Rocko's Modern Life

Rocko's Modern Life
Genre Animated television series
Created by Joe Murray
Directed by
Creative director(s) Stephen Hillenburg (1995–1996)
Voices of
Theme music composer Sarah Frost-Goetz
Opening theme "Rocko's Modern Life" by The B-52's
Composer(s) Pat Irwin
Country of origin United States
Original language(s) English
No. of seasons 4
No. of episodes 52 (list of episodes)
Production
Executive producer(s)
  • Joe Murray
  • Vanessa Coffey (1993–1994)
  • Mary Harrington
Producer(s)
Running time 23–25 minutes (11–12 per episode) (approx.)
Production company(s)
Distributor MTV Networks International
Release
Original network Nickelodeon
Picture format SD: 4:3, 480i/576i
HD: 16:9, 1080i (2018 TV special)
Audio format Dolby SR (seasons 1–3)
Dolby Surround (season 4)
Original release September 18, 1993 (1993-09-18) – November 24, 1996 (1996-11-24)
Chronology
Related shows SpongeBob SquarePants
Camp Lazlo
External links
Website www.nicksplat.com/social-wall/rockos-modern-life

Rocko's Modern Life is an American animated sitcom created by Joe Murray for Nickelodeon. The series centers on the surreal life of an anthropomorphic Australian-immigrant wallaby named Rocko as well as his friends: the gluttonous steer Heffer, the neurotic turtle Filburt, and Rocko's faithful dog Spunky. It is set in the fictional town of O-Town. Throughout its run, it was laden with adult humor, including double entendre, innuendo, and satirical social commentary, similar to The Ren & Stimpy Show.

Murray created the title character for an unpublished comic book series in the late 1980s, and later reluctantly pitched the series to Nickelodeon, who were looking for edgier cartoonists for their new Nicktoons. The network gave the staff a large amount of creative freedom, with the writers targeting both children and adults. The show premiered on September 18, 1993 and ended on November 24, 1996, totaling four seasons and 52 episodes. A TV special was announced in 2016, and is set to premiere in 2018.

The show is notable for launching the careers of voice actors, including Tom Kenny and Carlos Alazraqui. After the show's cancellation, much of the staff regrouped to work on SpongeBob SquarePants, created by Rocko's creative director Stephen Hillenburg.

Premise

Characters

Rocko's Modern Life follows the life of a timid Australian immigrant wallaby named Rocko (voiced by Carlos Alazraqui), who encounters various dilemmas and situations regarding otherwise mundane aspects of life. His best friends are: Heffer Wolfe (Tom Kenny), a fat and enthusiastic steer; Filburt (Mr. Lawrence), a neurotic turtle who often feels uncomfortable or disturbed; and his faithful dog Spunky (Alazraqui). Living next door to Rocko are a middle-aged couple, Ed Bighead (Charlie Adler), a cynical and crass toad who despises Rocko; and his compassionate wife Bev (Adler).

All of the characters in Rocko's Modern Life are anthropomorphic animals of varying species, the vast majority of whom are mentally unstable. Murray said that he matched personalities of his characters to the various animals in the series to form a social caricature.[1]

Setting

Rocko's Modern Life is set in a generic fictional American town called O-Town, located near the Great Lakes. Places in the town include: Chokey Chicken (later renamed "Chewy Chicken" due to the former name referring to masturbation), a parody of KFC and a favorite restaurant/hang-out place for Rocko, Heffer, and Filburt; Conglom-O Corporation, a megacorporation with the slogan "We own you" that owns everything in town; Heck, a place of eternal torment run by Peaches where "bad people" go when they die; Holl-o-Wood, a town that resembles Hollywood; and Kind of a Lot O' Comics, a comic book store owned by a cruel toad named Mr. Smitty, where Rocko works.

Many of the locations in Rocko's Modern Life have the letter "O" in them; for example, O-Town and Conglom-O Corporation. When asked about the use of "O" in his show, Murray said:

I always got a big kick out of the businesses that were 'House-O-Paint', or 'Ton-O-Noodles', because their names seemed to homogenize what they sold, and strip the products of true individuality and stress volume ... and we all know, the American dream is volume! So what better company to create volume than 'Conglom-O', and since a majority of the town worked at Conglom-O, it should be called 'O' Town. I also wanted the town to be 'anytown' USA, and I used to love sports players with a big ZERO on their back. It was funny to me.[2]

Production

Development

Rocko's Modern Life creator Joe Murray.

Originally, the character appeared in an unpublished comic book titled Travis. Murray tried selling the comic book in the late 1980s, between illustrating jobs, and did not find success in getting it into production. Many other characters appeared in various sketchbooks. He described the early 1990s animation atmosphere as "ripe for this kind of project. We took some chances that would be hard to do in these current times (the 1990s)".[3] Murray wanted funding for his independent film My Dog Zero, so he wanted Nickelodeon to pre-buy television rights for the series. He presented a pencil test to Nickelodeon, which afterward became interested in buying and financing the show. Murray had never worked in television before.[4] The industry was coming out of a "rough period" and Murray wanted to "shake things up a bit".[5]

Linda Simensky, then in charge of animation development in Nickelodeon, described the Nicktoons lineup and concept to Murray. He originally felt skepticism towards the concept of creating a Nicktoon as he disliked television cartoons. Simensky told him that Nicktoons differed from other cartoons. He then told her that he believed that My Dog Zero would not work as a cartoon. He then researched Nickelodeon at the library and found that Nickelodeon's "attitude was different than regular TV".[2] The cable network providers were "making their own rules": for example, Murray stated that he "didn't write for children", which the executives were fine with.[6] Murray was unsure at first, but was inspired by independent animation around him, such as Animation Celebration and MTV's Liquid Television, and gave the network a shot.[6] At the time, Nickelodeon was selling itself as a network based as much around edge as around kids' entertainment. It aimed to appeal to college students and parents as much as children.[7]

