Company A, 6th Florida Infantry Regiment

Company A, 6th Florida Infantry Regiment

Regimental Colors (from ca. March/April 1864 to December 16th, 1864)
Active March 12, 1862 – April 26, 1865
Allegiance Confederate Florida
 Confederate States of America
Branch  Confederate States Army
Type Company
Role Infantry
Size 109 aggregate (April, 1862)
Part of Department of East Tennessee
Confederate Army of Kentucky
Army of Tennessee
Nickname(s) Davidson's Company; Florida Guards
Equipment .577 Pattern 1853 Enfield
.69 Springfield Model 1842
Engagements

American Civil War

Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Captain R. H. M. Davidson: March 12, 1862 - November 16, 1863

Company A, 6th Florida Infantry Regiment was a military company of the Confederate States of America during the US Civil War.

On February 2, 1862, the Confederate War Department issued a call for troops. Florida, under this newly imposed quota, would furnish two regiments and a battalion to fight for the duration of the war. The troops would rendezvous at preselected locations and there "be clothed, supplied, and armed at the expense of the Confederate States." Each enlistee would also receive a $50 bounty for volunteering.[1]

Organization

Robert Hamilton McWhorta Davidson of Gadsden County, Florida, was a state senator in 1862. He retired from this position early in 1862 to raise a company of infantry from his home county. A number of men that would serve in Company A had already obligated for 12 months of state service with either Captain R. M. Scarborough’s Company (the “Dixie Blues”) or Captain Wilk Call’s Company (the “Concordia Infantry”). The “Dixie Blues” were taken into state service in 1861. There is no record of how long or where they served; its existence is believed to have been short-lived. The “Concordia Infantry” was mustered into the service of the State by Francis L. Dancy Adjutant and Inspector General, for the term of twelve months, from the 4th day of September 1861, unless sooner discharged. As was the case with the “Dixie Blues”, its service was brief. All told, 7 men from each company would re-enlist for “3 years or the war” with R. H. M. Davidson’s Company in March 1862. Davidson’s recruiting efforts began the first week of March, 1862 at Quincy in Gadsden County, Florida, with the majority of enlistments being accomplished by the 3rd week of March.[2][3][4]

Modified image of Map of the Tri-State Area-Florida, Georgia and Alabama (ca. 1865) showing locations of Chattahoochee Arsenal, Quincy, and Rico's Bluff. (Image credit: State Archives of Florida)

Concurrently, the coastal artillery batteries located at Apalachicola were being moved farther inland in response to exchanges between Secretary of War Judah P. Benjamin, General Robert E. Lee, Governor John Milton, and Brigadier General J. H. Trapier, commanding the Department of East and Middle Florida. On March 19, 1862, General Trapier reported that the original plan to establish a battery at Fort Gadsden had been overcome by events, and been landed further up the Apalachicola River at Rico’s Bluff, some 40 miles south of Chattahoochee on the east bank of the Apalachicola River. By order of Brigadier General Trapier, Davidson’s Company along with the company of Captain S. B. Love (later Company B, 6th Florida Infantry) arrived at Rico’s Bluff about March 20 to reinforce and support the newly erected batteries; these two companies would remain at Rico’s Bluff until the regiment left the state.[1][5]

On April 10, 1862, Governor Milton informed Secretary of War George W. Randolph that the requisition for "two regiments and a half of infantry…would by the 15th instant be fully organized and subject to your orders, and companies enough have volunteered for service for three years or the war to compose three full regiments of infantry. ... to serve during the war and wherever their services may be necessary…the Sixth Regiment, at the Mount Vernon Arsenal on the Chattahoochie, will be organized on the 14th instant."[1]

About April 15, elections of field and staff officers for the 6th Florida Regiment were held, with Captain Jesse J. Finley of Company D elected to Colonel, Captain Alexander D. McLean of Company H elected to Lieutenant Colonel, and 1st Sergeant Daniel Lafayette Kenan of Company A elected to Major. The commissions became official on April 18; with the election of field officers concluded, the 8 companies at Mount Vernon Arsenal at Chattahoochee and the 2 companies at Rico's Bluff would be formally organized as the 6th Regiment of Florida Infantry.[5][6] "Davidson’s Company" would be officially designated as Company A; the men of Company A would bestow upon themselves the unofficial sobriquet of "Florida Guards".[7]

