Georgians in Turkey

Georgians in Turkey
Türkiye'deki Gürcüler

Map of ethnic Georgians significant distribution in Turkey
Total population
100,000[1][2]–1,500,000[3][4]
Regions with significant populations
Black Sea Region, Marmara Region, Eastern Anatolia Region
Languages
Georgian, Turkish
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam, minority Orthodox Christianity
Related ethnic groups
Laz people

Georgians in Turkey (Georgian: ქართველები თურქეთში) refers to citizens and denizens of Turkey who are, or descend from, ethnic Georgians who originate in Georgia.

History

Adjarian Muslim refugees after Ottoman-Russian War.

Chveneburi had arrived in Turkey basically in three waves of migration due to pogroms and what is now termed ethnic cleansing of Caucasians by the Russian Empire. The first wave was during and after the Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829 when the Sublime Porte consigned its sovereignty over several parts of Georgia to the Russian Empire. Minor immigrations had also followed until the end of Russo-Turkish War, 1877–1878 when Ottoman Empire allowed Chveneburi to immigrate, the major wave of immigration involved at least 500,000 people from historic Georgian regions that had considerable Muslim populations such as Batumi and Kars.[5] This wave of being muhajirs, known as muhajiroba (მუჰაჯირობა) had left many Muslim-majority regions of Georgia virtually depopulated. The last sizable wave of immigration was in 1921 when Turkey finally gave up its claims on Adjara in the Treaty of Kars with the Soviet republics. This last wave also involved Turkish-speaking Muslims from Upper Adjara. Adjarians were also known by their places of origin, such as Batumlular for people from Batumi, Çürüksulular for people from Kobuleti.

Numbers and distribution

Ethnographic map of Artvin. Autochthonous Georgians are dark yellow.
Ali Pasha of Çürüksu (front row, middle) and Ottoman Georgians during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78). At the end of the war, the re-settlement of Ottoman Georgians in Fatsa was supervised by Ali Pasha.[6]

In the census of 1965, 34,330 Turkish citizens spoke Georgian as mother language. Proportionally, they were most numerous in Artvin (3.7%), Ordu (0.9%) and Kocaeli (0.8%). 4,042 of these could only speak Georgian. Another 44,934 spoke Georgian as second best language.

Georgians live scattered throughout Turkey, although they are concentrated on two major regions of residence:[7]

Magnarella estimated the number of Georgians in Turkey to have been over 60,000 in 1979.[8]

Chveneburi

Chveneburi (Georgian: ჩვენებური, çveneburi), meaning "of us" in Georgian, is an autonym of Muslim immigrants of Georgian descent who had settled in non-Georgian majority regions of Turkey, thus, "of us" signifies a triple distinction from Christian Georgians, Muslim Turks, and autonomous Muslim Georgians. As with most Turkish citizens, most Chveneburi subscribe to the Hanafi madh'hab of Sunni Islam.

Press

The most important Georgian cultural magazine in Turkey also bears the name Çveneburi. It was founded in 1977 in Stockholm, Sweden by Shalva Tevzadze. It is distributed in Turkey by Ahmet Özkan Melashvili, who also wrote the book Gürcüstan (Georgia) in 1968. In 1980, Özkan was assassinated in Bursa by the Grey Wolves.[9] Since then, Osman Nuri Imedashvili has been in charge of the magazine. The magazine's content is almost completely in Turkish and presents articles on Chveneburi as well as the present situation and the history of Georgia and Georgians worldwide. Another journal, Pirosmani, bilingual in Georgian and Turkish, is published in Istanbul, sponsored by the Georgian Catholic Simon Zazadze.

Group identity

Group identity is shaped basically by the schism with Christian Georgians. Chveneburi usually restrain from using the word Kartveli (ქართველი) as a self-designation because they think it indicates being a Christian.[10] They prefer to use Gurji (Gürcü) (გურჯი) when referring to their more precise ethnic background.

Intermarriage with other Sunni groups is common. In some regions, specifically Ünye for instance, Chveneburi women are sought-after brides, seen by the local rural Turkish population as beautiful and hard-working wives. This phenomenon further accelerates cultural and linguistic assimilation of the community.

Laz People

Location of Laz and Georgian people today

The Laz or Lazi (Laz: ლაზი lazi; Georgian: ლაზი / ჭანი lazi / ch'ani; Turkish: Laz) are a Lazuri-speaking ethnic group[11] native to the Black Sea coastal regions of Turkey and Georgia.[12]

The Laz are ethnically a branch of the Colchian people, estimates of the total population of Laz people today ranges drastically, with numbers as low as 45,000 to as high as 1.6 million people, with the majority living in northeast Turkey. The Laz speak the Laz language, a member of the same South Caucasian language family as Georgian, Svan, and Mingrelian.[13][14] The Laz language is classified as endangered by UNESCO, with an estimated 130,000 to 150,000 speakers in 2001.[15]

See also

References

  1. ↑ The Other Languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic, and Educational Perspectives, p. 420, at Google Books
  2. ↑ Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, p. 291, at Google Books
  3. ↑ Ethnic groups in Turkey: Georgians
  4. ↑ "Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayısı!". Milliyet (in Turkish). 2008-06-06. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
  5. ↑ "Muhacir Gürcüler yada Çveneburiler - მუჰაჯირი ქართველები ან ჩვენებურები". Çveneburi. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  6. ↑ BERAT YILDIZ, EMIGRATIONS FROM THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE TO THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: AN ANALYSIS IN THE LIGHT OF THE NEW ARCHIVAL MATERIALS, BILKENT UNIVERSITY
  7. ↑ "Türkiye'deki Gürcü Köylerinde Alan Çalışmasının Sonuçları". Çveneburi. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
  8. ↑ Peter A. Andrews & Rüdiger Benninghaus (1989), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Vol. 1, p. 174. Reichert, ISBN 3-88226-418-7.
  9. ↑ .
  10. ↑
  11. ↑ James S. Olson (1994). Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas, eds. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood. p. 436.
  12. ↑ 1 Minorsky, V. "Laz." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E . Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010.
  13. ↑ Dalby, A. (2002). Language in Danger; The Loss of Linguistic Diversity and the Threat to Our Future. Columbia University Press. p. 38.
  14. ↑ BRAUND, D., Georgia in antiquity: a history of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC – AD 562, Oxford University Press, p. 93
  15. ↑ "World Language Atlas". UNESCO. Retrieved 31 January 2015.
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