Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival

Coordinates: 33°40′41″N 116°14′02″W / 33.678°N 116.234°W / 33.678; -116.234

Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival


Coachella in 2012
Genre Rock, indie, hip hop, EDM
Dates Consecutive 3-day weekends in April (currently)
Location(s) Empire Polo Club
81-800 Avenue 51
Indio, California 92201
Years active 1999, 2001–present
Founded by Paul Tollett and Rick Van Santen
Attendance 198,000 (2016, two-weekend total)
Website
coachella.com

The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival (commonly referred to as Coachella or the Coachella Festival) is an annual music and arts festival held at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California, located in the Inland Empire's Coachella Valley, in the Colorado Desert. It was co-founded by Paul Tollett and Rick Van Santen in 1999, and is organized by Goldenvoice, a subsidiary of AEG Live.[1] The event features musical artists from many genres of music, including rock, indie, hip hop, and electronic dance music, as well as art installations and sculptures. Across the grounds, several stages continuously host live music. The main stages are the: Coachella Stage, Outdoor Theatre, Gobi Tent, Mojave Tent, and Sahara Tent; a smaller Oasis Dome was used in 2006 and 2011, while a new Yuma stage was introduced in 2013 and a Sonora stage in 2017.

The festival's origins trace back to a 1993 concert that Pearl Jam performed at the Empire Polo Club while boycotting venues controlled by Ticketmaster. The show validated the site's viability for hosting large events, leading to the inaugural Coachella Festival's being held over the course of two days in October 1999—just three months after Woodstock '99. After no event was held in 2000, Coachella returned on an annual basis beginning in April 2001, as a single-day event. In 2002, the festival reverted to a two-day format. Coachella was expanded to a third day in 2007 and eventually a second weekend in 2012; it is currently held on consecutive three-day weekends in April, with each weekend having identical lineups. Organizers began permitting spectators to camp on the grounds in 2003, one of several expansions and additions of amenities that have been made in the festival's history.

Coachella showcases popular and established musical artists, as well as emerging artists and reunited groups. Coachella is one of the largest, most famous, and most profitable music festivals in the United States and all over the world.[2][3] Each Coachella staged from 2013 to 2015 set new records for festival attendance and gross revenues. The 2016 festival sold 198,000 tickets and grossed $94.2 million. The success of Coachella led to Goldenvoice establishing two additional music festivals at the site, Stagecoach and Desert Trip.

History

"Even before we looked at [Empire Polo Club], it hit us. We wanted it to be far. So you surrender. So you can't leave your house and see a couple bands and be back home that night. We want you to go out there, get tired, and curse the show by Sunday afternoon. That sunset, and that whole feeling of Coachella hits you."

—Coachella co-founder Paul Tollett, describing the rationale behind the festival's location[4]

On November 5, 1993, Pearl Jam performed for almost 25,000 fans at the Empire Polo Club in Indio, California.[5] The site was selected because the band refused to play in Los Angeles as a result of a dispute with Ticketmaster over service charges applied to ticket purchases.[6][7] The show established the polo club's suitability for large-scale events; Paul Tollett, whose concert promotion company Goldenvoice booked the venue for Pearl Jam, said the concert sowed the seeds for an eventual music festival there.[4]

Around 1997, Goldenvoice was struggling to book concerts against larger companies, and they were unable to offer guarantees as high as their competitors, such as SFX Entertainment. Tollett said, "We were getting our ass kicked financially. We were losing a lot of bands. And we couldn't compete with the money."[8] As a result, the idea of a music festival was conceived, and Tollett began to brainstorm ideas for one with multiple venues. His intent was to book trendy artists who were not necessarily chart successes: "Maybe if you put a bunch of them together, that might be a magnet for a lot of people."[6] While attending the 1997 Glastonbury Festival, Tollett handed out pamphlets to artists and talent managers that featured pictures of the Empire Polo Club and pitched a possible festival there. In contrast to the frequently muddy conditions at Glastonbury caused by rain, he recalled, "We had this pamphlet... showing sunny Coachella. Everyone was laughing."[7]