Murray developed the Rocko character after visiting a zoo in the Bay Area and coming across a wallaby that seemed to be oblivious to the chaos around him.[5] Murray combed through his sketchbooks, developed the Rocko's Modern Life concept, and submitted it to Nickelodeon, believing that the concept would likely be rejected. Murray felt they would not like the pilot, and he would just collect his sum and begin funding his next independent film.[6] According to Murray, around three or four months later he had "forgotten about" the concept and was working on My Dog Zero when Simensky informed him that Nickelodeon wanted a pilot episode. Murray said that he was glad that he would get funding for My Dog Zero.[2] On his website he describes My Dog Zero as "that film that Linda Simensky saw which led me to Rocko."[8] "Sucker for the Suck-O-Matic" was originally written as the pilot; the executives decided that Heffer Wolfe, one of the characters, would be "a little too weird for test audiences". Murray, instead of removing Heffer from "Sucker for the Suck-O-Matic", decided to write "Trash-O-Madness" as the pilot episode.[2]

In the original series pilot, Rocko was colored yellow. His color was changed when a toy merchandising company informed Nick they were interested in marketing dolls but did not want to market Rocko because "they already had a yellow character". Murray changed Rocko's color to beige, and after the pilot aired, the company opted out of producing toys for the series. When the series was in development prior to the release of the first episode, the series had the title The Rocko Show.[9]

In November 1992, two months prior to the production of season 1 of Rocko's Modern Life, Murray's first wife committed suicide.[10] Murray had often blamed his wife's suicide on the show being picked up. He said "It was always an awful connection because I look at Rocko as such a positive in my life."[11] Murray felt that he had emotional and physical "unresolved issues" when he moved to Los Angeles. He describes the experience as like participating in "marathon with my pants around my ankles". Murray initially believed that he would create one season, move back to the San Francisco Bay Area, and "clean up the loose ends I had left hanging". Murray said that he felt surprised when Nickelodeon approved new seasons;[2] Nickelodeon renewed the series for its second season in December 1993.[12]

After season 3 he decided to hand the project to Stephen Hillenburg, who performed most work for season 4; Murray continued to manage the cartoon.[2] He said that he would completely leave the production after season 4. He said also that he encouraged the network to continue production, but Nickelodeon eventually decided to cancel the series. He described all fifty-two episodes as "top notch", and in his view the quality of a television show may decline as production continues "when you are dealing with volume".[2] On his website he said that, "In some ways it succeeded and in some ways failed. All I know it developed its own flavor and an equally original legion of fans."[3] In a 1997 interview Murray said that he at times wondered if he could restart the series; he feels the task would be difficult.[2]

"I think what set the [1990s] apart was the fact that the climate was ripe for people taking chances and doing different things. Both Nick and Cartoon Network were able to invest on people who had nothing to lose. Of course, the result of that was that there was a big explosion in the scene. There were big successes—like that yellow sponge that popped up in a big way—and with that success came another era where people aren't apt to take as many chances because the stakes are too high."

—Series creator Joe Murray in 2011, on being a part of the creative animation scene in the early 1990s[5]

The show was jointly produced between Games Animation and Joe Murray Productions. Since Nickelodeon did not have an animation studio, it had to contract out to other studios. After incidents with The Ren & Stimpy Show creator John Kricfalusi, Nickelodeon began not to trust its creators as much and began to form its own studio, Games Animation.[6] However, Murray recalls that they were still able to get a lot done independently. Murray has likened the independence to that of "Termite Terrace" (Warner Bros. Cartoons) from the 1930s. As Nickelodeon began to have more and more success with its animation cartoons, Murray said the "Termite Terrace" mentality was not working as much.[6] Producer Mary Harrington made the move from New York City to Los Angeles to set up Games Animation, in order to produce Rocko's Modern Life. The crew first began production on the show in January 1993.[4] Rocko's Modern Life was Nickelodeon's first in-house animated production.[4]

Murray's Joe Murray Productions and Games Animation rented office space on Ventura Boulevard in the Studio City neighborhood of the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles, California.[13] The production moved to a different office building on Vineland Avenue in Studio City. Executives did not share space with the creative team.[14][15] Murray rented a floor in the Writers Guild of America, West building, although the team of Rocko was not a part of the union, which the staff found ironic.[6] Sunwoo Entertainment, and later Rough Draft Studios, assembled the animation.[16] According to Murray, as Rocko's Modern Life was his first television series, he did not know about the atmosphere of typical animation studios. Murray said that he opted to operate his studio in a similar manner to the operation of his Saratoga, California studio, which he describes as "very relaxed".[2] His cadre included many veterans who, according to him, described the experience as "the most fun they had ever had!" He, saying that the atmosphere was "not my doing", credited his team members for collectively contributing.[2] Murray described the daily atmosphere at the studio as "very loose", adding that the rules permitted all staff members to use the paging system to make announcements. He stated that one visitor compared the environment of the production studio to "preschool without supervision".[14][15] Murray stated that 70 people in the United States and over 200 people in South Korea animated the series.[2]

Rick Bentley of the Ventura County Star said that it was unusual for a cartoon creator to select a wallaby as a main character. Bentley also stated that the Rocko universe was influenced by "everything from Looney Tunes to underground comics".[17] The staff of the show were fans of outrageous comedy, both animated and not animated. Tom Kenny cited Looney Tunes and SCTV as influences for the show, and also stated "I'm sure if you asked Joe Murray or Mr. Lawrence or any of those guys, especially in terms of animation, the weirdest cartoons would of course be our favorites—those weird '30s Fleischer brothers Betty Boop cartoons and stuff like that."[18]

Murray produced the pilot episode, "Trash-O-Madness", at his studio in Saratoga; he animated half of the episode, and the production occurred entirely in the United States, with animation in Saratoga and processing in San Francisco.[19] While directing during recording sessions, Murray preferred to be on the stage with the actors instead of "behind glass" in a control room, which he describes as "the norm" while making animated series.[20] He believes that, due to his lack of experience with children, Rocko's Modern Life "skewed kind of older".[1] Murray noted, "There's a lot of big kids out there. People went to see 'Roger Rabbit' and saw all these characters they'd grown up with and said, 'Yeah, why don't they have something like that anymore?'"[21] When he began producing Rocko, he says that his experience in independent films initially led him to attempt to micromanage many details in the production. He said that the approach, when used for production of television shows, was "driving me crazy". This led him to allow for other team members to manage aspects of the Rocko's Modern Life production.[1] Director and later creative director Stephen Hillenburg met Murray at an animation film festival where he was showing his three short films. Murray hired Hillenburg as a director on the series, making Hillenburg's first job in the animation business as a director.[22]

Murray designed the logo of the series. He said that, after his design drifted from the original design, Nickelodeon informed Murray of how it intended the logo to look like. Murray also designed the covers of the comic book, the VHS releases, and the DVD releases.[23]