On April 23, 1862, Florida Adjutant and Inspector General Wm. H. Milton would inform Governor Milton that, "The following companies compose the Sixth Regiment, eight companies of which are at the Mount Vernon Arsenal and two at Rico’s Bluff; Magnolia State Guards, Capt. L. M. Attaway; Campbellton Greys, Capt. H. B. Grace; Jackson County Volunteers, Lieut. John B. Hayes; Jackson County Company, Capt. H. O. Bassset; Union Rebels, Capt. A. D. McLean; Choctawhatchie Volunteers, H. K. Hagan; Florida Guards, R. H. M. Davidson; Gadsden Greys, Capt. Samuel B. Love; Gulf State Infantry, Capt. James C. Evans; Washington County Company, Capt. A. McMillan, of which regiment J. J. Finley is colonel A. D. McLean lieutenant-colonel, and D. L. Kenan major."[1]

Colonel Finley was somewhat less enthusiastic concerning the organization of the 6th Florida than were Governor Milton and his Inspector General; he noted in his Regimental Return for April that, “…the names of absent officers for that month, the no. and date of order, the reasons for and commencement of absence and period assigned for the same were not reported by the companies of the Regiment. It was not until about the 20th April when or about that time the field officers were commissioned that any company report were made note. Captain Love’s and Captain Davdison’s Companies were stationed at Ricoe’s Bluff on the Apalachicola River about the 20th of March last by order of General Napier the commanding the Military Department of East and Middle Florida with the consent of the Governor… I have been compelled to make up the monthly regimental report from the morning report of companies on the 30th day of April.” His accountability issue with personnel would continue into May; he noted on his Regimental Return for that month, “Owing to the amt of sickness at this Post and the number of men on sick furlough the names of the absentees cannot be given in this Return. The Returns of Captains Evans, Love, and Davidson’s companies have been erroneously included in the Monthly Return of the 6th Florida Battalion commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Chas. [Charles] F. Hopkins.”[5]

Active Service

6th Florida Infantry Regimental Colors - Hardee Pattern (ca Late Summer 1862 - March/April 1864) with "Chickamauga" battle honor.

The 6th Florida Infantry Regiment departed the Mount Vernon Arsenal at Chattahoochee, Florida on June 13, 1862. It would serve from June through August 1862 in the Army of East Tennessee commanded by Major General Edmund Kirby Smith. The Army of East Tennessee was redesignated as the Confederate Army of Kentucky on August 25, 1862, when General Smith led it into eastern Kentucky during the Confederate Heartland Offensive. On November 20, 1862, the Army of Mississippi, General Braxton Bragg commanding, and the Army of Kentucky, General E. Kirby Smith commanding, became the Army of Tennessee. General Bragg assumed command, and General Smith was reassigned to the Department of East Tennessee. The 6th Florida would remain assigned to the Army of Tennessee for the remainder of the war (under General Braxton Bragg through December 27, 1863; under General Joseph E. Johnston from December 27, 1863 to July 18, 1864; under General John B. Hood from July 18, 1864 through January 23, 1865; under Major General Richard Taylor from January 23 to February 23, 1865: and again under General Joseph E. Johnston from February 23 to April 26, 1865.[1][6][8]

Surrender

Bennett Place - Farm home of James Bennett, where Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered his army to Union General William T. Sherman, Apr. 26, 1865. Johnston's surrender followed Lee's at Appomattox by 17 days and ended the Civil War in the Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida. (Image credit: Library of Congress)

From April 8 to the 10th, General Johnston reorganized the army, consolidating dozens of shrunken regiments and brigades. Containing fewer soldiers than an understrength battalion, the remnants of the Florida Brigade were united to form the 1st Florida Infantry Regiment, Consolidated - 1st Florida Infantry & 3rd Florida Infantry (consolidated)(Capt. A. B. McLeod); 1st Florida Cavalry (dismounted) and 4th Florida Infantry (consolidated) (Capt George B. Langford); 6th Florida Infantry (Lieut. Malcolm Nicholson); 7th Florida Infantry (Capt. Robert B. Smith). Company A of the original 6th Florida Infantry, along with companies B, C, and D, would be consolidated to form Company D of the 1st Consolidated Regiment of Florida Infantry.[1][5][9] On April 18, General Joseph E. Johnston signed an armistice with General William T. Sherman at Bennett’s Place near Durham, and on April 26, formally surrendered his army. Of the 100-plus men[3] who mustered into Confederate service with "Davidson's Company", only 17 were present. On May 1, 1865, five days after General Johnston surrendered the force under his command, the troops of the 1st Florida Infantry, Consolidated, were paroled.[6][10][11]