After scouting several sites for their festival,[4] Tollett and Goldenvoice co-president Rick Van Santen returned to the Empire Polo Club during the Big Gig festival in 1998. Impressed by the location's suitability for a festival, they decided to book their event there.[6] The promoters had hoped to stage the inaugural Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 1998 but were not able to until the following year.[7] Coachella's announcement and ticket sales came just one week after the conclusion of Woodstock '99, a festival in July 1999 that was marred by looting, arson, violence, and rapes. Goldenvoice's insurance costs increased 40% as a result and the company faced uncertainty regarding Coachella's tickets.[7][9] Organizers were already aiming to provide a "high-comfort festival experience" for Coachella but rededicated themselves to those efforts after Woodstock '99. Advertisements boasted free water fountains, ample restrooms, and misting tents.[9] Retrospectively, Tollett called the decision to announce a new festival just two months prior to staging it "financial suicide".[7]

1999, 2001–2002

On October 9–10, 1999, the inaugural Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival was held. Headlining the event were Beck, the Chemical Brothers, Tool, Morrissey, and Rage Against the Machine; other acts included Jurassic 5 and Underworld. Originally, promoters had hoped to make the event three days (Friday to Sunday) and even considered the UK band Massive Attack as the third-day headliner.[10] The organizers strived to recreate European music festivals with small crowds in a great setting with plenty of turntables.[11] By booking acts based on artistry rather than radio popularity, Coachella earned the title of "the anti-Woodstock".[12]

Tickets sold for $50 for each day; about 17,000 tickets sold for the first day, and 20,000 for the second,[11] falling short of the overall attendance goal of 70,000.[13] Attendees were offered free parking and a free bottle of water upon entrance.[11] The event went smoothly, with the well-behaved crowd starkly contrasting with the violence that plagued Woodstock '99; the biggest challenges to Coachella concertgoers were temperatures exceeding 100 °F and the decisions of which of the 80-plus acts to attend.[12][13][14] The festival was well regarded among attendees and critics; Pollstar named it festival of the year, and Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times said that it "laid the foundation for what someday may be a legacy of its own".[15][16] However, Goldenvoice lost $850,000 on the undertaking,[17] forcing the promoter, in Tollett's words, to "struggle for almost two years to survive as a company".[18] Prominent acts like Rage Against the Machine, Tool, and Beck agreed to receive deferred compensation.[19]

Goldenvoice reserved tentative dates for October 2000 to reprise the festival,[20] but ultimately canceled for that year; Tollett blamed it on the oversaturation of music festivals in Southern California.[15] The electronic dance music festival Nocturnal Wonderland filled the void at the Empire Polo Club, taking place in September 2000.[21] Goldenvoice opted to bring Coachella back in April 2001 in an attempt to beat the heat.[15][22] Ticket prices were raised to $65.[23] Organizers encountered difficulty booking acts for the festival and due to "available talent", were forced to shorten the festival to a single day.[24] Issues with securing a headliner threatened to doom the event until Perry Farrell agreed to bring his reunited group Jane's Addiction to the proceedings.[25] Amidst financial concerns, Tollett agreed to sell Goldenvoice to Anschutz Entertainment Group (AEG) in March 2001 for $7 million.[26] AEG, which had opened Staples Center in Los Angeles two years prior, purchased the promoter to help them find shows to book. The corporation wanted Tollett to continue staging Coachella, understanding that it initially would lose money;[7] Tollett initially retained full control of Coachella as a result of the acquisition.[25][27] Like its predecessor, the 2001 festival went smoothly;[18] over 35,000 tickets were sold,[17] and despite taking a loss again, Tollett estimates it was a "low, low six-figure sum".[18]

In 2002, the event returned to a two-day format, featuring the reunited Siouxsie and the Banshees, as well as headlining acts Björk and Oasis.[28] Palm Desert natives Queens of the Stone Age became the first local band to play the festival.[17] The strong supporting acts helped prove to the Indio community that the event could bring in money and take place without conflict. More than 55,000 people attended over the two days,[17] and for the first time, the festival nearly broke even.[18]

2003–2005

The 2003 festival featured Red Hot Chili Peppers and Beastie Boys, as well as the reunited Iggy Pop and The Stooges, and drew the largest crowd yet, with 60,000 people attending.[29] The event began to develop worldwide interest and began to become nationally known. It was also the first year on-site camping was provided,[30] improving accessibility as a destination music festival for concertgoers. The ticket prices at this time were $75 for one day, and ranged higher to the price of $140 for a two-day pass.[8]

The 2004 event featured the reunited Pixies, as well as Radiohead, Kraftwerk, The Cure, Belle and Sebastian, and The Flaming Lips. It was Coachella's first sellout, drawing a two-day total of 110,000 people.[17] For the first time, the festival attracted attendees from all 50 US states.[17] That year, AEG purchased half of Coachella from Tollett, along with the controlling interest in the festival.[7]

The 2005 event ran from April 30 to May 1 and featured Coldplay, Arcade Fire, Snow Patrol, Weezer, M.I.A, M83, Bloc Party, The Prodigy, Keane, Chemical Brothers, Kasabian, Nine Inch Nails, Bright Eyes, Wilco, Spoon, Stereophonics, Tegan and Sara, New Order, Rilo Kiley, and Jem. Approximately 50,000 people attended each day of the festival.[31]

2006–2008

Daft Punk's performance at Coachella 2006 is frequently cited as one of the most memorable in the festival's history.