Writing

The writers aimed to create stories that they describe as "strong" and "funny". The writers, including George Maestri and Martin Olson, often presented ideas to Murray while eating hamburgers at Rocky's, a restaurant formerly located on Lankershim in the North Hollywood section of the San Fernando Valley. He took his team members on "writing trips" to places such as Rocky's, the La Brea Tar Pits, and the wilderness. If he liked the story premises, the writers produced full outlines from the premises. Outlines approved by both him and Nickelodeon became Rocko's Modern Life episodes. Maestri describes some stories as originating from "real life" and some originating from "thin air".[24][25] Murray stated that each episode of Rocko's Modern Life stemmed from the personal experiences of himself and/or one or more of the directors or writers.[2] He said that he did not intend to use formulaic writing seen in other cartoons; he desired content that "broke new ground" and "did things that rode the edge", and that could be described as "unexpected". He did not hire writers who had previous experience with writing cartoons, instead hiring writers who worked outside of animation, including improv actors and comic artists. He said that story concepts that "ever smacked close to some formula idea that we had all seen before" received immediate rejection.[26]

Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, a storyboard writer, says that writers of Rocko's Modern Life targeted children and adults. He cites Rocky and Bullwinkle as an example of another series that contains references indecipherable by children and understood by adults. Aiming for a similar goal, Marsh described the process as "a hard job". According to him, when censors questioned proposed material, sometimes the team disagreed with the opinions of the censors and sometimes the team agreed with the rationale of the censors. He says that "many people" told him that the team "succeeded in this endeavor" and that "many parents I know really enjoyed watching the show with their kids for just this reason".[27] John Pacenti said the series "seems very much aimed at adults" "for a children's cartoon".[28] Marsh believes that the material written by Doug Lawrence stands as an example of a "unique sense of humor". For instance, Marsh credits Lawrence with the "pineapple references" adding that Lawrence believed that pineapples seemed humorous.[27] The staff drew upon Looney Tunes and the Fleischer cartoons to appeal to a wide demographic: having a certain adult sensibility but also enjoyed by kids.[18]

Animation

Rocko's Modern Life has been described as similar to that of the output of Warner Bros Cartoons in the Golden Age: a visually driven show heavy on humor, sight gags, and good animation. Instead of a finished script, the animators usually received a three-page outline, requiring them to come up with a majority of the gags and dialogue. The animation team appreciated this approach, with storyboard artist Jeff Myers, formerly of The Simpsons, quoted as saying "The script [at The Simpsons] was carved in stone. Here it's [...] more of a challenge and a lot more fun when we're given a rough outline."[29] Murray's animation lacked parallel lines and featured crooked architecture similar to various Chuck Jones cartoons. In an interview he stated that his design style contributed to the show's "wonky bent feel".[2] Jean Prescott of the Sun Herald described the series as "squash-and-stretch".[30] A 1993 Houston Chronicle article described the series' setting as having a "reality that is 'squashed and stretched' into a twisted version of real life".[31] The background staff hand-painted backgrounds with Dr. Martin Dyes,[20] while each episode title card consisted of an original painting.[20] Linda Simensky said that she asked the creators of Rocko's Modern Life about why the women in the series were drawn to be "top-heavy", the creators told her that they believed that drawing women "the traditional way" was easier. Simensky described the creators as "talented guys" who formed "a boy's club" and added that "we pushed them to be funny, but a lot of their women are stereotypical".[32]

Music

There are three versions of the Rocko's Modern Life theme song. The first and original version can be heard playing throughout the first two season one episodes to be produced. The second version of the theme song was a slightly remixed version of the first and was used during most episodes of Season 1. Version 1 had high pitched, distorted voices in the chorus. The third version of the theme song was performed by Kate Pierson and Fred Schneider from The B-52's. They performed the Rocko's Modern Life theme song from Season 2, Season 3 and Season 4 onwards.

At first Murray wanted Paul Sumares to perform the theme song since Sumares created most of the music found in My Dog Zero. Murray wanted the same style in My Dog Zero exhibited in Rocko's Modern Life. Nickelodeon wanted a person with more experience.[9] According to Sumares, believing for the request to be a long shot, Murray asked for Danny Elfman and felt stunned when Nickelodeon decided to honor his request by asking Elfman to perform.[9] According to Murray, Elfman, his first choice, was booked. Therefore, he chose the B-52's, his second choice.[9] According to Sumares Murray decided to use the B-52's instead of Elfman. Murray states that the difference between the stories "could just be a recollection conflict, because Paul is a brilliant amazing guy."[9] Murray also sought Alan Silvestri. According to Sumares Viacom did not want to use Silvestri as the organization wanted a band "slightly older kids could identify with."[9]

Pat Irwin, a veteran of many bands, including the New York-based instrumental group the Raybeats, and, a side gig, the B-52s, spent five years as a music director on the series. Leading a six-piece combo, Irwin brought together musicians such as trombonist Art Baron and drummer Kevin Norton.[33]

Censorship

Rocko's Modern Life has been noted for its racy humor.[34] Adults made up more than one-fifth of the audience for the show during its run.[35] The series contained numerous adult innuendos, such as Rocko's brief stint as a telephone operator in the episode "Canned": the instructions on the wall behind him helpfully remind all employees to "Be Hot, Be Naughty, and Be Courteous" while he flatly repeats "Oh baby" into the receiver.[36] Joe Murray noted that the season one segment "Leap Frogs" received "some complaints from some parents" due to its sexual humor, leading to Nickelodeon removing the episode from air for the remainder of the show's run, although it later aired on the cable channel Nicktoons, and was made available on DVD and video streaming sites such as Netflix.[37] In "The Good, the Bad and the Wallaby", Heffer encounters a milking machine and finds pleasure, although only his reactions are shown onscreen.[38] According to writer/director Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, the scene was originally supposed to have hearts appearing in Heffer's eyes at the climactic moment. Although it clearly wasn't going to be included, they described the scene to Nickelodeon censors anyway: "We described the scene, and then waited for the axe to fall, but all they said was 'can you change the hearts to stars?', we said sure, and it went in." The scene, as well as a scene showing Heffer's break-up with the machine, were later removed.[39] They are intact in the Canadian broadcasts of the episode, however. In addition, the uncut version can still be found on the VHS "Rocko's Modern Life: With Friends Like These".

