Container terminal

Container stacks at Keppel Container Terminal in Singapore
Shanghai Port is the world's busiest maritime container terminal

A container terminal is a facility where cargo containers are transshipped between different transport vehicles, for onward transportation. The transshipment may be between container ships and land vehicles, for example trains or trucks, in which case the terminal is described as a maritime container terminal. Alternatively the transshipment may be between land vehicles, typically between train and truck, in which case the terminal is described as an inland container terminal.

In November 1932 in Enola the first inland container terminal in the world was opened by PRR Pennsylvania Railroad company[1]

Port Newark-Elizabeth on the Newark Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey is considered the world's first maritime container terminal. On April 26, 1956, the Ideal X was rigged for an experiment to use standardized cargo containers that were stacked and then unloaded to a compatible truck chassis at Port Newark.The concept had been developed by the McLean Trucking Company. On August 15, 1962, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey opened the world’s first container port, Elizabeth Marine Terminal.[2]

Maritime container terminals tend to be part of a larger port, and the biggest maritime container terminals can be found situated around major harbours. Inland container terminals tend to be located in or near major cities, with good rail connections to maritime container terminals.

It's common for cargo that arrives to a container terminal in a single ship to be distributed over several modes of transportation for delivery to inland customers. According to a manager from the Port of Rotterdam, it may be fairly typical way for the cargo of a large 18,000 TEU container ship to be distributed over 19 container trains (74 TEU each), 32 barges (97 TEU each) and 1,560 trucks (1.6 TEU each, on average).[3] The further container terminal, in April 2015, such APM Terminal Maasvlakte II, that adapts the advanced technology of remotely-controlled STS gantry cranes and conceptions of sustainability, renewable energy, and zero carbon dioxide emission.[4]

Both maritime and inland container terminals usually provide storage facilities for both loaded and empty containers. Loaded containers are stored for relatively short periods, whilst waiting for onward transportation, whilst unloaded containers may be stored for longer periods awaiting their next use. Containers are normally stacked for storage, and the resulting stores are known as container stacks.

In recent years methodological advances regarding container terminal operations have considerably improved, such as container terminal design process. For a detailed description and a comprehensive list of references see, e.g., the operations research literature.[5][6]

See also

Pier T Container Terminal in Long Beach, California, U.S. with intermodal rail in the foreground and gantry cranes behind that

References

  1. ↑ Lewandowski, Krzysztof (2014). "Czechoslovak activity to prepare European norms for containers before the Second World War" (PDF). Acta Logistica. 1 (4): 1–7. ISSN 1339-5629.
  2. ↑ "History". Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Retrieved 2014-12-23.
  3. ↑ Port of Rotterdam senior business manager Arwin Stehouwer, quoted in Rail port shuttles growing trend in Europe, Rail Express, July 24, 2015
  4. ↑ "APM Opens Most Advanced Container Terminal". Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  5. ↑ Dirk Steenken; Stefan Voß; Robert Stahlbock (1 January 2004). "Container terminal operation and operations research - a classification and literature review". OR Spectrum. Berlin / Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 26 (1): 3–49. doi:10.1007/s00291-003-0157-z. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
  6. ↑ Robert Stahlbock; Stefan Voß (1 January 2007). "Operations research at container terminals: a literature update". OR Spectrum. Spring-Verlag. 30 (1): 1–52. doi:10.1007/s00291-007-0100-9. Retrieved 2010-09-07.
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