The 2006 event featured headliners Depeche Mode and Tool. Two of the most popular performances were Madonna, who played in an overflowing dance tent, and Daft Punk, whose show featuring a pyramid-shaped stage is cited as one of the most memorable performances in Coachella history.[17] Other performers included Massive Attack, Scissor Sisters, James Blunt, and Gnarls Barkley. Around 120,000 concertgoers attended the event over two days,[17] garnering Goldenvoice a gross of $9 million.[32]

In 2007, Goldenvoice inaugurated the Stagecoach Festival, an annual country music festival that also takes place at the Empire Polo Club the weekend following Coachella. The new event helped avert complications with organizing Coachella; the polo club's owner Alex Haagen III had been planning to redevelop the land unless a new profitable event could be created to make a long-term lease with Goldenvoice financially feasible.[6] Along with the new festival's addition, Coachella was permanently extended to three days in 2007. The headlining acts were Red Hot Chili Peppers, the reunited Rage Against the Machine, and Björk, all of whom headlined for the second time. Other notable performers included Arcade Fire, LCD Soundsystem, Manu Chao, a rare American performance by former Pulp-frontman Jarvis Cocker, and Scarlett Johansson, who sang with the reunited Jesus and Mary Chain. The festival compiled a three-day aggregate attendance of 186,636, a new best, and grossed $16.3 million.[33]

In 2008, Coachella did not sell out for the first time since 2003. It featured headliners Prince, Roger Waters, and Jack Johnson, along with notable appearances from Portishead, the reunited The Verve, M.I.A., Kraftwerk, Aphex Twin, the reunited Love and Rockets, and the reunited Swervedriver. Waters' inflatable prop pig flew away during his set.[17] The 2008 festival drew an attendance of 151,666 and grossed $13.8 million,[33] but lost money, due to tickets not selling out and high booking fees paid for Prince and Roger Waters.[6][19]

2009–2011

The 2009 festival occurred a week earlier than usual. The new dates were April 17, 18 and 19. The event featured headliners Paul McCartney, The Killers, and The Cure. On Friday, McCartney blew past the festival's strict curfew by 54 minutes.[17] Sunday, The Cure had their performance end abruptly, with the festival cutting stage power after passing their own curfew by 30 minutes.[34] Notable performances included Franz Ferdinand, M.I.A. (whose 2005 encore set in a tent was a first at the fest), Yeah Yeah Yeahs, and rare appearances from artists Leonard Cohen and Throbbing Gristle. The festival drew an aggregate attendance of 152,962 and grossed $15,328,863.[35]

Organizers did away with single-day ticket sales in 2010, offering instead only three-day tickets,[36] drawing mixed reviews.[37] Headliners included Jay-Z, Muse and Gorillaz, along with LCD Soundsystem, the reunited Faith No More, a reunited Pavement, Thom Yorke of Radiohead and his live band Atoms for Peace, Tiesto, and supergroup Them Crooked Vultures.[38] Other notable acts were Fever Ray, deadmau5, La Roux, MGMT, Florence and the Machine, Spoon, Bassnectar, Phoenix, Vampire Weekend, She & Him, Céu, Echo & the Bunnymen, The Specials, a rare Plastikman live set from Richie Hawtin, Sly Stone , and David Guetta. Despite Tollett's reservations about holding a festival in 2010 due to the economy,[39] that year's Coachella drew 75,000 spectators each day, for an estimated average aggregate of 225,000 attendees, surpassing previous attendance records.[40] Thousands of fans broke through fences, leading to concerns about overcrowding.[17] The festival grossed $21,703,500.[41]