Roster

Officers

Captain Robert Hamilton McWhorta Davidson. Image credit: State Archives of Florida")
Lithograph of Fort McHenry, Baltimore, Maryland, ca. 1861. Fort McHenry, a major site for the Union army during the Civil War, served as a processing location and Civil War prison to thousands of captured Confederate troops. It was the location of the infamous Writ of Habeas Corpus when Confederate troops were detained within the walls of the Fort without trial. Image credit: Library of Congress)
3rd Lieutenant Hugh Black and wife Mary Ann Harvey Black, ca. 1862. Image credit: State Archives of Florida")

Non-commissioned Officers

Antebellum image of Daniel Lafayette Kenan and 1st wife Martha Ann Gregory, ca. 1851. Image credit: The Kenan family and some allied families of the compiler and publisher
(L-R) Major Daniel Lafayette Kenan (ca. 1862-3) and 2nd wife Virginia Douglas Nathans Kenan (ca. 1874). Image credit: The Kenan family and some allied families of the compiler and publisher

On November 12, 1863 General Braxton Bragg ordered all Florida infantry regiments into a single brigade. Colonel Jesse J. Finley, commanding the 6th Regiment, would be elevated to command the Florida Brigade with the rank of Brigadier General. Lieutenant Colonel Angus D. McLean would be promoted to Colonel and succeeded him in command of the 6th Florida. Major Kenan was elevated to Lieutenant Colonel on November 16, 1863. When Colonel McLean was killed at Dallas, Georgia on May 28, 1864, Lieutenant Colonel Kenan immediately assumed command of the 6th Florida, and would twice command the Florida Brigade temporarily in General Finley’s stead. The second instance occurred at the Battle of Jonesboro, Georgia on August 31, 1864, where he stepped up after General Finley was wounded in the thick of battle, only to be wounded himself with the loss of two fingers of his left hand to a minié ball. He would suffer a serious wound to his right leg at the Battle of Bentonville, North Carolina on March 19, 1865. He was admitted to C.S.A. General Hospital No. 3 at Greensboro, North Carolina in early April, then transferred to C.S.A. General Hospital No. 11 at Charlotte, North Carolina. His right leg was amputated on April 28, 1865; after recovering, he was paroled on May 7, 1865. Martha Ann died on June 1st, 1871; he remarried to Virginia Douglas Nathans at Quincy, Gadsden County, Florida on October 10, 1872. Colonel Kenan was impoverished as a result of the war; the majority of his antebellum wealth was in slaves. Although crippled by his wounds, he served as Gadsden County tax assessor until his death at age 58 on February 12, 1884. He was interred with Masonic honors in an unmarked grave at Western Cemetery, Quincy, Gadsden County, Florida.[3][4][5][6][14][15][21]

He was wounded near Atlanta, Georgia on August 8, 1864 and again at Jonesboro on September 18, 1864. He retired to the Invalid Corps on December 2, 1864 and was paroled at Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida on May 15, 1865. Lieutenant Horne died on December 1, 1883 and is interred at Campbellton Baptist Church Cemetery, Campbellton, Jackson County, Florida.[3][4][5][14][15]

Robert Emmett Jones, ca. 1872. Image credit: “Biographical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Maryland and the District of Columbia”.

