Computer graphics (computer science)

A modern rendering of the Utah teapot, an iconic model in 3D computer graphics created by Martin Newell in 1975.

Computer graphics is a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Although the term often refers to the study of three-dimensional computer graphics, it also encompasses two-dimensional graphics and image processing.

Overview

Computer graphics studies the manipulation of visual and geometric information using computational techniques. It focuses on the mathematical and computational foundations of image generation and processing rather than purely aesthetic issues. Computer graphics is often differentiated from the field of visualization, although the two fields have many similarities.

Connected studies include:

Applications of computer graphics include:

History

One of the first displays of computer animation was Futureworld (1976), which included an animation of a human face and hand—produced by Ed Catmull and Fred Parke at the University of Utah. Swedish inventor Håkan Lans applied for the first patent on color graphics in 1979.[1]

There are several international conferences and journals where the most significant results in computer graphics are published. Among them are the SIGGRAPH and Eurographics conferences and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Transactions on Graphics journal. The joint Eurographics and ACM SIGGRAPH symposium series features the major venues for the more specialized sub-fields: Symposium on Geometry Processing,[2] Symposium on Rendering, and Symposium on Computer Animation.[3] As in the rest of computer science, conference publications in computer graphics are generally more significant than journal publications (and subsequently have lower acceptance rates).[4][5][6][7]

Subfields

A broad classification of major subfields in computer graphics might be:

  1. Geometry: studies ways to represent and process surfaces
  2. Animation: studies with ways to represent and manipulate motion
  3. Rendering: studies algorithms to reproduce light transport
  4. Imaging: studies image acquisition or image editing
  5. Topology:studies the behaviour of spaces and surfaces.

Geometry

Successive approximations of a surface computed using quadric error metrics.

The subfield of geometry studies the representation of three-dimensional objects in a discrete digital setting. Because the appearance of an object depends largely on its exterior, boundary representations are most commonly used. Two dimensional surfaces are a good representation for most objects, though they may be non-manifold. Since surfaces are not finite, discrete digital approximations are used. Polygonal meshes (and to a lesser extent subdivision surfaces) are by far the most common representation, although point-based representations have become more popular recently (see for instance the Symposium on Point-Based Graphics).[8] These representations are Lagrangian, meaning the spatial locations of the samples are independent. Recently, Eulerian surface descriptions (i.e., where spatial samples are fixed) such as level sets have been developed into a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes (with fluids being the most notable example).[9]

Geometry Subfields

Animation

The subfield of animation studies descriptions for surfaces (and other phenomena) that move or deform over time. Historically, most work in this field has focused on parametric and data-driven models, but recently physical simulation has become more popular as computers have become more powerful computationally.

Subfields

Rendering

Indirect diffuse scattering simulated using path tracing and irradiance caching.

Rendering generates images from a model. Rendering may simulate light transport to create realistic images or it may create images that have a particular artistic style in non-photorealistic rendering. The two basic operations in realistic rendering are transport (how much light passes from one place to another) and scattering (how surfaces interact with light). See Rendering (computer graphics) for more information.

Transport

Transport describes how illumination in a scene gets from one place to another. Visibility is a major component of light transport.

Scattering

Models of scattering and shading are used to describe the appearance of a surface. In graphics these problems are often studied within the context of rendering since they can substantially affect the design of rendering algorithms. Shading can be broken down into two orthogonal issues, which are often studied independently:

  1. scattering – how light interacts with the surface at a given point
  2. shading – how material properties vary across the surface

The former problem refers to scattering, i.e., the relationship between incoming and outgoing illumination at a given point. Descriptions of scattering are usually given in terms of a bidirectional scattering distribution function or BSDF. The latter issue addresses how different types of scattering are distributed across the surface (i.e., which scattering function applies where). Descriptions of this kind are typically expressed with a program called a shader. (Note that there is some confusion since the word "shader" is sometimes used for programs that describe local geometric variation.)

Other subfields

Notable researchers

See also

References

  1. ↑ US patent 4303986, Lans, Håkan, "Data processing system and apparatus for color graphics display", issued 1981-12-01
  2. ↑ "geometryprocessing.org". geometryprocessing.org. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  3. ↑ Archived March 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  4. ↑ "Best Practices Memo". Cra.org. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  5. ↑ "Choosing a venue: conference or journal?". People.csail.mit.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  6. ↑ "Graphics/vision publications acceptance rates statistics". Vrlab.epfl.ch. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  7. ↑ An extensive history of computer graphics can be found at this page Archived April 5, 2007, at the Wayback Machine..
  8. ↑ "Point Based Graphics 2007 - PBG07". Graphics.ethz.ch. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  9. ↑ "Ron Fedkiw". Graphics.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  10. ↑ Archived February 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ CS 598: Digital Geometry Processing (Fall 2004) Archived 2004-10-25 at Archive.is
  12. ↑ "Digital Geometry Processing". Cs.ubc.ca. Retrieved 2014-05-01.
  13. ↑ "Discrete Differential Geometry". Ddg.cs.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2014-05-01.

Further reading

Look up computer graphics in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer graphics.

University groups

Industry

Industrial labs doing "blue sky" graphics research include:

Major film studios notable for graphics research include:

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