Prior to the 2011 festival, Goldenvoice made several investments and improvements locally to help support Coachella. In addition to funding an additional lane for Avenue 50, which borders the festival, the promoter cleared additional space on the polo grounds by leveling a 250,000-square-foot area and moving horse stables.[42] Lighting and security were also enhanced to help the festival run more smoothly.[17] The headliners for that year's event were Kings of Leon, Arcade Fire, Kanye West and The Strokes, while other performers included Duran Duran, Mumford & Sons, the reunited Big Audio Dynamite, PJ Harvey, and the Black Keys, among another 190 supporting acts.[43] The 2011 festival grossed $24,993,698[44] from 75,000 paid attendees, for an aggregate attendance of 225,000 across the entire three-day weekend.[45]

2012–2014

On May 31, 2011, Goldenvoice announced that beginning with the 2012 festival, Coachella would be expanded to a second, separately-ticketed weekend, with identical lineups for each.[46] Explaining the decision, Tollett said that demand for tickets was up in 2011 even after "operations weren't the best [they've] ever had" in 2010 and that he did not want to satisfy that demand by allowing additional attendees to overcrowd the venue.[47] Rolling Stone called it a "very risky move" and said there was "no guarantee that demand [would be] high enough to sell out the same bill over two consecutive weekends".[46] Nonetheless, 2012 tickets sold out in less than three hours.[48]

The Outdoor Theatre in 2012 during a performance by The Weeknd

The 2012 festival featured headliners the Black Keys, Radiohead, and a twin billing of Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg.[17] During the latter's performances, a projection of deceased rapper Tupac Shakur appeared on-stage (a voice actor performed his introduction lines) and began performing "Hail Mary" and "2 of Amerikaz Most Wanted".[49] Although the media referred to the technology as a 'hologram', the projection was in fact created using the Musion Eyeliner system, which employs a version of Pepper's ghost.[50] Following the performance, the projection disappeared. Dr. Dre had asked permission from Shakur's mother Afeni, who said the next day that she was thrilled with the performance.[51] A projection of deceased singer Nate Dogg was also planned, but Dr. Dre decided against it. The 2012 festival also featured Swedish House Mafia, Alesso, Porter Robinson, Pulp, At the Drive-In, The Hives, Godspeed You! Black Emperor, Arctic Monkeys, Kaskade, Miike Snow, Gotye, Frank Ocean, Flying Lotus, St. Vincent, M83, Bon Iver, Kaiser Chiefs, The Shins, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds, Squeeze, Zedd, Awolnation, Fitz and The Tantrums, Santigold, Band of Skulls, Azealia Banks, ASAP Rocky, Childish Gambino, and The Weeknd, as well as unscheduled guest appearances by Eminem, 50 Cent, Kendrick Lamar, Wiz Khalifa, Warren G, Rihanna, Usher, and Zack de la Rocha. The 2012 festival grossed $47,313,403 from 158,387 paid attendees across the two weekends; 80,726 tickets were sold for the first weekend, and 77,661 for the second.[52]

Coachella grounds in 2013

Prior to the 2013 festival, it was announced that Goldenvoice had reached a deal with the city of Indio to keep the Coachella and Stagecoach Festivals there through 2030. As part of the agreement, Indio's per-ticket share of revenue would increase from $2.33 per ticket to $5.01.[53] Featured performers for the 2013 festival included Blur, Descendents, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, The Stone Roses, The Lumineers, Metric, How to Destroy Angels, Of Monsters and Men, Infected Mushroom, The Postal Service, Wu-Tang Clan, Paul Kalkbrenner, The xx, Beach House, Redman, Vampire Weekend, Café Tacvba, La Roux, Phoenix, Social Distortion, Violent Femmes, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, 2 Chainz, Modest Mouse, Danny Brown, Tegan and Sara, Baauer, Tame Impala, Passion Pit, Stars and Earl Sweatshirt among others.[54] General admission tickets sold for $349, a $34 increase from the previous year.[55] The festival grossed $67.2 million in ticket sales and was attended by 180,000 people, making it the top music festival in the world.[56] In July 2013, Goldenvoice finalized a $30 million purchase of 280 acres of land surrounding the Empire Polo Club, including the 200-acre Eldorado Polo Club. The land, previously leased from Eldorado, will be used to provide more space for parking and general use for the festival.[57] Tollett said the purchase was intended to "help [Goldenvoice] put in some infrastructure so [they] don't have to keep coming back and do the same things each year".[58]