Enlisted Men

Private Neil Graeme Black, younger brother of 1st Lieutenant Hugh Black. Image credit: Ancestry.com"
Private James C. Boykin, Company A, 6th Florida Infantry. (Post-bellum tintype, ca. 1883). Image credit: Sam Boykin"
Battle of Chickamauga Roll of Honor, Florida. Image credit: "Official Records"
USS Maria Denning was an 870-ton side-wheel river steamer, built at Cincinnati in 1858 for commercial employment. She was purchased by the Navy in 1861 to be used as a transport on the Western Rivers. In addition to that duty, she also served as receiving ship at Cairo, Illinois, from November 1861 to April 1862. Maria Denning was transferred to the Army in December 1862 and was used as a U.S. Army Transport from then until April 1863. Image credit U.S. Naval Historical Center
Camp Chase (Columbus, Ohio). Camp Chase was established on farmland outside of Columbus, Ohio in June of 1861. It began as a training facility preparing Ohio volunteers for the battlefronts of the Civil War. Shortly after it opened, the camp received its first prisoner of war. Five months later, the camp held nearly 300 prisoners, most of them civilian political prisoners from Kentucky and Virginia. After the exchange program deteriorated in the summer of 1863, the prison population at Camp Chase grew to more than 2,000. By 1864, the prison population expanded to 8,000, well more than the facility was designed to handle. As the prison population exploded, living conditions rapidly deteriorated. Diseases, such as smallpox, typhus, and pneumonia, ran rampant in the camp's unsanitary, crowded barracks. Prisoners also suffered from malnutrition and exposure during the harsh winters. By the end of the war and the camp's closure in July 1865, more than 26,000 Confederate prisoners passed through Camp Chase's gates. Of these soldiers, nearly eight percent died while incarcerated.[40](Image credit: Library of Congress)
Camp Morton, Indianapolis, Indiana was established on a 36-acre tract of. It was among the largest of the Union's eight prison camps established for Confederate noncommissioned officers and privates. Between 1862 and 1865, the camp's average prison population was 3,214; it averaged fifty deaths per month. Its maximum prison population reached 4,999 in July 1864. More than 1,700 prisoners died at the camp during its four years of operation. (Image credit: Library of Congress)
Established on August 1, 1863, Point Lookout was the largest and one of the worst Union prisoner-of-war camps. It was located at the extreme tip of St. Mary's County, on the long, low, and barren peninsula where the Potomac River joins the Chesapeake Bay. The prison's official name was Camp Hoffman but it was hardly ever used. Before long, the prison became the most populated and largest Union prison, at one time holding 20,000 prisoners, because it was so close to the battlefields on the Eastern Theater. Besides chronic diarrhea, dysentery and typhoid fever had become epidemic at the camp while smallpox, scurvy, and the itch had become quite common. Because of the topography, drainage was poor, and the area was subject to extreme heat in the summer and cold in the winter. This exacerbated the problems created by inadequate food, clothing, fuel, housing, and medical care. As a result, approximately 3,000 prisoners died there over 22 months.[42](Image credit: Library of Congress)
Camp Douglas (Chicago, Illinois). Considered the "Andersonville of the North", Camp Douglas was one of the longest continuous operating prison camps of the Civil War. Located south of Chicago, the prison was built on land provided to the state by the estate of Stephen Douglas. Camp Douglas held a total of 30,000 Confederate prisoners during the Civil War. Like many other prison camps, overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions and inadequate shelter lead to sickness and death. Death also came as a result of withholding rations, torture by prison guards and neglect of soldiers who were ill. Inept record keeping makes it nearly impossible to calculate the number of dead soldiers buried in mass graves at Camp Douglas. (Image credit: Harper's Weekly, April 5, 1862)
Rock Island Prison Barracks (Rock Island, Illinois). Located on a 946-acre island in the Mississippi River, Rock Island prison Barracks was operational for 20 months during the Civil War. Constructed in 1863 on approximately 12-acres, the prison had 84 wooden-framed barracks that each accommodated 120 prisoners. Rock Island Prison Barracks didn't receive Confederate prisoners until December 1863. The prison started with 468 prisoners, but within a few weeks the population was over 5,000 and eventually reached 8,594 prisoners. The prison had a 12 foot high wooden fence, sentry boxes every 100 feet, trenches inside the fence and bedrock that deterred tunneling to contain the prisoners. Escape would be difficult but not impossible, as prison records show 41 successful escapes.[55](Image credit: Wisconsin Historical Society, accessed 2015-11-21)
"The family of Hamilton McPhaul and his second wife Melissa Sanders Creswell McPhaul.""Pictured left to right: Mamie Duncan McPhaul [later Dykes] (1878-[1948], daughter by first wife, Adaline Johns), Hamilton McPhaul [1837-1896], Thomas Ralph McPhaul (1882-1949), Stella McPhaul [later Holman and then Cooper] (1884-1964), Horace Hamilton McPhaul (1886-1938), Willie Frances Creswell [later Bevis] (1876-1899, daughter by Melissa's first husband William Stanley Creswell), and Melissa Sanders Creswell McPhaul (1850-1909)." Image credit: State Archives of Florida")

