales.[7][8] By the 1880s tree clearing resulted in erosion, silting and expansion of reed beds, blocking river flow.

On the weekend of 25–27 May 1889, 425 millimetres (16.7 in) of rain inundated all the low-lying land. At the height of the flood, the top of the Sugarworks Dam was covered by 3 metres (10 ft) of water.[9][10] Authorities responded to the extensive damage and loss of animals by removing the dams and weirs. A proposed series of canals connecting the river with Sydney Harbour was not commenced. A sewage farm operated near the mouth of the river from 1889 to 1916. A railway was used in both the construction of mains and filtration buildings, as well as in the day-to-day operation, moving screened solids throughout the farm.[11]

Concreting of the river banks commenced in the 1930s and the Cooks River Improvement Act of 1946 confirmed the policy of the tidying up of an undisciplined stream within neat cement boundaries. Engineers diverted the original river mouth to accommodate Sydney Airport runways.

Initiatives from 1976 onwards have attempted to preserve and return the natural features of the river system with tree planting, pollution traps and landscaping. Footpaths and a cycle track were built to increase recreational usage of the river. The NSW State Government committed A$2.9 million to the restoration of the sheet piling on the banks of the river.[5] In November 2007 the Federal Australian Labor Party, then in opposition, made an announcement of A$2 million for environmental projects on the Cooks River.[12]

In 2009, Strathfield Council established the Cooks River Fun Run. This event is held annually around June or July each year. The event starts at Freshwater Park Strathfield, with a 5 km and 10 km run, a 5 km walk and 2 km kids run.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Cooks River: Physical characteristics". NSW Office of Environment and Heritage. 26 April 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  2. ↑ "Cup and Saucer Wetlands". YouTube. Sydney Water. 11 March 2013.
  3. ↑ "Cooks River Bank Naturalisation Project". Archived from the original on 21 March 2015.
  4. 1 2 "Sydney river given 'open sewer' status". ABC Newcastle. Australia. 24 October 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  5. 1 2 Tebbutt, Carmel (7 June 2006). "Cooks River Remediation". Private Members Statements, Hansard. Legislative Assembly of New South Wales. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  6. ↑ Captain James Cook. "EXPLORATION OF EAST COAST OF AUSTRALIA". Cook's Journal by James Cook. Gutenberg Australia. Retrieved 14 December 2016.
  7. ↑ Sharp, Julia (September 2012). "Long Road to Conservation". Look. Art Gallery Society of New South Wales: 25.
  8. ↑ AGNSW Collection record and image
  9. ↑ Australia, Canterbury City Council, Sydney,. "Welcome to the City of Canterbury, Sydney, Australia". www2.canterbury.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2016-04-01.
  10. ↑ "THE FLOODS IN THE SUBURBS.". The Sydney Morning Herald (15,968). New South Wales, Australia. 28 May 1889. p. 6. Retrieved 2 April 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
  11. ↑ Thorpe, N.J (August 1969). "The Botany - Rockdale Sewage Farm Railway". Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin: 165–177.
  12. ↑ "Labor to fund Sydney river if elected". The Sydney Morning Herald. AAP. 18 November 2007. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
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