Clark Warburton
Clark Warburton (27 January 1896, near Buffalo, New York – 18 September 1979, Fairfax, Virginia) was an American economist. He was described as the "first monetarist of the post-World War II period,"[1] the most uncompromising upholder of a strictly monetary theory of business fluctuations,[2] and reviver of classic monetary-disequilibrium theory and the quantity theory of money.[3]
Life and works
Warburton received bachelor's and master's degrees from Cornell University after military service overseas during World War I. From the 1920s to the early 1930s, he held teaching positions in India and the United States. He received a Ph.D. degree at Columbia University in 1932. There his interest had shifted from history to economics while attending lectures of Wesley C. Mitchell. His dissertation was published as The Economic Results of Prohibition. From 1932 to 1934, he worked at the Brookings Institution. In 1934 he joined the newly formed Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. He subsequently became chief economist there, retiring from that position in 1965. He continued to publish research on substantive and historical monetary economics thereafter.[4]
In the period from 1945, Warburton was a critic of Keynesian theory when the latter was "crowding out interest in money."[4] He made his case in a series of papers, most of them empirically oriented. He compiled and constructed quarterly data for the U.S. in the 1918–47 period, which showed that deviations in the money supply and bank reserves from trend preceded in the same direction business-cycle turning points of successively final output sold, output, prices, and the velocity of money.[5] He extended such results to 1965 some 20 years later.[6]
In examining longer periods of time (decades) for 1799–1939 and annual data from 1909 to 1947, he found that velocity adjusted for trend and production capacity was relatively stable in peace time, despite extreme monetary volatility and that changes in the quantity of money were the "overwhelmingly dominant factor" responsible for changes in the price level, consistent with the quantity theory of money.[7]
These findings supported Warburton's contentions that:
- instability of the money supply was a major source of business fluctuations, including the Great Depression, not merely an intensifying factor[8]
- stability of monetary policy was key to macroeconomic stability.[9]
In 1966, a collection of 19 of his papers was published.[10]
Notes
- ↑ Thomas F. Cargill, 1981. "A Tribute to Clark Warburton, 1896–1979: Note," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 13(1), p. 89.
- ↑ Thomas F. Cargill, 1979. "Clark Warburton and the Development of Monetarism since the Great Depression," History of Political Economy, 11(3),p. 425
- ↑ Michael D. Bordo and Anna J. Schwartz, 1979. "Clark Warburton: Pioneer Monetarist," Journal of Monetary Economics, 5(1), pp. 43–65. Reprinted in Schwartz, 1987, Money in Historical Perspective, ch. 9, pp. 247–49, full article, 234–54 and pp. 426–27.
- 1 2 L. Yeager, 1987. "Warburton, Clark," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, p. 874.
- ↑ • Clark Warburton, 1946. "The Misplaced Emphasis in Contemporary Business-Fluctuation Theory," Journal of Business, 19(4) pp. 199–220.
• _____, 1948b. "Bank Reserves and Business Fluctuations," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 43(244), pp. 547–58.
• _____, 1950d. "The Theory of Turning Points in Business Fluctuations," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 64(4), pp. 525–49. - ↑ Clark Warburton, 1967. "Cyclical Fluctuations in the Stock of Money and in Effective Demand, 1919–1965," Southern Journal of Business, 2, pp. 140–45.
- ↑ • Clark Warburton, 1945c. "The Volume of Money and the Price Level between the World Wars," Journal of Political Economy, 53(2), pp. 150–63.
• _____, 1949a. "The Secular Trend in Monetary Velocity," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 63(1), pp. 68–91. - ↑ Clark Warburton, 1945a. "Monetary Theory, Full Production, and the Great Depression," Eonometrica, 13(2), pp. 114–28.
- ↑ • Clark Warburton, 1962. "Monetary Disturbances and Business Fluctuations in Two Centuries of American History," in L. Yeager, ed., In Search of a Monetary Constitution, pp. 91–92. Harvard University Press.
• Michael D. Bordo and Anna J. Schwartz, 1979. "Clark Warburton: Pioneer Monetarist," Journal of Monetary Economics, 5(1), pp. 43–65. Reprinted in Schwartz, 1987, Money in Historical Perspective, ch. 9, pp. 234–54 and pp. 426–27. - ↑ Clark Warburton, 1966. Depression, Inflation, and Monetary Policy; Selected Papers, 1945–1953 Johns Hopkins Press.
Selected publications
- 1932a, 1968. The Economic Results of Prohibition. AMS Press. Review.
- 1932b. "Prohibition and Economic Welfare," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 163, Prohibition: A National Experiment, pp. 89–97.
- 1934. America's Capacity to Consume (with Maurice Leven and Harold G. Moulton), Brookings Institution.
- 1937. "Accounting Methodology in the Measurement of National Income," Studies in Income and Wealth, 1, Pt. 2, pp. 66–110.
- 1945b. "The Monetary Theory of Deficit Spending," Review of Economics and Statistics, 27(2), pp. 74–84.
- 1945d. "Monetary Policy in the United States in World War II," American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 4(3), pp. 375–83.
- 1948a. "Monetary Velocity and Monetary Policy," Review of Economics and Statistics, 30(4), pp. 304–14.
- 1949b. "Monetary Policy and Business Forecasting," Journal of Business, 22(2, 3), parts I and II, pp. 71–82, 178–87.
- 1950a. "Monetary Velocity and the Rate of Interest," Review of Economics and Statistics, 32(3), pp. 256–57.
- 1950b. "The Monetary Disequilibrium Hypothesis, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 10(1), pp. 1–11.
- 1950c. "Co-Ordination of Monetary, Bank Supervisory, and Loan Agencies of the Federal Government ," Journal of Finance, 5(2), pp. 148–69.
- 1952a. "A Hedge against Inflation," Political Science Quarterly, 67(1), pp. 1–17.
- 1952b "How Much Variation in the Quantity of Money Is Needed?" Southern Economic Journal, 18(4), pp. 495–509.
- 1953a "Money and Business Fluctuations in the Schumpeterian System," Journal of Political Economy, 61(6), pp. 509–22.
- 1953b "Rules and Implements for Monetary Policy," Journal of Finance, 8(1), pp. 1–21.
- 1958. "Variations in Economic Growth and Banking Developments in the United States From 1835 to 1885," Journal of Economic History, 18(3), pp. 283–97.
- 1965. "Maintaining Prosperity and Achieving Its Equitable Distribution," Southern Economic Journal, 31(4), pp. 289–97. Presidential address of the Southern Economic Association.
- 1981. "Monetary Disequilibrium Theory in the First Half of the Twentieth Century," History of Political Economy, 13(2), pp. 285–99.
References
- Thomas M. Humphrey, 1971. "Role of Non-Chicago Economists in the Evolution of the Quantity Theory in America 1930–1950." Southern Economic Journal, 38(1),pp. 12–18.
- Leland B. Yeager, 1981. "Clark Warburton, 1896–1979," History of Political Economy, 13(2), pp. 279–84.