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Government Printing Office,Washington, D.C.
  2. ↑ Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 – Present
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 Robertson, Fred L. (Compiler) (1903). Soldiers of Florida in the Seminole, Civil and Spanish-American Wars. Democrat Book and Job Print, Live Oak, Florida.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 Hartman, David W. (1995). Biographical Rosters of Florida’s Confederate and Union Soldiers, 1861-1865: (Volume 2; 5th Florida Infantry – 8th Florida Infantry). Broadfoot Publishing Company, Wilmington, North Carolina. ISBN 1568372884.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 National Archives and Records Service (1957). Microcopy No. 251: Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Florida. General Services Administration, Washington, D.C.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sheppard, Jonathan C. (2012). By the Noble Daring of Her Sons: The Florida Brigade of the Army of Tennessee. University of Alabama Press. p. 319. ISBN 0817317074.
  7. ↑ Scaif, James Verner (1919). Local Designations of Confederate Troops. Total 3974. Cornell University Library, Ithaca, New York.
  8. ↑ General Evans, Clement A. (editor). Confederate Military History, Volume XI (Florida and Texas). Confederate Publishing Company, Atlanta, Georgia. (Pages 175-176)
  9. ↑ The documents for all men of company A paroled at Durham would bear the same remark regarding the formation of Company D of the consolidated 1st Florida Infantry Regiment.
  10. ↑ National Park Service, American Battlefield Protection Program
  11. ↑ Encyclopedia Virginia
  12. ↑ There were different types “Examining Boards”. In this particular case its purpose was likely to evaluate the qualifications and suitability for military service of certain company and field grade officers who were elected to the ranks, as well as a review of enlisted men who were to be promoted “sursum ab ordine”. It was also a method by which a commander could “cull his herd” of subordinate officers who he found “failed to measure up.” Examination Boards, both Federal and Confederate, were to consider “gross immorality, habitual drunkenness, keeping low company, shirking duty, undue familiarity with subordinates, or incapacity to govern men” as disqualifications for continued service. Many of those ordered to undergo examination resigned rather than face the ordeal and possible disgrace of a possible dismissal from service.
  13. ↑ Swart, Stanley L. "The Military Examination Board in the Civil War: A Case Study". Civil War History, Volume 16 Number 3, September 1970.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 National Archives and Records Service (1957). Microcopy No. 225: Index to Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Florida. General Services Administration, Washington, D.C.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 National Archives and Records Service. Microcopy No. 653: 1860 Federal Population Census - Part 4.
  16. ↑ Roll of Students of University of South Carolina College 1805-1905, Prof. Andrew Charles Moore, South Carolina College, Columbia, S. C.
  17. ↑ Students of the University of Virginia, 1825-1874
  18. ↑ Roots Web
  19. ↑ Florida Department of Military Affairs (1903). Florida Militia Muster Rolls Seminole Indian Wars; Special Archives Publication Number 74, Volume 8. George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida Digital Collection.
  20. ↑ The "1st Sergeant" in an American Civil War infantry company had two additional titles - "Orderly sergeant", and "Covering Sergeant." "1st Sergeant" pertains to his seniority in the company, "Orderly Sergeant" pertains to his administrative function, and "Covering Sergeant" pertains to his combat function. In the case of the latter, "The first sergeant in the rear rank, touching 'with the left elbow and covering the captain. In the manœuvres he will be denominated "covering sergeant", or right guide of the company. (See "Hardee's Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel W. J. Hardee (1855)" and "A Military Dictionary and Gazetteer, Captain Thomas Wilhelm (1881)"
  21. ↑
    • Kenan, Alvaretta (1967). The Kenan family and some allied families of the compiler and publisher. J. S Kenan II, Statesboro, Georgia.
