Clyde Kluckhohn

Clyde Kluckhohn
Born (1905-01-11)January 11, 1905
Le Mars, Iowa
Died July 28, 1960(1960-07-28) (aged 55)
Santa Fe, New Mexico
Nationality American
Fields Cultural Anthropology
Institutions Harvard University
Alma mater University of Wisconsin–Madison, Harvard University
Doctoral students Elizabeth Colson, Laura Nader, Walter Taylor
Notable awards Viking Fund Medal (1950)

Clyde Kluckhohn (/ˈklʌkhoʊn/; January 11, 1905, Le Mars, Iowa – July 28, 1960, near Santa Fe, New Mexico), was an American anthropologist and social theorist, best known for his long-term ethnographic work among the Navajo and his contributions to the development of theory of culture within American anthropology.

Early life and education

Kluckhohn matriculated at Princeton University, but was forced by ill health to take a break from study and went to convalesce on a ranch in New Mexico owned by his mother's cousin's husband, Evon Z. Vogt. During this period he first came into contact with neighboring Navajo and began a lifelong love of their language and culture. He wrote two popular books based on his experiences in Navajo country, To the Foot of the Rainbow (1927) and Beyond the Rainbow (1933).

He resumed study at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and received his AB in Greek 1928. He then studied classics at Corpus Christi College, Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar in 1928–1930[1] For the following two years, he studied anthropology at the University of Vienna and was exposed to psychoanalysis.[1] After teaching at the University of New Mexico from 1932–34, he continued graduate work in anthropology at Harvard University where he received his Ph.D in 1936. He remained at Harvard as a professor in Social Anthropology and later also Social Relations for the rest of his life.[2][3]

Major works

In 1949, Kluckhohn began to work among five adjacent communities in the Southwest: Zuni, Navajo, Mormon (LDS), Spanish-American (Mexican-American), and Texas Homesteaders[4] A key methodological approach that he developed together with his wife Florence Rockwood Kluckhohn and colleagues Evon Z. Vogt and Ethel M. Albert, among others, was the Values Orientation Theory. They believed that cross-cultural understanding and communication could be facilitated by analyzing a given culture's orientation to five key aspects of human life: Human Nature (people seen as intrinsically good, evil, or mixed); Man-Nature Relationship (the view that humans should be subordinate to nature, dominant over nature, or live in harmony with nature); Time (primary value placed on past/tradition, present/enjoyment, or future/posterity/delayed gratification); Activity (being, becoming/inner development, or doing/striving/industriousness); and Social Relations (hierarchical, collateral/collective-egalitarian, or individualistic). The Values Orientation Method was developed furthest by Florence Kluckhohn and her colleagues and students in later years.[5][6]

Kluckhohn received many honors throughout his career. In 1947 he served as president of the American Anthropological Association and became first director of the Russian Research Center at Harvard. In the same year his book Mirror for Man won the McGraw Hill award for best popular writing on science.

Kluckhohn initially believed in the biological equality of races but later reversed his position. Kluckhohn wrote in 1959 that "in the light of accumulating information as to significantly varying incidence of mapped genes among different peoples, it seems unwise to assume flatly that ‘man’s innate capacity does not vary from one population to another’.... On the premise that specific capacities are influenced by the properties of each gene pool, it seems very likely indeed that populations differ quantitatively in their potentialities for particular kinds of achievement.”[7]

Clyde Kluckhohn died of a heart attack in a cabin on the Upper Pecos River near Santa Fe, New Mexico. He was survived by his wife, Dr. Florence Rockwood Kluckhohn, who also taught anthropology at Harvard's Department of Social Relations. Clyde Kluckhohn was also survived by his son, Richard Kluckhohn. Most of his papers are held at Harvard University, but some early manuscripts are kept at the University of Iowa.

Interlocutors

Selected publications

References

  1. 1 2 Papers of Clyde Kluckhohn - Special Collections - The University of Iowa Libraries
  2. ↑ Parsons, Talcott and Evon Z. Vogt (1962) "Clyde Kae Maben Kluckhohn 1905-1960" American Anthropologist, 64:140-161
  3. ↑ Parsons, T. (1973). "Clyde Kluckhohn and the integration of social science." In W. W. Taylor, J. L. Fischer, & E. Z. Vogt (Eds.), Culture and life: Essays in memory of Clyde Kluckhohn (pp. 30-57). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.
  4. ↑ Powers, Willow Roberts (2000) "The Harvard study of values: Mirror for postwar anthropology." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 36(1): 15-29.
  5. ↑ Kluckhohn, Florence R., & Fred L. Strodtbeck. (1961). Variations in Value Orientations. Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson.
  6. ↑ Russo, Kurt W. 2000. "Finding the middle ground: insights and applications of the value orientations method." Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press, Inc.
  7. ↑ Clyde Kluckhohn: Review; 'Man’s Way: a Preface to the Understanding of Human Society', by Walter Goldschmidt. American Anthropologist, Vol. 61, pp. 1098-99.
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