The 2014 festival, held on April 11–13 and April 18–20, featured 184 artists.[59] A reunited Outkast headline on Friday, Muse headlined the Saturday shows, and Arcade Fire closed out Sunday nights. The 2014 festival also featured Ellie Goulding, Lorde, Pixies, The Replacements, Beck, Neutral Milk Hotel, Kid Cudi, Queens of the Stone Age, Nas, Calvin Harris, Broken Bells, Motörhead, Haim, Aloe Blacc, Bastille, Neko Case, MGMT, Zedd, Girl Talk, Pet Shop Boys, Foster the People, Lana Del Rey, The 1975, Pharrell Williams, Young & Sick, Chromeo, CHVRCHES and Mogwai among others.[60] Beyoncé made a surprise appearance during her sister Solange's performance. Justin Bieber also made a surprise appearance alongside Chance The Rapper. Jay-Z and Puff Daddy made surprise appearances during Nas' set. Jhene Aiko was joined by both Drake and Childish Gambino. Pharrell Williams may have had the most guests, who included Nelly, Snoop Dogg, Gwen Stefani, and Diplo. Deborah Harry joined Arcade Fire during their headline set to perform "Heart of Glass". General admission tickets sold out in less than 20 minutes, while all other tickets (including VIP tickets in excess of $5,000) sold out in less than 3 hours. That year's festival featured 96,500 daily attendees and grossed a record-breaking $78.332 million.[61][62] For the fourth consecutive year, Coachella was named the Top Festival at the Billboard Touring Awards.[62]

2015–present

A view of the ferris wheel from the polo grounds during Coachella 2015

The 2015 festival, held on April 10–12 and 17–19,[63] featured headliners AC/DC, Jack White, and Drake, with a surprise appearance by Madonna during the latter's weekend one performance. Other notable performers included Florence and the Machine, Marina and the Diamonds, Azealia Banks, Kaskade, Alesso, The Weeknd, Tame Impala, Interpol, Steely Dan, Alabama Shakes, alt-J, and Ryan Adams. General admission tickets again sold out in less than 20 minutes. The event established new records for tickets sold (198,000) and total gross ($84,264,264) for a festival.[62] The festival won Pollstar's award for Major Music Festival of the Year,[64] marking the 10th time in 11 years that Coachella had won the award.[65]

In March 2016, the Indio City Council passed a measure allowing up to 62,000 additional people to attend future Coachellas. As part of the vote, the attendance cap for Coachella was raised from 99,000 to 126,000. The festival capacity will gradually be increased, giving the city time to accommodate the crowds; Goldenvoice increased the venue size by 50 acres along Monroe Street, Avenue 50, Avenue 52, and Polo Road.[66] The 2016 festival was held on April 15–17 and 22–24, featuring the reuniting of original Guns N' Roses members Axl Rose, Slash and Duff McKagan, along with LCD Soundsystem's reunion and Calvin Harris as headliners. Other notable performers include Ellie Goulding, Jack U, Major Lazer, Chvrches, Robert DeLong, Ice Cube, Sia, Death Grips, Grimes, Disclosure, Sufjan Stevens and M83. Ice Cube's appearance featured a reunion of N.W.A., while Guns N' Roses' first weekend performance featured a guest appearance from Angus Young of AC/DC, who headlined the previous year; the cameo occurred the same day that Guns N' Roses' singer Axl Rose was announced as the new singer for AC/DC. Weekend two was marked by several tributes to Prince, the 2008 headliner who died just prior to the weekend's shows. The festival sold 198,000 tickets and grossed $94.2 million.[67][68]

The 2017 edition of Coachella took place from April 14–16 and April 21–23, and featured Radiohead, Lady Gaga and Kendrick Lamar as headlining artists.[69] Beyoncé was originally announced as a headliner but was forced to withdraw at the advice of her doctors after she became pregnant; she will instead headline the 2018 festival.[70] Other artists who performed at the festival included The xx, Travis Scott, Father John Misty, Empire of the Sun, Dillon Francis, Mac Miller, Bon Iver, Kygo, Future, DJ Snake, Martin Garrix, ScHoolboy Q, Gucci Mane, Two Door Cinema Club, Lorde, Justice, New Order, Dreamcar, Porter Robinson & Madeon, Future Islands, Hans Zimmer, PNL and DJ Khaled.[71] Tickets sold out within a few hours of going on sale.[72] The event saw the debut of the new daytime-only Sonora tent.[73]

Art

Two art installations from Coachella 2014: Lightweaver and Escape Velocity. The latter piece was one of several giant moving art installations designed by Poetic Kinetics for past Coachella festivals.

