Conformance testing

Conformance testing or type testing is testing to determine whether a product or system or just a medium complies with the requirements of a specification, contract or regulation. This may apply to various technical terms as well as to pure formal terms with respect to obligations of the contractors. Conformity assessment, also known as compliance assessment,[1][2][3] is any activity to determine, directly or indirectly, that a process, product, or service meets relevant technical standards and fulfills relevant requirements.[4]

Conformity assessment activities may include:

Additionally, the World Trade Organisation (WTO) governs conformity assessment through the Agreement on Mutual Recognition in Relation to Conformity Assessment (Signed July 4, 2000)

Testing is often either logical testing or physical testing. The test procedures may involve other criteria from mathematical testing or chemical testing. Beyond simple conformance other requirements for efficiency, interoperability or compliance may apply.

To aid in the aim towards a conformance proof, various test procedures and test setups have been developed, either by the standard's maintainers or external auditing organizations, specifically for testing conformance to standards. Conformance testing is performed preferably by independent organizations, which may be the standards body itself, to give sound assurance of compliance.

Products tested conformance may then become advertised as being certified by the testing organization as complying with the referred technical standard. Service providers, equipment manufacturers, and equipment suppliers rely on such qualified data to ensure Quality of Service (QoS) through this conformance process.

Typical areas of application

Conformance testing is applied to various areas of application, as e.g.

In all such testing the subject of test is not just the formal conformance in aspects of e.g.

but especially the aspects of e.g.

Hence conformance testing leads to a vast set of documents and files that allow for re-iterating all performed tests.

Software engineering

In software testing, conformance testing verifies that a product performs according to its specified standards. Compilers, for instance, are extensively tested to determine whether they meet the recognized standard for that language.

Electronic and electrical engineering

In electronic engineering and electrical engineering, some countries and business environments (such as telecommunication companies) require that an electronic product meet certain requirements before they can be sold. Standards for telecommunication products written by standards organizations such as ANSI, the FCC, and IEC, etc., have certain criteria that a product must meet before compliance is recognized. In countries such as Japan, China, Korea, and some parts of Europe, products cannot be sold unless they are known to meet those requirements specified in the standards. Usually, manufacturers set their own requirements to ensure product quality, sometimes with levels much higher than what the governing bodies require. Compliance is realized after a product passes a series of tests without occurring some specified mode of failure. Failure levels are usually set depending on what environment the product will be sold in. For instance, test on a product for used in an industrial environment will not be as stringent as a product used in a residential area. A failure can include data corruption, loss of communication, and irregular behavior.

Compliance test for electronic devices include emissions tests, immunity tests, and safety tests. Emissions tests ensure that a product will not emit harmful electromagnetic interference in communication and power lines. Immunity tests ensure that a product is immune to common electrical signals and Electromagnetic interference (EMI) that will be found in its operating environment, such as electromagnetic radiation from a local radio station or interference from nearby products. Safety tests ensure that a product will not create a safety risk from situations such as a failed or shorted power supply, blocked cooling vent, and powerline voltage spikes and dips.

For example, the telecommunications research and development company Telcordia Technologies publishes conformance standards for telecommunication equipment to pass the following tests:[5]

Radiated immunity 
An antenna is used to subject the device to electromagnetic waves, covering a large frequency range (usually from 30 MHz to 2.9 GHz).
Radiated emissions 
One or more antennas are used to measure the amplitude of the electromagnetic waves that a device emits. The amplitude must be under a set limit, with the limit depending on the device's classification.
Conducted immunity 
Low frequency signals (usually 10 kHz to 80 MHz) are injected onto the data and power lines of a device. This test is used to simulate the coupling of low frequency signals onto the power and data lines, such as from a local AM radio station.
Conducted emissions 
Similar to radiated emissions, except the signals are measured at the power lines with a filter device.
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) immunity 
Electrostatic discharges with various properties (rise time, peak voltage, fall time, and half time) are applied to the areas on the device that are likely to be discharged too, such as the faces, near user accessible buttons, etc. Discharges are also applied to a vertical and horizontal ground plane to simulate an ESD event on a nearby surface. Voltages are usually from 2 kV to 15 kV, but commonly go as high as 25 kV or more.
Burst immunity 
Bursts of high voltage pulses are applied to the powerlines to simulate events such as repeating voltage spikes from a motor.
Powerline dip immunity 
The line voltage is slowly dropped down then brought back up.
Powerline surge immunity 
A surge is applied to the line voltage.

Telecom and datacom protocols

In protocol testing, TTCN-3 has been used successfully to deploy a number of test systems, including protocol conformance testers for SIP, WiMAX, and DSRC.

Based on 3GPP and non-3GPP specification, the test equipment vendors develops the test cases and validated by the bodies.

Standardization

The international standards of the topic are published by ISO and covered in the divisions of ICS 03.120.20 for management[6] and ICS 23.040.01 for technical.[7] Other standalone ISO standards for the topic include

See also

References

  1. ↑ International Committee for Information Technology Standards. "Report on Issues for Harmonizing Conformity Assessment to Biometric Standards" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  2. ↑ International Software Benchmarking Standards Group. "ISO Standard for Functional Size Measurement". Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  3. ↑ NIST. "Part 3 Testing Requirements - Chapter 5: Test Methods". Retrieved 2009-04-12.
  4. ↑ ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004
  5. ↑ GR-1089, Electromagnetic Compatibility and Electrical Safety - Generic Criteria for Network Telecommunications Equipment
  6. ↑ International Organization for Standardization. "03.120.20: Product and company certification. Conformity assessment". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  7. ↑ International Organization for Standardization. "23.040.01: Pipeline components and pipelines in general". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  8. ↑ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/TR 13881:2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries -- Classification and conformity assessment of products, processes and services". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  9. ↑ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO 18436-4:2008 Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines -- Requirements for qualification and assessment of personnel -- Part 4: Field lubricant analysis". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
  10. ↑ International Organization for Standardization. "ISO/IEC 18009:1999 Information technology -- Programming languages -- Ada: Conformity assessment of a language processor". Retrieved 2009-04-10.
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