Chongqing

Chongqing
重庆市
Municipality
Chongqing Municipality

Clockwise from top: Jiefangbei CBD Skyline, Temple of the White Emperor, Egongyan Bridge, Qutang Gorge, and the Great Hall of the People.

Location of Chongqing Municipality within China
Coordinates: 29°33′30″N 106°34′00″E / 29.55833°N 106.56667°E / 29.55833; 106.56667Coordinates: 29°33′30″N 106°34′00″E / 29.55833°N 106.56667°E / 29.55833; 106.56667
Country China
Settled c. 316 BC
Divisions
 - County-level
 - Township-level
25 districts, 13 counties
1259 towns, townships, and subdistricts
Government
 • Type Municipality
 • CPC Secretary Chen Min'er
 • Mayor Zhang Guoqing[1]
 • Congress chairman Zhang Xuan
 • Conference chairman Xu Jingye
Area[2]
 • Municipality 82,403 km2 (31,816 sq mi)
 • Urban 472.8 km2 (182.5 sq mi)
Elevation 244 m (801 ft)
Population (2015)[3]
 • Municipality 36,700,000
 • Density 450/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
 • Urban 8,165,500
 • Urban density 17,000/km2 (45,000/sq mi)
 • Metro[3] 52,100,100
Demonym(s) Chongqinger
Time zone China Standard (UTC+8)
Postal code 4000 00 – 4099 00
Area code(s) 23
GDP 2016
 - Total CNY 1.76 trillion
USD 264 billion (20th)
 - Per capita 58,200 CNY
8,770 USD (11th)
HDI (2014) 0.747[4] (17th) – high
Licence plate prefixes 渝A, 渝D (Yuzhong, Jiangbei, Jiulongpo, Dadukou)
渝B (Nan'an, Shapingba, Beibei, Wansheng, Shuangqiao, Yubei, Banan, Changshou)
渝C (Yongchuan, Hechuan, Jiangjin, Qijiang, Tongnan, Tongliang, Dazu, Rongchang, Bishan)
渝F(Wanzhou, Liangping, Chengkou, Wushan, Wuxi, Zhongxian, Kaizhou, Fengjie, Yunyang)
渝G(Fuling, Nanchuan, Dianjiang, Fengdu, Wulong)
渝H(Qianjiang, Shizhu, Xiushan, Youyang, Pengshui)
ISO 3166-2 CN-50
Abbreviation CQ / 渝 (yú)
City flower Camellia[5]
Website (in Chinese) CQ.gov.cn
English.CQ.gov.cn
Chongqing

"Chongqing" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese 重庆
Traditional Chinese 重慶
Postal Chungking
Literal meaning "Doubled Celebration"

Chongqing (Chinese: 重庆), formerly transliterated as Chungking[lower-alpha 1], is a major city in southwest China. Administratively, it is one of China's four direct-controlled municipalities (the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and the only such municipality in China located far away from the coast.[6]

The municipality was created on 14 March 1997 to help the Three Gorges Dam migration, succeeding the sub-provincial city administration that was part of Sichuan Province.[7] Chongqing's population as of 2015 is just over 30 million with an urban population of 18.38 million. Of these, approximately 8.5 million people live in Chongqing city proper; Fuling District, Wanzhou District and Qianjiang District are in fact cities in their own right, and along with the city proper constitute a metropolitan area.[8] According to the 2010 census, Chongqing is the most populous Chinese municipality,[9] and also the largest and poorest direct-controlled municipality in China, and comprises 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties.

The official abbreviation of the city, Yu (渝), was approved by the State Council on 18 April 1997.[10] This abbreviation is derived from the old name of a part of the Jialing River that runs through Chongqing and feeds into the Yangtze River. Chongqing was also a Sichuan province municipality during the Republic of China (ROC) administration, serving as its wartime capital during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945).

Chongqing has a significant history and culture and serves as the economic centre of the upstream Yangtze basin. It is a major manufacturing centre and transportation hub; a July 2012 report by the Economist Intelligence Unit described it as one of China's "30 emerging megacities".[11]

History

Ancient history

Tradition associates Chongqing with the State of Ba which is only in myth without any solid proof that Ba actually existed. The Ba people supposedly established Chongqing during the Spring and Autumn period after moving from their capital Yicheng (夷城) in Hubei under pressure from Chu. This new capital was first named Jiangzhou (江州).[12]

Imperial era

Jiangzhou subsequently remained under Qin Shi Huang's rule during the Qin Dynasty, the successor of the Qin State, and under the control of Han Dynasty emperors. Jiangzhou was subsequently renamed during the Southern and Northern Dynasties to Chu Prefecture (楚州), then in 581 AD (Sui Dynasty) to Yu Prefecture (渝州), and later in 1102 during Northern Song to Gong Prefecture (恭州).[13] The name Yu however survives to this day as an abbreviation for Chongqing, and the city centre where the old town stood is also called Yuzhong (Central Yu).[12] It received its current name in 1189, after Prince Zhao Dun of the Southern Song Dynasty described his crowning as king and then Emperor Guangzong as a "double celebration" (simplified Chinese: 双重喜庆; traditional Chinese: 雙重喜慶; pinyin: shuāngchóng xǐqìng, or chongqing in short). In his honour, Yu Prefecture was therefore renamed Chongqing subprefecture marking the occasion of his enthronement.