There were at least two occurrences of immediate censorship of the series. The original broadcast of the segment "Road Rash" featured a scene in which Rocko and Heffer stop at what is suggested to be a love hotel (the "No-Tell Motel") advertising "hourly rates" and ask the horse desk clerk for a room, who infers the two will be engaging in intercourse: "All night? [whistles] Wheeeooo! Okay."[38][39] The first airing of "Hut Sut Raw" included a scene in which Rocko is picking berries; upon picking one lower on the bush, a bear rushes out whimpering and grasping his crotch.[36] This scene is untouched in Canada. Both scenes were edited by Nickelodeon after their first broadcasts and are the only instances of censorship on the season two DVD, released in 2012. On the season three DVD, the "Wacky Delly" segment was shortened by approximately ten seconds to remove footage of Sal Ami repeatedly whacking Betty Bologna over the head with a telephone receiver. In addition, the restaurant named "Chokey Chicken" (a term for masturbation) was renamed "Chewy Chicken" for the series' fourth season.[40] As the series entered reruns after cancellation, more scenes were cut. The entire episode "Leap Frogs", in which Bev Bighead attempts to seduce Rocko, was skipped.[39]

When Shout! Factory announced a DVD retail release for the series, there were concerns on whether Nickelodeon would allow Shout! to release the series complete with some of the racier humor that the network eventually cut out for reruns.[41] In the end, Shout! Factory only received materials from sources that were edited for broadcast, so the episodes still remained censored on the DVDs.[34][42] The only uncut release of the show on DVD so far was published in Germany in late 2013, although this release is still missing the uncut version of "Road Rash".

Broadcast

Rocko's Modern Life first-ran on Nickelodeon from 1993 to 1996, and was briefly syndicated to local stations by Nick during 1995 and 1996.[43]

In 2004, the show briefly returned to Nickelodeon as part of U-Pick Live's Old School Pick, with select episodes airing on June 1 and June 11. In the summer of 2006, the series once again returned to Nick as part of the Nick Rewind block, and in 2007, it was shown on Superstuffed Nicksgiving Weekend.Reruns of Rocko's Modern Life aired on Nicktoons in the United States from May 1, 2002 to September 5, 2011.

In the UK the series premiered on Nickelodeon UK on 6 November 1993[44]. The series was also screened on Channel 4 from 9 August 1994 until 2000. From 2002 to 2016, it also aired on Nicktoons in the United Kingdom.[45]

MTV picked up Rocko's Modern Life from Nickelodeon in early 1994. In Malaysia, Rocko's Modern Life was aired on MetroVision. The series was also shown in Ukraine on ICTV.

Rocko's Modern Life aired again during Nickelodeon's The '90s Are All That revival block on TeenNick in the US from September 5 to September 23, 2011, and from February 11 to March 1, 2013.[46] On the night leading into April Fools' Day 2013, TeenNick aired a prank "lost episode" of the series consisting solely of a still picture of a mayonnaise jar.[47] This is a reference to the two-part episode "Wacky Delly", in which the characters attempt to sabotage the show-within-a-show, Wacky Delly. The show then returned to the block, renamed The Splat, on October 6, 2015.

In Australia, it aired on the free-to-air ABC from 1995 to 1999, and was broadcast on Nickelodeon from 1995 to 2014 and returned in 2015 to January 2016 to celebrate Nickelodeon's 20th Anniversary in Australia. Exclusive DVDs can still be bought at JB Hi-Fi or rented at Video Ezy and Blockbuster Video.

Episodes

Season Episodes Originally aired
First aired Last aired
Pilot 1992
1 13 September 18, 1993 (1993-09-18) December 5, 1993 (1993-12-05)
2 13 September 25, 1994 (1994-09-25) March 12, 1995 (1995-03-12)
3 13 October 22, 1995 (1995-10-22) April 21, 1996 (1996-04-21)
4 13 July 8, 1996 (1996-07-08) November 24, 1996 (1996-11-24)
TV Special 2018

Reception

Ratings

Murray said that the cartoon "resonated" with people because the scenarios depicted in the cartoon involving "the neurosis, the daily chores of everyday life" were based on Murray's own experiences "breaking out into the world" after leaving school.[48] The show was debuted in a preview on September 18, 1993, and officially premiered the following morning, to join Nickelodeon's Sunday morning animation block.[49] On September 18, the series' first night of airing, Rocko's Modern Life received a 3.0 in ratings. By January 31, 1994 the series' audience grew by 65%.[12] Rocko's Modern Life was at the time the network's highest-rated cartoon launch ever.[50] There was a brief period in 1993 when the network received numerous complaints from members of a religious group that Ren & Stimpy and Rocko's Modern Life were too adult-oriented to be shown to kids on Sunday mornings. They wanted the shows moved to a different time slot. The network was polite but did not make the programming change.[51]

Critical reception

Initial reviews of Rocko's Modern Life were positive. The Miami Herald ran an article about series that were "rais[ing] the standards for children's programming", singling out Rocko's Modern Life as "definitely worth a look".[52] Jennifer Mangan of the Chicago Tribune likened the series to The Simpsons, noting the show as another example of adult animation that is "not for kids".[53] Newsday highlighted the show's twisted sight gags.[49] Ted Drozdowski of The Boston Phoenix stated in the "Eye pleasers" article that he enjoyed Rocko's Modern Life because of "jovial excitement", "good-hearted outrage", "humanity", and "pushy animated characterizations".[54] However, not all reviews were positive. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly described the series as "a witless rip-off of Ren & Stimpy: mucus jokes without the redeeming surrealism or contempt for authority."[55] Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times called the series "rock bottom" and a "tasteless attempt to capture the Ren & Stimpy audience", mostly expressing displeasure at the crass humor.[56]

Common Sense Media reviewer Andrea Graham, whose review is posted on Go.com, describes Rocko's Modern Life as "somewhat edgy" and gave the series four out of five stars. Graham also warned parents to watch for "innuendos".[57]

