Citrobacter freundii
| Citrobacter freundii | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Proteobacteria |
| Class: | Gammaproteobacteria |
| Order: | Enterobacteriales |
| Family: | Enterobacteriaceae |
| Genus: | Citrobacter |
| Species: | C. freundii |
| Binomial name | |
| Citrobacter freundii (Braak 1928) Werkman and Gillen 1932[1] | |
Citrobacter freundii is a species of facultative anaerobic gram-negative bacteria of the Enterobacteriaceae family.[2] The bacteria have a long rod shape with a typical length of 1–5 μm.[3] Most C. freundii cells generally have several flagella used for locomotion, but some do not and are non-motile. C. freundii is a soil organism, but can also be found in water, sewage, food and in the intestinal tracts of animals and humans.[3] The Citrobacter genus was discovered in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen. Cultures of C. freundii were isolated and identified in the same year from soil extracts.[3]
C. freundii is a common component of the gut microbiome of healthy humans.[4] While most strains are beneficial, there are significant phenotypic variations among strains, even those that share >99% of their genome.[5] Some rare strains of C. freundii have been associated with opportunisitic nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood, and many other normally sterile sites in immunocompromised patients.[6]
C. freundii is also commonly found to be a member of the soil microbiome. This microbe plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle in the environment. C. freundii is responsible for reducing nitrate to nitrite in the environment.[7] This conversion is an important and crucial stage in the nitrogen cycle.
C. freundii has also been investigated for biodegradation of tannic acid used in tanneries.[7]
C. freundii has the ability to grow on glycerol, and use it as its sole source of carbon and energy. The organism contains a bacterial microcompartment which is capable of processing propanediol.[8]
References
- ↑ LPSN bacterio.net
- ↑ "Citrobacter SPP.". Pathogen Safety Data Sheet — Infectious Substances. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2012.
- 1 2 3 Wang, J. T.; Chang, S. C.; Chen, Y. C.; Luh, K. T. (2000). "Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility of Citrobacter freundii isolates in two different time periods". Journal of microbiology, immunology, and infection = Wei mian yu gan ran za zhi. 33 (4): 258–262. PMID 11269372.
- ↑ Schloissnig, Siegfried; Arumugam, Manimozhiyan; Sunagawa, Shinichi; Mitreva, Makedonka; Tap, Julien; Zhu, Ana; Waller, Alison; Mende, Daniel R.; Kultima, Jens Roat (2013-01-03). "Genomic variation landscape of the human gut microbiome". Nature. 493 (7430): 45–50. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 3536929
. PMID 23222524. doi:10.1038/nature11711. - ↑ Morowitz, Michael J.; Denef, Vincent J.; Costello, Elizabeth K.; Thomas, Brian C.; Poroyko, Valeriy; Relman, David A.; Banfield, Jillian F. (2011-01-18). "Strain-resolved community genomic analysis of gut microbial colonization in a premature infant". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (3): 1128–1133. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3024690 . PMID 21191099. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010992108.
- ↑ Whalen, J. G.; Mully, T. W.; English, J. C. (2007). "Spontaneous Citrobacter freundii Infection in an Immunocompetent Patient". Archives of Dermatology. 143 (1): 124–125. PMID 17224563. doi:10.1001/archderm.143.1.124.
- 1 2 Puchenkova, S. G. (1996). "Enterobacteria in areas of water along the Crimean coast". Mikrobiolohichnyi zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine : 1993). 58 (2): 3–7. PMID 8983520.
- ↑ Pang, A.; Warren, M. J.; Pickersgill, R. W. (2011). "Structure of PduT, a trimeric bacterial microcompartment protein with a 4Fe–4S cluster-binding site". Acta Crystallographica Section D. 67 (2): 91–96. PMID 21245529. doi:10.1107/S0907444910050201.
External links
- "Citrobacter freundii". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 546.
- Type strain of Citrobacter freundii at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase