Topological K-theory

In mathematics, topological K-theory is a branch of algebraic topology. It was founded to study vector bundles on topological spaces, by means of ideas now recognised as (general) K-theory that were introduced by Alexander Grothendieck. The early work on topological K-theory is due to Michael Atiyah and Friedrich Hirzebruch.

Definitions

Let X be a compact Hausdorff space and k = R, C. Then Kk(X) is the Grothendieck group of the commutative monoid of isomorphism classes of finite-dimensional k-vector bundles over X under Whitney sum. Tensor product of bundles gives K-theory a commutative ring structure. Without subscripts, K(X) usually denotes complex K-theory whereas real K-theory is sometimes written as KO(X). The remaining discussion is focussed on complex K-theory.

As a first example, note that the K-theory of a point are the integers. This is because vector bundles over a point are trivial and thus classified by their rank and the Grothendieck group of the natural numbers are the integers.

There is also a reduced version of K-theory, , defined for X a compact pointed space (cf. reduced homology). This reduced theory is intuitively K(X) modulo trivial bundles. It is defined as the group of stable equivalence classes of bundles. Two bundles E and F are said to be stably isomorphic if there are trivial bundles ε1 and ε2, so that Eε1Fε2. This equivalence relation results in a group since every vector bundle can be completed to a trivial bundle by summing with its orthogonal complement. Alternatively, can be defined as the kernel of the map K(X) → K({x0}) ≅ Z induced by the inclusion of the base point x0 into X.

K-theory forms a multiplicative (generalized) cohomology theory as follows. The short exact sequence of a pair of pointed spaces (X, A)

extends to a long exact sequence

Let Sn be the n-th reduced suspension of a space and then define

Negative indices are chosen so that the coboundary maps increase dimension.

It is often useful to have an unreduced version of these groups, simply by defining:

Here is with a disjoint basepoint labeled '+' adjoined.[1]

Finally, the Bott periodicity theorem as formulated below extends the theories to positive integers.

Properties

For real K-theory use BO.
where T(E) is the Thom space of the vector bundle E over X. This holds whenever E is a spin-bundle.

Bott periodicity

The phenomenon of periodicity named after Raoul Bott (see Bott periodicity theorem) can be formulated this way:

In real K-theory there is a similar periodicity, but modulo 8.

Applications

The two most famous applications of topological K-theory are both due to J. F. Adams. First he solved the Hopf invariant one problem by doing a computation with his Adams operations. Then he proved an upper bound for the number of linearly independent vector fields on spheres.

See also

References

  1. Hatcher. Vector Bundles and K-theory (PDF). p. 57. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
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