The show has seen renewed acclaim. Brahna Siegelberg of Slate said that the aspect that was most compelling was that the show had "a really poignant critique of the materialist demands of American life". She added that she "realized that Rocko was really a show about how to navigate the adult world; one that could be appreciated by kids for its slapstick humor and absurdity, but had even more to say to young adults—like me".[58] IGN called the show a prime example of the "sophisticated, intelligent brand of children's programming" during Nickelodeon's golden age.[59] The A.V. Club also called the show "one of the best series" from that era, praising the show's "impressive commitment to expressive character acting, well-drawn sight gags, and cartoony jokes that play with the form's slapstick strengths."[7] New York compared the series' humor, in retrospect, to that of Office Space (1999) and praised the subversive, anti-corporate stories.[60]

Awards and nominations

Timothy J. Borquez, Patrick Foley, Michael Giesler, Michael A. Gollorn, William B. Griggs, Tom Jeager, Gregory LaPlante, Timothy Mertens, and Kenneth Young of Rocko's Modern Life received a 1993 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Film Sound Editing.[61]

George Maestri was nominated for a CableACE Award for his Rocko's Modern Life writing.[62][63]

The series won an Environmental Media Award in 1996 for the episode "Zanzibar!".[64] The award was accepted by the episode's writers, Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, future creators of the hit Disney animated series, Phineas and Ferb.[65]

Legacy and impact

The fourth Nicktoon to debut, Rocko's boasts a sizable cult fan-base to this day.[7] Tom Kenny cited Rocko's Modern Life as vital in him learning how to do voiceover for animation. He recalled that seeing Charlie Adler have a two-way conversation with himself as the Bigheads without any edits was "dazzling".[18] Kenny described the show's impact in an interview, saying, "Rocko's Modern Life was just one of those shows that were the first break for a lot of people who went on to do other stuff in the business."[66]

Some members of the Rocko's Modern Life staff created other successful ventures. Stephen Hillenburg pitched SpongeBob SquarePants to Nickelodeon in 1997. Murray said of the pitch, "If it goes well, it'll be a blessing to us all."[2] The network bought the show, which premiered in 1999, and it became a popular, critical and financial success. Hillenburg stated that he "learned a great deal about writing and producing animation for TV" from his time on Rocko's Modern Life.[67] Two writers for the series, Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, went on to create Phineas and Ferb for the Disney Channel; the show became a ratings success and received numerous award nominations.[68] When Murray returned with a new animated series, Camp Lazlo, in 2005, much of the former staff of Rocko's Modern Life joined him.[1] Murray stated that "We always kept in touch and they told me to look them up if I ever did another project", adding that the crew already knew his sensibilities and an extra decade worth of experience. Carlos Alazraqui, who played Rocko, also ended up playing the main character of Lazlo.[1] Derek Drymon and Nick Jennings, both part of the staff, went on to be responsible for the tone and visual looks of a lot of very successful animated series that came later.[18]

Merchandise

By January 31, 1994 Nickelodeon received ten "licensing partners" for merchandise for the series.[12] Hardee's distributed Rocko toys.[69] Viacom New Media released one game based on the show, Rocko's Modern Life: Spunky's Dangerous Day, in the United States for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. In addition, Microsoft's Nickelodeon 3-D Movie Maker features various characters from the show. Rocko also appeared in the game Nicktoons: Attack of the Toybots. Rocko and Heffer also make a cameo appearance in Nicktoons MLB. Nick.com created two free online games featuring Rocko, using Shockwave Flash (which requires the Shockwave plugin).[70][71] Hot Topic sells Rocko's Modern Life merchandise such as T-shirts, wrist bands, key chains and other items as part of their Nick Classic line.

Comics

During Tom DeFalco's Editor-in-Chief career, Marvel Comics produced a seven-issue comic book series based on the television series.[72] Marvel published the series from June 1994 to December 1994 with monthly releases.

Nickelodeon approached Marvel, asking the company to produce comic book series for Rocko's Modern Life and Ren and Stimpy. Marvel purchased the license for Rocko from Nickelodeon. The staff created the comics, and Susan Luposniak, a Nickelodeon employee,[73] examined the comics before they were released.[74] Joe Murray said in a December 2, 2008 blog entry that he drew some of the pages in the comic book series.[75]

The comics contain stories not seen in the television show. In addition, the comic book series omits some television show characters and places, while some original places and characters appear in the comics. John "Lewie" Lewandowski wrote all of the stories except for one; Joey Cavalieri wrote "Beaten by a Club", the second story of Issue #4.

Troy Little, a resident of Monroe, Oregon, wrote to Marvel requesting that the title for the comic's letters column should be "That's Life". In Issue 3, published in August 1994, the editors decided to use the title for the comic's "Letters to the Editor" section.[73][74] In Issue 5, published in October 1994, the editors stated that they were still receiving suggestions for the title of the comic even though they had decided on using "That's Life" by Issue 3.[76]

Home media releases

Fans have requested that Nickelodeon produce a DVD collection of the series for years. Murray has often got e-mails from fans, and his top question was "When will Rocko be on DVD?"[6] Prior to the official DVD releases, Murray stated that he had not heard of any plans for a DVD release and that there are several illegal DVD releases of the series sold on eBay. He commented, "But at least someone is trying to give Rocko fans what they want. Because Nickelodeon sure isn't doing it."[77] Murray worked with his legal team to regain the rights, and an official DVD was released.[78]

The first home video release of the series in the United States was in July 1997, when selected episodes were released on VHS by Paramount Home Video.[79] Paramount used Rocko's Modern Life, alongside as "leading brands" in order for the company to break into the market.[80] Paramount Home Entertainment re-released the tapes in 1997.[81][82]

In July 2008, Rocko's Modern Life was added to the iTunes Store as a part of the "Nick Rewind" collection, in four best-of volumes.[83] Eventually, in August 2008, Nickelodeon joined forces with CreateSpace, part of the Amazon.com Inc. group of companies, to make a number of animated and live-action shows available on DVD, many for the first time. The DVDs were published via CreateSpace DVD on Demand, a service that manufactures discs as soon as customers order them on Amazon.com. Rocko's Modern Life was available in two best-of collections, released September 5, 2008.[84][85]

All four seasons were available in streaming format on Netflix until May 31, 2013.[86]