  22. ↑ Unlike the "1st Sergeant", who was the senior non-commissioned officer in the company, Sergeants identified as "2nd", "3rd", "4th", or "5th" was not an indication of their respective seniority. The sergeants were file closers while the company was in line of battle; their "number" indicated their position and duties. The 2nd Sergeant was opposite the second file from the left of the company. In the manoeuvres he is called the Left Guide of the company. The 3rd Sergeant was opposite the second file from the right of the second platoon. The 4th Sergeant was opposite the second file from the left of the first platoon. The 5th Sergeant was opposite the second file from the right of the first platoon. (See "Hardee's Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel W. J. Hardee (1855)" and "A Military Dictionary and Gazetteer, Captain Thomas Wilhelm (1881)"
  23. ↑ Debow, J.B.D., editor (1857). Debow's Review: Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial Progress and Resources, Volume 22, -Third Series, Volume II. Washington City and New Orleans.
  24. ↑ King, William L. (1872). The Newspaper Press of Charleston, S.C.: A Chronological and Biographical History, Embracing a Period of One Hundred and Forty Years. Edward Perry, (Bookpress) 149 Meeting Street, Charleston, S.C.
  25. ↑ Reports and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina Passed at the Annual Session of 1849. I. C. Morgan, State Printer; Columbia, South Carolina. 1849. p. 747.
  26. ↑ A civil officer or lay judge who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offenses and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones. Quizlet
  27. ↑ Journal of the Proceedings of the Convention of the People of Florida: Begun and Held at the Capitol in the City of Tallahassee [sic], on Thursday, January 3, AD, Part 1861. Office of the Floridian and Journal, Tallahassee; Dyke and Carlisle. 1861. p. 124.
  28. ↑ Corporals were numbered "1st", "2nd", "3rd", or "4th"; as was the case with Sergeants (except 1st Sergeant), this numbering was not an indication of their respective seniority. Unlike the sergeants, the corporals' number was a function of individual height, for "the corporals will be posted in the front rank, and on the right and left of platoons, according to height; the tallest corporal and the tallest [enlisted] man will form the first file, the second two tallest men will form the second file, and so on to the last file, which will be composed of shortest corporal and the shortest [enlisted] man. (See "Hardee's Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel W. J. Hardee (1855)"
  29. ↑ Heritage Parkway Photos
  30. ↑ Biographical Cyclopedia of Representative Men of Maryland and the District of Columbia. National Biographical and Publishing Company, Baltimore, Maryland. 1879. p. 872.
  31. ↑ During the Civil War, military leaders with the Union and the Confederacy relied on military musicians to entertain troops, position troops in battle, and stir them on to victory — some actually performing concerts in forward positions during the fighting. Musicians enjoyed no more privileges than the common soldier. Initially, the rank of "musician" in Northern armies was comparable to that of private and was viewed negatively by many. In the South, musicians were generally assigned a somewhat more valuable status and were paid twelve dollars a month, one dollar more than a private.
  32. ↑ About Army Bands
  33. ↑ In addition to the long hours of musical responsibilities, band members bore many other duties. If they were not directly involved in the fighting, and many were, they were invaluable in guarding equipment and prisoners. Many times they assisted in cooking, for both the troops and the wounded. They were also employed as physical laborers setting up field hospitals, collecting wood, and digging trenches; most were assigned to the medical staff, either as an assistant, a stretcher-bearer, or an orderly. Given the horrific casualties suffered by Confederate forces at the Battle of Chickamauga on September 18th – 20th, it is possible that Alexander was sent to the hospital as medical support.
  34. ↑ Brice, Marshall M. (1967). The Stonewall Brigade Band. McClure Printing, Verona, Virginia. p. 213.
  35. ↑ A guard detail was posted for a period of 24 hours and then relieved. Each detail consisted of three reliefs; each relief contained a sufficient number of men to occupy each post. Each man was “on post” for a period of two hours and relieved for a period of four hours before going back “on post”.
  36. 1 2 3 Seddon, James A. (1863). Regulations for the Army of the Confederate States, 1863. J. W Randolph, 121 Main Street, Richmond, Virginia.
