Pontifical Gregorian University

Pontifical Gregorian University
Pontificia Università Gregoriana
Latin: Pontificia Universitas Gregoriana
Motto Religioni et Bonis Artibus
Motto in English
 For Religion and Culture
Type Private pontifical university
Established 23 February 1551 (1551-02-23)
Religious affiliation
 Catholic, Jesuit
Chancellor Giuseppe Versaldi
Rector Nuno da Silva Gonçalves
Academic staff
 304[1]
Students 3,800
Location Rome, Italy
41°53′56″N 12°29′5″E / 41.89889°N 12.48472°E / 41.89889; 12.48472Coordinates: 41°53′56″N 12°29′5″E / 41.89889°N 12.48472°E / 41.89889; 12.48472
Nickname The Greg
Website www.unigre.it

The Pontifical Gregorian University (Italian: Pontificia Università Gregoriana; also known as the Gregoriana) is a pontifical university located in Rome, Italy. It was originally a part of the Roman College founded in 1551 by Saint Ignatius of Loyola,[2] and included all grades of schooling. The university division of philosophy and theology of the Roman College was given Papal approval in 1556, making it the first university founded by the Society of Jesus (Jesuits). In 1584 the Roman College was given a grandiose new home by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom it was renamed.[3] It was already making its mark not only in sacred but also in natural science.

Only the theology and philosophy departments survived the political turmoil in Italy after 1870. Its international faculty serves around 3,800 students from over 150 countries.

History

Founding

Saint Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Society of Jesus, established a School of Grammar, Humanities, and Christian Doctrine (Scuola di grammatica, d'umanità e di Dottrina cristiana) on 18 February 1551 in a building at the base of the Capitoline Hill, on today's Piazza d'Aracoeli.[4] Saint Francis Borgia, the vice-king of Catalonia who became a Jesuit himself, provided financial patronage. With a small library connected to it, this school was called the Collegio Romano (Roman College). In September of the same year, the site was transferred to a larger facility behind the Church of San Stefano del Cacco, due to the large number of students seeking enrollment. After only two years of existence, the Roman College counted 250 alumni.

St. Ignatius of Loyola
Roman College

Early growth

In January 1556, Pope Paul IV authorized the College to confer academic degrees in theology and philosophy, thereby raising the school to the rank of university. During the following two decades, due again to an increased number of students, the university changed its location twice. During this period, a chair in moral philosophy was added, and a chair in Arabic was added to the already existing chairs in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. With the university counting more than a thousand pupils at this point, Pope Gregory XIII wished to give it a more suitable headquarters. Two blocks near the Via del Corso were expropriated, and the architect Bartolomeo Ammannati was commissioned to design a grand new edifice for the institute. The new building was inaugurated in 1584, in what became known as the Piazza Collegio Romano, across from the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj. For his sponsorship of the Roman College, Gregory XIII became known as its "founder and father", and from that point the school acquired the title of the "Gregorian University".

The university in its new space was able to augment the number of disciplines that were taught. New chairs of Church history and liturgy were added. At this time, the university also attained great prestige in the fields of mathematics, physics, and astronomy. The "Gregorian calendar", so called since it was established by Gregory XIII in October 1582, and currently in use the world over, was developed by the Jesuit Christopher Clavius, a professor of the university at the time. The illustrious Jesuit mathematician, physicist, and inventor Athanasius Kircher also subsequently taught there. Not long after the new quarters were opened, the student body increased to over two thousand. The university chapel, too small for so many students, was rebuilt as the Church of Sant'Ignazio between 1626 and 1650, becoming one of the major Baroque churches of the area.

Modern era

In 1773, following the suppression of the Society of Jesus, the university was given over to diocesan clergy of Rome. It was reverted to the Jesuits on 17 May 1824 by Pope Leo XII, after the refoundation of their order.

Current site of the Gregoriana

Following the Capture of Rome by the revolutionary army of the new Kingdom of Italy in 1870, the new Italian government confiscated the property of the university and their building, that became the Ennio Quirino Visconti Liceo Ginnasio, which forced the university to transfer, this time to the Palazzo Gabrielli-Borromeo on the Via del Seminario. It was at this point that Pope Pius IX permitted the school to assume the title of "Pontifical University". With the difficult situation after Rome's takeover, the academic endeavors of the university were dramatically affected. Due to a lack of space, the university had to drop all faculties except for theology and philosophy. The number of students had dropped dramatically as well because of the dislocation, so that in 1875 no more than 250 students were numbered. However, the university was able to gradually build itself up again. In 1876, the Faculty of Canon Law was transferred from the University of Rome La Sapienza to the Gregorian, and the university was gradually able to resume the teaching of many disciplines.

After World War I, Pope Benedict XV and later Pope Pius XI worked to create a new site for the university that would be better suited to its needs, since it was still operating out of the Palazzo Gabrielli-Borromeo. Pope Benedict was able to acquire an area at the base of Quirinal Hill, adjacent to another school under the Jesuits, the Pontifical Biblical Institute or Biblicum, which had been founded in 1909.[5] Benedict's successor, Pope Pius XI, laid the first stone of the new seat of the university on 27 December 1924. Designed by the architect Giulio Barluzzi in the neoclassical style, the new edifice was completed by 1930.