In March 2011, Shout! Factory announced that they would release Season 1 in an official box set on June 21, 2011. The two-disc set received relatively positive reviews, only receiving criticism for video quality and the lack of bonus features.[42] According to Joe Murray's website, he struck a deal with Shout! Factory to create the artwork for the Season 2 set; the special features were yet to be announced when he wrote the entry.[87] Season 2 was released on February 7, 2012,[88] with Season 3 following on July 3, 2012.[89] On December 3, 2012, creator Joe Murray announced due to strong DVD sales of the first three seasons, Shout! Factory would release Rocko's Modern Life: The Complete Series on DVD on February 26, 2013, along with bonus material from the Rocko's Live event from October 2012; Murray also mentioned that Season 4 would be released soon after the complete series set was released.[90] On February 26, 2013, the entire fifty-two episode series was made available in the United States and Canada.[91] The fourth and final season was released on October 15, 2013.[92]

In Australia, the first 3 seasons are available on DVD. Season 1 and Season 2 were released on April 3, 2013.[93][94] Season 3 was released on June 5, 2013.[95] Released On 1 August 2016, a Collector's Edition box set which contains all four seasons.[96] It is not known if season four has been released individually. Also released is Limited Edition 3D artwork for Season One [97] and Season Two.[98]

Shout! Factory releases Release dateDiscs Episodes
Season OneJune 21, 2011Two
  • A Sucker for the Suck-O-Matic / Canned
  • Carnival Knowledge / Sand in Your Navel
  • Who's For Dinner / Love Spanked
  • Rocko's Happy Sack / Flu-in-U-Enza
  • Clean Lovin / Unbalanced Load
  • Leap Frogs / Bedfellows
  • No Pain, No Gain / Who Gives a Buck
  • Jet Scream / Dirty Dog
  • Keeping Up with the Bigheads / Skid Marks
  • Trash-O-Madness (edited version)
  • Power Trip / To Heck and Back
  • Spitballs / Popcorn Pandemonium
  • Cabin Fever / Rinse & Spit
  • The Good, the Bad, and the Wallaby (edited version)
Season TwoFebruary 7, 2012Two
  • I Have No Son
  • Pipe Dreams / Tickled Pinky
  • The Lounge Singer / She's the Toad
  • Down the Hatch / Road Rash
  • Boob Tubed / Commuted Sentence
  • Rocko's Modern Christmas
  • Hut Sut Raw (edited version) / Kiss Me I'm Foreign
  • Cruisin'
  • Born to Spawn / Uniform Behavior
  • Hair Licked / Gutter Balls
  • Junk Junkies / Day of the Flecko
  • Snowballs / Frog's Best Friend
  • Short Story / Eyes Capades
Season ThreeJuly 3, 2012Two
  • Bye, Bye Birdie / Belch of Destiny
  • The Emperor's New Joe / Schnit-heads
  • Sugar Frosted Frights / Ed Is Dead
  • Fish-N-Chumps / Camera Shy
  • Nothing to Sneeze At / Old Fogey Froggy
  • Manic Mechanic / Rocko's Happy Vermin
  • I See London, I See France / The Fatlands
  • Fortune Cookie / Dear John
  • Speaking Terms / Tooth and Nail
  • Wacky Delly
  • The Big Question / The Big Answer
  • An Elk for Heffer / Scrubbin' Down Under
  • Zanzibar / Fatal Contraption
Season FourOctober 15, 2013Two
  • With Friends Like These / Sailing the Seven Zzz's
  • Pranksters / From Here to Maternity
  • Ed Good, Rocko Bad / Teed Off
  • Wimp on the Barby / Yarnbenders
  • Mama's Boy / Feisty Geist
  • S.W.A.K. / Magic Meatball
  • Closet Clown / Seat to Stardom
  • The High Five of Doom / Fly Burgers
  • Heff in a Handset / Wallaby on Wheels
  • Dumbells / Rug Birds
  • Hypno-Puppy Love / Driving Mrs. Wolfe
  • Put to Pasture / Future Schlock
  • Turkey Time / Floundering Fathers
The Complete SeriesFebruary 26, 2013EightFifty-two
Amazon releases Release dateDiscsEpisodes
Best of...
Volume 1 		November 16, 2008 2
Disc 1
  • Episode 1a – "Carnival Knowledge"
  • Episode 1b – "Sand in the Navel"
  • Episode 2a – "A Sucker for the Suck-O-Matic"
  • Episode 2b – "Canned"
  • Episode 3a – "Rocko's Happy Sack"
  • Episode 3b – "Flu-in-U-Enza"
Disc 2
  • Episode 4a – "Who's for Dinner"
  • Episode 4b – "Love Spanked"
  • Episode 5a – "Clean Lovin"
  • Episode 5b – "Unbalanced Load"
  • Episode 6a – "Leap Frogs"
  • Episode 6b – "Bedfellows"
Best of...
Volume 2 		December 12, 2008 2
Disc 1
  • Episode 7a – "No Pain, No Gain"
  • Episode 7b – "Who Gives a Buck?"
  • Episode 8a – "Jet Scream"
  • Episode 8b – "Dirty Dog"
  • Episode 9a – "Keeping Up with the Bigheads"
  • Episode 9b – "Skid Marks"
Disc 2
  • Episode 10a – "The Good, the Bad, and the Wallaby"
  • Episode 10b – "Trash-O-Madness"
  • Episode 11a – "Power Trip"
  • Episode 11b – "To Heck and Back"
  • Episode 12a – "Spitballs"
  • Episode 12b – "Popcorn Pandemonium"
  • Episode 13a – "Cabin Fever"
  • Episode 13b – "Rinse and Spit"
Best of...
Volume 3 		October 24, 2009 2
Disc 1
  • Episode 14a – "Hair Licked"
  • Episode 14b – "The Lounge Singer"
  • Episode 15a – "She's the Toad"
  • Episode 15b – "Boob Tubed"
  • Episode 16a – "Commuted Sentence"
Disc 2
  • Episode 16b – "Hut Sut Raw"
  • Episode 17a – "Kiss Me I'm Foreign"
  • Episode 18 – "Cruisin'" (Parts 1–2)
  • Episode 19a – "Born to Spawn"
  • Episode 19b – "Uniform Behavior"
  • Episode 20a-20b – "Gutter Balls"

The complete series was released in Germany on October 4, 2013. The limited edition eight-disc set includes a 3D card, sticker set, postcards, episode guide and poster, as well as bonus features included on the discs.[99] Since the show was aired uncensored on Nickelodeon Germany in the mid-'90s, the German publishers were able to reconstruct a nearly uncensored release of the show. So far, it is the only official DVD box set available that is completely uncut.