  37. ↑ Both armies attempted collective cooking on a company level by assigning two men per company as a company cook. This system, however, never really caught on and by and large soldiers prepared their food in “messes” of 4-10 men. This system allowed men to collectively prepare food, using combined cooking supplies and rations. These “messes” quickly became something more than a cooking party; they became a social unit through which soldiers shared food, clothing, shelter and camaraderie. Such bonds of love and friendship sustained these soldiers through four years of blood and hardship just as much as the hardtack and coffee in their haversacks.
  38. ↑ Goodnite, Jason. "Cooking on Campaign" (PDF). 26th North Carolina Regiment. Retrieved 4 August 2016.
  39. ↑ Official Records, Volume 30 (Part II), Chapter XLII, pps. 533, 537
  40. ↑ National Park Service, Camp Chase Confederate Cemetery Columbus, Ohio
  41. ↑ "The information contained in "“BIOGRAPHICAL ROSTERS OF FLORIDA'S CONFEDERATE AND UNION SOLDIERS, 1861-1865: (VOLUME 2; 5TH FLORIDA INFANTRY – 8TH FLORIDA INFANTRY”)”. David W. Hartman, David Coles (Compilers), 1995, Broadfoot Publishing Company, Wilmington, North Carolina. Page 582" is incorrect regarding the birth date, marriage, date and place of death. The information stated is in fact for "George W. Crawford", a member of the 5th Tennessee Infantry Regiment who did not arrive in Florida until ca. 1872-3 from Tennessee, and became a person of some prominence in Orange County, near what is present day Conway.
  42. ↑ The American Civil War, "Point Lookout Prisoner of War Camp"
  43. ↑ In a letter dated September 18th, 1899, Lieutenant Black vouched for Simeon’s service when Simeon applied for a Confederate Pension, stating the Simeon enlisted on April 1st, 1864, and that he, “took part in the battles of Resaca, Jonesboro, Dallas, and “Devil’s Elbow” or Chethams bend [Kennesaw Mountain].”
  44. ↑ Anna Kirkland (née Kennedy) was previously married to Seth Kirkland, who served in the same company along with his brother William and brother-in-law Thomas Kennedy. Seth was mortally wounded on October 16th, 1862 when a gun was accidentally fired at Big Hill, Kentucky. He died of gangrene on December 8th, 1862 at Richmond, Kentucky and was buried in a local cemetery.
  45. ↑ At this time in military history, anyone assigned to an artillery battery that had a specialized job, ie: blacksmith, farrier, leatherworker, etc., was considered an “artificer”. As an experienced harness maker before the war, in it is not unlikely that William’s skills in that capacity may have been more valuable than as a rifleman. See “INSTRUCTION FOR FIELD ARTILLERY”. French, Barry & Hunt (Board of Artillery Officers), 1861, J. B. Lippencott & Co., Philadelphia. (Part I, Article I, pg. 4)
  46. ↑ National Archives and Records Service (1957). Microcopy No. 258: Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations Raised Directly by the Confederate Government. General Services Administration, Washington, D.C.
  47. ↑ An anal fistula (also commonly called fistula-in-ano) is frequently the result of a previous or current anal abscess. See American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Michael Buckmire, MD, FACS, FASCRS, https://www.fascrs.org/patients/disease-condition/abscess-and-fistula-expanded-information
  48. ↑ “Scrofula” is a tuberculosis infection of the lymph nodes in the neck. See NIH U.S. National Library of Medicine, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001354.htm, accessed 2016-05-22.
  49. ↑ “Debilitas" (Latin) or debility were diagnostic terms used by Civil War surgeons, especially Confederates, to describe general, severe, disabling weakness in patients. Some doctors also used the terms cachexia for such weakness. Both Union and Confederate forms for listing the number of patients with each type of diagnosis included debility in the category "all other diseases". See Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. (2015). The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine. Routledge, 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY. p. 457. ISBN 0765621304.
  50. ↑ The Provost Guard in Civil War armies was roughly equivalent to today’s Military Police. Unlike the United States Army, the Confederacy did not create a separate provost department; instead, it assigned officers, enlisted men, and on occasion entire military units to police duties for limited periods of time. Veteran or disabled soldiers frequently served as a "provost guard". (See “Rebel Watchdog: The Confederate States Army Provost Guard. By Kenneth Radley. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.), and “The Military Staff: Roles to Maintain the Armies of the Civil War”; Civil War Trust, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/warfare-and-logistics/the-staff.html, accessed 2016-09-24)