In addition to hosting live music, Coachella is a showcase for visual arts, including installation art and sculpture. Many of the pieces are interactive, providing a visual treat for attendees.[74] Throughout the years, the art has grown in scale and outrageousness.[75] Paul Clemente, Coachella's art director since 2009,[76] said, "I think the level of detail and finish and artistry and scale and complexity and technology, everything is constantly getting notched up, ratcheted up. We're obviously constantly trying to, for lack of a better word, (to) outdo ourselves and make it better for the fans."[75]

In Coachella's early years, art was mostly recycled from the previous year's Burning Man festival, due to smaller budgets.[76] Between 2010 and 2015, Goldenvoice shifted its focus from renting pieces to commissioning them specifically for the festival, increasing their budget. Artists are given access to the grounds just 10 days before the festival, giving them a tight timeframe in which to assemble their pieces.[75] Due to the high cost of re-assembly, only about half of them appear again outside of Coachella.[74] Describing the festival's importance to art, Cynthia Washburn of art collective Poetic Kinetics said, "With all the exposure here, I think Coachella is becoming as attractive for artists as it is for the musicians."[77] In 2013, Clemente considered about 300 art proposals, the most in the festival's history for the time.[77] Poetic Kinetics has designed several giant moving art installations for past Coachella festivals, including a snail in 2013, an astronaut in 2014, and a caterpillar that "metamorphosized" into a butterfly in 2015.[78]

Some of the works have been featured at Art Basel, and involved participants from architecture schools, both local and international. A few of the visual artists, such as Hotshot the Robot, Robochrist Industries, the Tesla Coil (Cauac), Cyclecide, and The Do LaB, alongside avant-garde performance troupe Lucent Dossier Experience, have appeared for several consecutive years. Poster artist Emek has produced limited edition posters every year since 2007.

Location

Panoramic view of Coachella 2014

Coachella takes place in Indio, California, located in the Inland Empire's Coachella Valley within the Colorado Desert. Temperatures during the festival's history have ranged from 106 °F (41 °C) on April 21, 2012, to 43 °F (6 °C) on April 14, 2012.[79] The festival is hosted at the 78-acre Empire Polo Club;[80] when accounting for land used for parking and camping, the event covers a footprint of over 600 acres.[81] The site is about 125 miles east of Los Angeles.[39]

Organization

As the host city to Coachella and the Stagecoach Festival, Indio provides several services such as police and fire protection, private security, medical services, outside law enforcement, and city staff services. These services for the three weekends of festivals totaled $2.77 million in 2012.[81] All public safety needs are coordinated by Indio's police department, requiring them to liaison with nearly 12 agencies, including police departments from nearby cities, the sheriff's department, California Highway Patrol, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, American Medical Response, and the California Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control.[81] To avoid disturbing local residents, a curfew for music performances is enforced; since 2010, it has been 1 AM on Fridays and Saturdays, an hour later than the previous curfew,[81] and midnight on Sundays.[65] Goldenvoice must pay a fine of $1,000 for each minute the festival exceeds the curfew.[65]

Environmental sustainability

Coachella features Global Inheritance's TRASHed :: Art of Recycling campaign, in which artists from across the US design recycling bins.

Organizers of Coachella manage its carbon footprint by partnering with the organization Global Inheritance to promote several environmentally friendly initiatives. Global Inheritance's original project was its "TRASHed :: Art of Recycling" campaign, which challenges local artists to design and decorate recycling bins that are placed across the festival grounds.[82] Another program is "Carpoolchella"; launched in 2007,[82] it rewards festivalgoers who carpool in groups of four or more and display the word "Carpoolchella" on their cars by entering them in a drawing to win VIP tickets for life.[83] Through the 2014 festival, the program had 140,000 participants and more than 70 winners of lifetime festival passes.[84] In 2007, Coachella teamed up with Global Inheritance to start a 10-for-1 recycling program, in which anyone who collects ten empty water bottles receives a free full one. In 2009, the festival introduced $10 refillable water bottles, which purchasers could refill at water stations inside the festival and within the campgrounds. Other programs used at the festival include solar powered DJ booths and seesaws used to charge mobile phones.[82]

About 600 staffers are required to collect the litter that accumulates during the festival. Resources are sorted individually on site before being taken to local landfills and recycling centers. Goldenvoice maintains a goal to "divert 90 percent of [its] recyclable and compostable materials". In 2013, staff diverted over 577,720,000 pounds of materials, comprising: 36,860 tons of aluminum cans, 105,000 tons of cardboard, 65,360 tons of PET plastic, 47,040 tons of scrap metal, and 34,600 tons of glass.[85]