After assuming its new location, the university continued to expand, both in the number of faculties and disciplines taught as well as in its geographic site. Today, the Gregorian University includes six faculties and four institutes, and is located in four palazzos in the area around Piazza della Pilotta.

Today

Central atrium of the Greg

Today the university has about 3,800 students from more than 150 countries. It discontinued in the late 1960s/early 1970s the use of Latin as the principal language used by lecturers and examiners.[5] The majority of students are priests, seminarians, and members of religious orders. After the Second Vatican Council, the first women to earn doctoral degrees at the university were Sandra Schneiders, I.H.M., and Mary Milligan, R.S.H.M. Both became authorities in New Testament Theology and Christian Spirituality. The majority of the professors are of the Jesuit order.[5] In recent years, however, there has been a higher representation of laity in both the faculty and student body; today, lay men and women represent about 30 percent of the student body.[5]

Since the Gregorian is a pontifical university, the Holy See accredits its curriculum, and its degrees have full effect in canon law. Through the Greg licentiates in philosophy and theology are conferred by some Jesuit universities worldwide, entitling recipients to teach in major seminaries.

Academics

Gregorian Consortium

The Gregorian University is one of three member institutes that make up the Gregorian Consortium, the other two institutions being the Pontifical Biblical Institute (founded 1909) and the Pontifical Oriental Institute (founded 1917).[5] The Consortium was created under Pope Pius XI in 1928.

Faculties, programs, institutes and services

Aula magna in 1930.

The university maintains faculties in theology, canon law, philosophy, history and cultural patrimony of the Church, missiology, and social sciences. In addition, it has institutes of spirituality and psychology. Other programs of study include Jewish studies,[6] formation for Formators for the Priesthood and Consecrated life, Ignatian spirituality,[7] dialogue between faith and culture, and interreligious studies.

Library

The three libraries of the Gregorian Consortium have nearly 1.2 million volumes,[5] particularly noteworthy in areas of theology, philosophy, culture, and literature. The library was founded together with the Roman College by Ignatius Loyola. In 1872, however, the library's 45,000 volumes, manuscripts, and archives were confiscated by the new Italian state; they were dispersed and partially expropriated by the Vittorio Emanuele II National Library of Rome.

Since 1928, the library has been located on the university's new campus. The majority of the library's collection—820,000 volumes—is housed in a six-floor tower adjacent to the Palazzo Centrale. An additional 60,000 volumes are housed in any of the six reading rooms, which together seat 400 students.

The library's reserve contains many ancient and precious books, as well as many rare editions, including eighty books from the 16th century.

Gregorian and Biblical Press

This publishing house does printing and publishing services for the Greg and Biblical Institute.[8] Since 2010 it has offered magazine subscriptions and book purchases online, including 6 different languages. Publications include:

Extraterritoriality

According to article 16 of the Lateran Treaty, a 1929 agreement between the Italian government and the Holy See, the Gregorian University enjoys a certain level of extraterritoriality. According to the treaty, Italy can never subject the university to "charges or to expropriation for reasons of public utility, save by previous agreement with the Holy See." It is also exempt from all Italian tax, and is included among those Roman buildings for which the Holy See has the right to deal "as it may deem fit, without obtaining the authorization or consent of the Italian governmental, provincial, or communal authority."

Notable students and professors

German Jesuit Christopher Clavius, inventor of Gregorian calendar, alumnus and professor at the Roman College

Among the Gregorian's notable alumni are seventeen popes,[5] including Pope Gregory XV, Pope Urban VIII, Pope Innocent X, Pope Clement XI, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius XII, Pope Paul VI, and Pope John Paul I. Eight of the last eleven popes were alumni of the Gregorian.[5] Other illustrious students include seventy-two saints and beati,[5] among them Saint Robert Bellarmine, Saint Aloysius Gonzaga and Saint Maximilian Kolbe. Among its most notable professors is Joseph Ratzinger—now Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI—who was a visiting professor in the Faculty of Theology from 1972 to 1973.[5]

Other famous alumni and professors include the following:

The vast majority of the Church's leading experts hail from the Gregorian; one-third of the current College of Cardinals studied there at one time or another, and more than 900 bishops worldwide are among its 12,000 living alumni.[5]

See also

Notes and references

  1. ↑ "Ordo anni academici" (PDF) (in Italian). Rome: Pontifical Gregorian University. 2017 [2016]. p. 181. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  2. ↑ Amir Alexander (2014). Infinitesimal: How a Dangerous Mathematical Theory Shaped the Modern World. Scientific American / Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374176815., p. 44
  3. ↑ it:Collegio Romano
  4. ↑ O'Malley, John (1993). The First Jesuits. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 366. ISBN 978-0-674-30313-3.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Fact Sheet". The Gregorian University Foundation. 2010. Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  6. ↑ "Judaica".
  7. ↑ "Spirituality".
  8. ↑ "Press".

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