"The Best of Rocko's Modern Life" was released in the United Kingdom in 2012 as four one-disc volumes. These were released exclusively for Poundland stores. Plans for an official release/complete series set have not been announced.

DVD nameEpisodes
Best of...
Volume 1
  • "Carnival Knowledge"
  • "Sand in the Navel"
  • "A Sucker for the Suck-O-Matic"
  • "Canned"
  • "Rocko's Happy Sack"
  • "Flu-in-U-Enza"
Best of...
Volume 2
  • "Who's for Dinner"
  • "Love Spanked"
  • "Clean Lovin"
  • "Unbalanced Load"
  • "Leap Frogs"
  • "Bedfellows"
Best of...
Volume 3
  • "No Pain, No Gain"
  • "Who Gives a Buck?"
  • "Jet Scream"
  • "Dirty Dog"
  • "Keeping Up with the Bigheads"
  • "Skid Marks"
Best of...
Volume 4
  • "Hair Licked"
  • "The Lounge Singer"
  • "She's the Toad"
  • "Boob Tubed"
  • "Commuted Sentence"
  • "Gutter Balls"

TV special

In September 2015, Nickelodeon stated that some of its old properties are being considered for revivals, and that Rocko's Modern Life was one of them.[100]

On August 11, 2016, Nickelodeon announced that they had greenlit a one-hour TV special, with Joe Murray as executive producer.[101] Murray revealed to Motherboard that in the special, Rocko will come back to O-Town after being in space for 20 years, and that it will focus on people's reliance on modern technology.[102] On June 22, 2017, it was announced that the title of the special would be Rocko's Modern Life: Static Cling and that it would air in 2018. They also reconfirmed that the entire main cast and recurring cast would be reprising their roles, alongside new voice actors Steve Little and co-director Cosmo Segurson.[103] A special sneak peek was released to coincide with the Rocko panel at San Diego Comic Con 2017.[104]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Q & A with Joe Murray", Cartoon Network Pressroom
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "Lisa (Kiczuk) Trainor interviews Joe Murray, creator of Rocko's Modern Life", The Rocko's Modern Life FAQ
  3. 1 2 "Rocko's Modern Life", Joe Murray Studio
  4. 1 2 3 Neuwirth 2003, p. 252
  5. 1 2 3 Ramin Zahed (July 12, 2011). "Joe Murray Looks Back at Rocko's Modern Life". Animation Magazine. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Tom Racine (July 9, 2011). "Episode 124 – Joe Murray". talltalefeatures.com (Podcast). Tall Tale Radio. Archived from the original on July 12, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  7. 1 2 3 Todd VanDerWerff (July 6, 2011). "Rocko's Modern Life: Season One". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  8. ↑ "Independent Filmwork", Joe Murray Studio
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "A Bit of Trivia From Paul Sumares", The Rocko's Modern Life FAQ
  10. ↑ June 16, 2008". Joe Murray Studio.
  11. ↑ "October 17, 2010". Joe Murray Studio. Retrieved on October 26, 2010. "I often directly blamed my wife's suicide in 1992 on Rocko getting picked up (it happened as we were preparing to start production of the series)."
  12. 1 2 3 Warner, Fara. "Nick Rock(o)s Licensing Boat". Brandweek. Volume 35, Issue 5. January 31, 1994.
  13. ↑ "Animators Feel Free With `Rocko'". The Palm Beach Post
  14. 1 2 "October 24, 2008". Joe Murray Studio. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
  15. 1 2 "Where Rocko the series was produced", Joe Murray Studio
  16. ↑ Furniss 1998, p. 66
  17. ↑ Bentley, Rick. "Rocko the wallaby as 'Modern' as ever". Ventura County Star. July 14, 2011. Retrieved on July 17, 2011.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Louis Peitzman (June 20, 2011). "Rocko's Modern Life Is Finally Out on DVD; We Chat with the Voice of Heffer About the Classic '90s Series". TV.com. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  19. ↑ "How the Pilot was produced", Joe Murray Studio
  20. 1 2 3 "Rocko's Modern Life Archives", Joe Murray Studio
  21. ↑ Zimmerman, Kevin. "Not just for uglys anymore". Daily Variety. March 23, 1995.
  22. ↑ Neuwirth 2003, p. 50
  23. ↑ "December 8, 2011". Joe Murray Studio. Retrieved on December 16, 2011.
  24. ↑ "Lisa (Kiczuk) Trainor interviews George Maestri, story writer for Rocko's Modern Life", The Rocko's Modern Life FAQ
  25. ↑ "Lisa (Kiczuk) Trainor interviews Martin Olson, writer for Rocko's Modern Life", The Rocko's Modern Life FAQ
  26. ↑ "August 15, 2008 Excerpt from my new book "Crafting A Cartoon"; From a chapter on "Story".". Joe Murray Studio. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
  27. 1 2 "Dan Abrams' interview with Jeff "Swampy" Marsh", The Rocko's Modern Life FAQ
  28. ↑ "Nickelodeon's `Rocko' Revels In Dysfunction". St. Louis Post-Dispatch
  29. ↑ Christopher Gessel (September 11, 1993). "Cartoon creators relax the rules". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  30. ↑ Prescott, Jean. "Rocko and the Gang Take On Pollution". Sun Herald. Page M28. April 19, 1996.
  31. ↑ "Cartoon choices to animate the mornings". Houston Chronicle. September 18, 1993.
  32. ↑ Furniss 1998, p. 240
  33. ↑ Goldmark & Taylor 2002, p. 206.
  34. 1 2 Joseph Gibson (June 17, 2011). "DVD Review: Rocko's Modern Life". ScreenJunkies. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  35. ↑ Scott Moore (March 29, 1997). "Cartoon Kingdom". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  36. 1 2 Anthony Scibelli (August 6, 2010). "The 6 Creepiest Things Ever Slipped Into Children's Cartoons". Cracked. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  37. ↑ Joe Murray (2012). Rocko's Modern Life: Season Two Special Features: Behind the Characters with Joe Murray – The Bigheads (DVD). Shout! Factory.
  38. 1 2 Jackson Ellis (April 25, 2011). "Top Six Adult Jokes Hidden in Children's Cartoons". Verbicide Magazine. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  39. 1 2 3 "Censored Rocko!". December 3, 1997. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  40. ↑ "Top Six Adult Jokes Hidden in Children's Cartoons". Verbicide Magazine. April 25, 2011. Retrieved July 20, 2011.
  41. ↑ "Rocko's Modern Life DVD news: Box Art for Rocko's Modern Life – Season 1". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Retrieved 2011-08-23.
  42. 1 2 Randy Miller III (June 26, 2011). "Rocko's Modern Life: Season One". DVDTalk. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
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  47. ↑ "Rocko's Modern Life April Fool's Day 2013 "Lost Episode"". teennick.com. Nickelodeon. Retrieved 2 April 2013.