Camping

In 2003, Coachella began allowing tent camping as an option for festival lodging. The campground site is on a polo field adjacent to the venue grounds and has its own entrance on the south side of the venue. 2010 introduced many new features, such as re-entry from the campsite to the festival grounds, parking next to your tent, and recreational vehicle camping spots (recreational vehicle camping was offered one year only). For that festival, there were more than 17,000 campers. At the 2012 event, on-site facilities included recycling, a general store, showers, mobile phone charging stations and an internet cafe with free WiFi.[86]

Talent booking

Tollett begins to book artists for each festival as early as the previous August. In addition to agent pitches and artists discovered online, the lineup is culled from acts booked by Goldenvoice for their other 1,800 shows each year. Tollett uses the promoter's ticketing figures for insight into who to book, saying: "There are AEG shows all across the country, and I see all their show lists and ticket counts. So I see little things that are happening maybe before some others, because they don't have that data."[87] The booking process takes approximately six months.[7] According to the Los Angeles Times, booking fees for most artists playing the festival allegedly start at $15,000 and extend into the "high six figures." Top-billed artists for 2010 were expected receive over $1 million.[88] Billboard's sources estimate that non-headline acts can earn anywhere from $500 to $100,000.[87] According to a 2017 profile on Tollett in The New Yorker, that year's headlining performers would receive $3–4 million.[7]

In booking the festival, Goldenvoice uses radius clauses that can prevent acts from performing in Los Angeles, the Inland Empire, or San Diego for up to three months before and after the festival. The promoter has allowed some of Coachella's acts to make appearances in the region prior to the festival and between weekends, but only at events and venues owned or controlled by Goldenvoice's parent company AEG; one such example was Jay-Z's concert at Staples Center in 2010.[88][89][90] Goldenvoice now promotes these events, dubbed "Localchella", as a series of small warm-up shows for Coachella in Southern California.[91][92]

Goldenvoice attempts to release the lineup poster as close to New Year's Day as possible, so that Coachella is the first major festival of the year to announce its lineup. This gives the promoter a competitive advantage over other festivals, many of which end up sharing headliners by the time they are all announced.[7] The Coachella lineup poster lists its music artists across several lines in gradually decreasing font sizes in descending order of prominence. The line on which an artist's name appears as well as their font size is a contentious topic between Goldenvoice and talent agents, as placement on the poster will often dictate an artist's future booking fee. Tollett said, "We have so many arguments over font sizes. I literally have gone to the mat over one point size."[7]

Promotion and commercial partnerships

Organizers were initially resistant to accepting sponsorship deals that would help Coachella turn a higher profit. In 2003, Tollett estimated that Goldenvoice could earn an additional $300,000 to $500,000 by adding a corporate sponsor to the festival name, but he did not want to violate the purity of the event. He said, "I hate it when you go to shows and you are bombarded with all this advertising. It just shows a lack of respect for your audience and the music."[18] Organizers have relaxed their opposition over the years; recently, brewing company Heineken has sponsored a small indoor venue at the festival called the "Heineken House".[93] Clothing retailer H&M also sponsored a small tent on the festival grounds in 2015[94] where attendees could purchase items from the company's clothing line inspired by the festival called "H&M Loves Coachella".[95] Tollet still objects to having the primary stages and tents sponsored: "I wouldn't let sponsors' logos on the stages. I feel like when the band is playing it should be you and the band, and it's a sacred moment."[7]

Since 2011, YouTube has live streamed the opening weekend of Coachella. Viewers can choose from three channels of performances to watch.[80][96] In 2014, AXS TV began broadcasting the second weekend on television;[97] over 20 hours of live performances from the 2015 festival were broadcast on AXS TV.[98] Performances from the 2015 festival were also broadcast live on Sirius XM satellite radio for the first time.[99]

For 2016, organizers partnered with Vantage.tv to offer virtual reality (VR) content for the festival. Ticket holders received a cardboard VR viewer inspired by Google Cardboard in their Coachella welcome package that can used with the Coachella VR mobile app (available on Android, iOS, and Samsung Gear VR). Content includes 360-degree panoramic photos of previous events, virtual tours of the 2016 festival site, interviews, and performances.[100] That same year, YouTube live streamed performances from weekend two in 360 degrees for viewing with VR headsets.[101]