  51. ↑ During the Tullahoma Campaign, the Bethpage Bridge at Allisonia represented a key crossing of the Elk River by the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and was the site of a skirmish by Union and Confederate troops on July 2nd. Bragg decided to abandon Tullahoma, in part, because the swollen Elk at his back might trap him. He retreated to the Cowan area. Lieutenant General Leonidas Polk’s Corps defended the crossing area until ordered to withdraw to begin the evacuation across the Cumberland Plateau. (See Tullahoma Campaign – Communities – Estill Springs/Allisonia/Decherd, http://mtweb.mtsu.edu/tullproj/Communities/estill_springs.html, accessed 2016-05-22)
  52. ↑ Both Union and Confederate hospitals employed ward masters. These men, one per ward, were under the supervision of the hospital steward. Ward masters had two main duties; accounting for and safeguarding of patients’ belongings; and to receive, maintain, account for, and replace all hospital furniture, bedding, and cooking utensils for his ward. Confederate ward masters also were responsible for ward cleanliness, and supervision of ward nurses. See Schroeder-Lein, Glenna R. (2015). The Encyclopedia of Civil War Medicine. Taylor & Francis. 2015. p. 457. ISBN 9781317457091
  53. ↑ Acting Commissary of Subsistence, or "A.C.S.", was an officer whose business was to provide food for a body of troops or a military post. While technically a general staff officer, the ACS at this time was a line officer with the rank of Captain or Major.
  54. ↑ Private Hair was over the age of 35 when he enlisted in Davidson’s Company, which had yet to be taken into Confederate service; there is no documentation to suggest that he possessed any other disqualification from Confederate service. For a complete list of requirements (and disqualifiers) for Confederate military service, refer to CS Army Regulations 1863, see Article XLVI, “Recruiting Service.”, Sections 1399. & 1406.
  55. ↑ Eastern Illinois University, accessed 2015-11-21
  56. ↑ Under the “Women’s Law”, married women allowed to own (but not control) property in their own name. Florida's statute, probably resulting from Florida’s Spanish civil law heritage, appears to have been the result of a desire to protect marriage arrangements made under civil law before the territory became a state in 1845. See W. Cord, “A Treatise on the Legal and Equitable Rights of Married Women 719 (1861); E. Warbasse, supra note 2, at 77, 163.”
  57. ↑ This company ultimately became Company A, 10th Florida Infantry Regiment on June 8th, 1864. This organization was also known as the 1st Special Battalion Florida Infantry. (See "National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Microfilm Publication M251: Compiled Service Records of Confederate Soldiers Who Served in Organizations from the State of Florida. – Reel M251, Roll 73, Images 1600 – 1614)
  58. ↑ Private Renew was over the age of 35 when he enlisted in Davidson’s Company, which had yet to be taken into Confederate service; there is no documentation to suggest that he possessed any other disqualification from Confederate service. For a complete list of requirements (and disqualifiers) for Confederate military service, refer to CS Army Regulations 1863, see Article XLVI, “Recruiting Service.”, Sections 1399. & 1406.
  59. ↑ “Several divisions chose to establish division-level hospitals. Three separate accounts identify the fact that William Preston's Division had such a hospital. Both Robert Bullock, of Robert Trigg's Brigade, and John Palmer, of John Kelly's, reported the division hospital as being behind or near their positions to the south of Snodgrass Hill. To the southeast of these units, below the hill, was a draw that opened on the Dyer Field. When John Wilson of Trigg's Brigade was borne off the battlefield he was taken to a 'farmhouse in [the] valley temporarily converted to a hospital. The facts, though incomplete, place Preston's division hospital at the Dyer Farm.” See “A Study of the Medical Support to the Union and Confederate Armies during the Battle of Chickamauga: Lessons and Implications for Today's U.S. Army Medical Department Leaders”, Major David A. Rubenstein. 1990.
  60. ↑ According to the 1860 census, John was born ca. 1848, making him 14 years old at the time of enlistment. His brother Nathan was recorded as being born ca. 1845 and reported his age as 17.
  61. ↑ Warrington is 6 miles west of Pensacola; Company G (old) 1st Florida Infantry was stationed at Camp Magnolia, which was north of the east-end of Grande Lagoon and west of Fort Barrancas.
  62. ↑ His “inability to perform military duty” would appear to have experienced a remarkable reversal in the three days between his discharge and reenlistment.
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