  48. ↑ "June 3, 2009". Joe Murray Studio Blog. Retrieved on June 5, 2009.
  49. 1 2 Diane Werts (September 12, 1993). "Fall Preview: Cornucopia of Cable". Newsday. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  50. ↑ Catherine Cella (February 18, 1995). Kid Vid, Old and New. Billboard. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  51. ↑ Cohen, Karl F. (1998). Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons And Blacklisted Animators in America. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-58115-269-2.
  52. ↑ "Look Out, Ren: Rocko is Hopping Our Way". The Miami Herald. September 17, 1993. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  53. ↑ Jennifer Mangan (November 3, 1993). "Modern Life Not Meant for Kids". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  54. ↑ "Eye pleasers", The Boston Phoenix. May 8–15, 1997. Retrieved on March 1, 2009.
  55. ↑ Tucker, Ken. "Turn the Beat 'Around". Entertainment Weekly. June 17, 1994. Issue 227. 40. 2p, 5c.
  56. ↑ Charles Solomon (September 18, 1993). "New Cartoon Series Mostly Copycats". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
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  58. ↑ Siegelberg, Brahna, ""Rocko's Modern Life": A Really Funny Kid's Cartoon about Capitalism". Slate. Friday July 1, 2011. Retrieved on July 18, 2011.
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  61. ↑ Chase's Annual Events (1995). Published 1994. ISBN 0-8092-3634-6. 515.
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  63. ↑ Maestri, George. Learning to Walk. Jacksonville University. April 1997. Retrieved on March 1, 2009.
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  67. ↑ Alexandra B. Moss (November 19, 2004). "Sponge Creator Talks Bob". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  68. ↑ Rick Bentley (April 6, 2009). "Ex-writers for Rocko's Modern Life return to TV with Phineas and Ferb". The Victoria Advocate. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  69. ↑ "Nickelodeon at Hardees". Hosted by RetroJunk.
  70. ↑ "Nick Games – Rocko's Modern Life: Match Master". www.nick.com. Archived from the original on 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  71. ↑ "Nick Games – Rocko's Modern Life: Slider". www.nick.com. Archived from the original on 2009-03-11. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  72. ↑ "Rocko's Modern Life" Information, Google Books
  73. 1 2 "That's Life", Rocko's Modern Life. Marvel Comics. Volume 1, Issue 3.
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  78. ↑ "Joe Murray's Journal entry for July 17, 2008". Joe Murray Studios.
  79. ↑ "New video releases for children.(Originated from Knight-Ridder Newspapers)". Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service
  80. ↑ Peter M. Nichols (June 16, 1995). "Home Video". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  81. ↑ Doug Wagner (February 6, 1998). "Rocko's Video Rolls In Its Obscurity". Rocky Mountain News. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  82. ↑ Jeff Tuckman (February 19, 1998). "Rugrats Rolls Out 5 Cartoons On Video". Daily Herald. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  83. ↑ Alex Weprin (July 29, 2008). "Nickelodeon Adding Classics to iTunes". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
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  85. ↑ Ryan Ball (August 25, 2008). "Nick, Amazon Strike DVD Deal". Animation Magazine. Retrieved July 19, 2011.
  86. ↑ http://www.deadline.com/2013/04/netflix-viacom-networks-deal-expire/
  87. ↑ "The creator/producer of Rocko's Modern Life on Nickelodeon and Camp Lazlo on Cartoon Network. Creative storyteller, artist, author, speaker and teacher". Joe Murray Studio. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  88. ↑ "Rocko's Modern Life DVD news: Announcement for Rocko's Modern Life – Season 2". TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2007-05-25. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  89. ↑ Rocko's Modern Life: Season Three. "Rocko's Modern Life: Season Three: Tom Kenny, Carlos Alazraqui, Charles Adler, Joe Murray: Movies & TV". Amazon.com. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  90. ↑ "December 3, 2012". Joe Murray Studio. 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2012-12-25.
  91. ↑ "Rocko's Modern Life: The Complete Series". Shout Factory. Nickelodeon. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  92. ↑ Lambert, David. "Rocko's Modern Life DVD news: Announcement for Rocko's Modern Life – The Final Season". TVShowsOnDVD.com.
  93. ↑ http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/best-of-rockos-modern-life-season-1/dp/6139228. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  94. ↑ http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/best-of-rockos-modern-life-season-2/dp/61392275. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  95. ↑ http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/best-of-rockos-modern-life-season-3/dp/6140731. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  96. ↑ https://www.jbhifi.com.au/movies-tv-shows/movies-tv-shows-on-sale/tv-childrens/rockos-modern-life-collectors-edition/950541/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  97. ↑ https://www.jbhifi.com.au/movies-tv-shows/movies-tv-shows-on-sale/tv-childrens/rockos-modern-life-season-1/973266/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  98. ↑ https://www.jbhifi.com.au/movies-tv-shows/movies-tv-shows-on-sale/tv-childrens/rockos-modern-life-season-2/973270/. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  99. ↑ "Rockos modernes Leben – Die komplette Serie".
  100. ↑ http://collider.com/nickelodeon-may-revive-90s-shows-like-rugrats-doug/
  101. ↑ Otterson, Joe (August 11, 2016). "New ‘Rocko’s Modern Life’ One-Hour Special to Air on Nickelodeon". The Wrap.
  102. ↑ Mead, Derek (11 August 2016). "'Rocko's Modern Life' Is Making a Comeback". Vice. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  103. ↑ Swift, Andy (June 22, 2017). "Rocko's Modern Life: Original Voice Cast Reuniting for TV Movie in 2018". TVLine. TVLine Media, LLC. Retrieved June 22, 2017.
  104. ↑ Nickelodeon (July 20, 2017). "SDCC 'Rocko’s Modern Life: Static Cling' Sneak Peek | Rocko's Modern Life | Nick". YouTube. Retrieved July 20, 2017.

Works cited


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