The success of Coachella has led its organizers to partner with other American music festivals. In 2003, Goldenvoice agreed to work with the organizers of Field Day, a New York-based festival modeled after Coachella, to help promote and produce the event,[102] although the show was completely overhauled from its original vision.[103] In September 2014, Goldenvoice announced it had entered into a joint venture with Red Frog Events to help them promote and produce their Firefly Music Festival.[104] In January 2015, a similar agreement was reached with the organizers of the Hangout Music Festival.[105]

In a lawsuit against a similarly named festival Hoodchella, Goldenvoice claimed it spent $700,000 in 2015 on "media and related content to promote Coachella".[106]

Impact and legacy

The Sahara Tent, where primarily electronic dance music is performed

The success of Coachella in its early years proved that American music festivals could work and succeed in a destination form, as opposed to a traveling festival. In the years following Coachella's success, many other festivals have followed in its footsteps, copying its format as a destination festival with multiple stages, attractions, art, and camping. Some of these new festivals have grown to achieve the same success as Coachella, such as Lollapalooza in Chicago, Governors Ball in New York City and Bonnaroo in Tennessee. According to a 2015 ranking by online ticket retailer viagogo, Coachella was the second-most in-demand concert ticket, trailing only the Tomorrowland festival.[107]

Coachella is considered a trendsetter in music and fashion. Singer Katy Perry said, "The lineup always introduces the best of the year for the rest of the year."[87]

Coachella has become known for the variety of distinctive apparel worn by attendees, which primarily include eclectic combinations of colors, materials, and ethnic borrowings.[108] The latter has also resulted in backlash regarding cultural appropriation, particularly for non-natives wearing Native American inspired headdresses and body paint,[109] but also African American and Asian elements.[110]

According to a 2012 economic impact study, Coachella brought $254.4 million to the desert region that year;[111] of that total, Indio received $89.2 million in consumer spending and $1.4 million in tax revenue.[107] Goldenvoice's other festival at the Empire Polo Club, Stagecoach, has been called a "cousin" of Coachella, but it has grown at a faster pace, eventually selling out for the first time in 2012 with 55,000 attendees.[112] Together, the two festivals are estimated by experts to have a global impact of $704.75 million in 2016;[113] approximately $403.2 million of that will impact the Coachella Valley,[113] $106 million of which will go to businesses in Indio.[114] The city was expected to gain $3.18 million in ticket taxes from the two festivals in 2016.[114]

The success of Coachella led to Goldenvoice founding an additional music festival at the Empire Polo Club in 2016 called Desert Trip. The event featured legacy acts such as the Rolling Stones, Paul McCartney, and Bob Dylan.[115]

Festival summary by year

Edition Year Dates Headliners Gross
revenues		 Attendance / Sales Avg. daily
attendance
1st 1999 October 9–10 N/A 37,000 (sales)[11] 18,500
2nd 2001 April 28 Jane's Addiction N/A 35,000 (sales)[17] 35,000
3rd 2002 April 27–28 N/A 55,000 (attendance, act.)[17] 27,500
4th 2003 April 26–27 N/A 60,000 (attendance, act.)[29] 30,000
5th 2004 May 1–2 N/A 110,000 (attendance, act.)[17] 55,000
6th 2005 April 30–May 1 N/A 100,000 (attendance, act.)[31] 50,000
7th 2006 April 29–30 $9 million[32] 120,000 (attendance, act.)[17] 60,000
8th 2007 April 27–29 $16.3 million[33] 186,636 (attendance, act.)[33] 62,212
9th 2008 April 25–27 $13.8 million[33] 151,666 (attendance, act.)[33] 50,555
10th 2009 April 17–19 $15.3 million[35] 152,962 (attendance, act.)[35] 50,987
11th 2010 April 16–18 $21.7 million[41] 225,000 (attendance, agg.)[40] 75,000
12th 2011 April 15–17 $24.9 million[44] 225,000 (attendance, agg.)[45] 75,000
13th 2012 April 13–15
April 20–22		 $47.3 million[52] 158,387 (sales)[52] 79,193
14th 2013 April 12–14
April 19–21		 $67.2 million[56] 180,000 (attendance, act.)[56] 90,000
15th 2014 April 11–13
April 18–20		 $78.3 million[61] 579,000 (attendance, agg.)[61] 96,500
16th 2015 April 10–12
April 17–19		 $84.2 million[62] 198,000 (sales)[62] 99,000
17th 2016 April 15–17
April 22–24		 $94.2 million[67] 198,000 (sales)[67] 99,000
18th 2017 April 14–16
April 21–23		 TBA TBA TBA
19th 2018 April 13-15
April 20-22
N/A N/A N/A

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