In 1362, (Yuan Dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebelling leader, established the Daxia Kingdom (大夏) at Chongqing for a short time.[14] In 1621 (Ming Dynasty), another short-lived kingdom of Daliang (大梁) was established by She Chongming (奢崇明) with Chongqing as its capital.[15] In 1644, after the fall of the Ming Dynasty to rebel army, Chongqing, together with the rest of Sichuan, was captured by Zhang Xianzhong, who was said to have massacred a large number of people in Sichuan and depopulated the province with was also partially due to many people fleeing. The Manchus later conquered the province, and during the Qing Dynasty, immigration to Chongqing and Sichuan took place with the support of Qing emperor.[16]

In 1890, the British Consulate General was opened in Chongqing.[17] The following year, the city became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.[18] The French, German, US and Japanese consulates were opened in Chongqing in 1896–1904.[19][20][21][22]

Provisional capital of the Republic of China

A street scene in Chongqing, c. 1944

During the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), it was Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's provisional capital. After Britain, the United States, and other Allies entered the war in Asia in December 1941, one of the Allies' deputy commanders of operations in South East Asia (South East Asia Command SEAC), Joseph Stilwell, was based in the city. The city was also visited by Lord Louis Mountbatten, the Supreme Commander of SEAC which was itself headquartered in Ceylon, modern day Sri Lanka. Chiang Kai Shek as Supreme Commander in China worked closely with Stilwell.[23] The Japanese Air Force heavily bombed it. Due to its mountainous environment, many people were saved from the bombing. Due to the bravery, contributions and sacrifices made by the local people during World War II, Chongqing became known as the City of Heroes. Many factories and universities were relocated from eastern China to Chongqing during the war, transforming this city from inland port to a heavily industrialized city. In late November 1949 the Nationalist KMT government fled the city.[24]

Municipality status

A night view of Chongqing Central Business District from across the Yangtze river

On 14 March 1997, the Eighth National People's Congress decided to merge the Sub-provincial city with the neighbouring Fuling, Wanxian, and Qianjiang prefectures that it had governed on behalf of the province since September 1996. The resulting single division became Chongqing Municipality, containing 30,020,000 people in forty-three former counties (without intermediate political levels). The municipality became the spearhead of China's effort to develop its western regions and to coordinate the resettlement of residents from the reservoir areas of the Three Gorges Dam project. Its first official ceremony took place on 18 June 1997. On 8 February 2010, Chongqing became one of the four National Central/Core cities, the other three are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.[25] On 18 June 2010, Liangjiang New Area was established in Chongqing, which is the third State-level new areas at the time of its establishment.[26]

Organised crime and the gang trials

In the first decade of the 21st century, the city became notorious for organised crime and corruption and it is still the most dangerous city in China. Gangsters oversaw businesses involving billions of yuan and the corruption reached into the law-enforcement and justice systems. In 2009, city authorities under the auspices of municipal Communist Party secretary Bo Xilai undertook a large-scale crackdown, arresting 4,893 suspected gangsters, "outlaws" and corrupt cadres, leading to optimism that the period of gangsterism was over.[27] However, local media later highlighted the apparent reliance by the authorities on torture to extract confessions upon which convictions were based. In December 2009, one defence lawyer was controversially arrested and sentenced to 18 months in prison for "coaching his client to make false claims of torture" and in July 2010, another lawyer released videotapes of his client describing the torture in detail.[28] In 2014, four policemen involved in the interrogation were charged with the practice of "opposed illegal interrogation techniques", considered by observers to be torture.[29] The number of security cameras increased significantly in the early 2010s to the highest of any city in the world at around 500,000.[30]

Geography

Physical geography and topography

Geographic coordinates
latitude 28° 10' to 32° 13' N, longitude 105° 17' to 110° 11' E.
Adjacent places of Chongqing
 Shaanxi
Sichuan Hubei
   Chongqing  
Guizhou Hunan

Chongqing is situated at the transitional area between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the plain on the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the sub-tropical climate zone often swept by moist monsoons. It often rains at night in late spring and early summer, and thus the city is famous for its "night rain in the Ba Mountains", as described by poems throughout Chinese history including the famous Written on a Rainy Night-A Letter to the North by Li Shangyin.[31] The municipality reaches a maximum width of 470 kilometres (290 mi) from east to west, and a maximum length of 450 km (280 mi) from north to south.[32] It borders the following provinces: Hubei in the east, Hunan in the southeast, Guizhou in the south, Sichuan in the west and northwest, and Shaanxi to the north in its northeast corner.[33]

Chongqing covers a large area crisscrossed by rivers and mountains. The Daba Mountains stand in the north, the Wu Mountains in the east, the Wuling Mountains in the southeast, and the Dalou Mountains in the south. The whole area slopes down from north and south towards the Yangtze River valley, with sharp rises and falls. The area is featured by mountain and hills, with large sloping areas at different heights.[34] Typical karst landscape is common in this area, and stone forests, numerous collections of peaks, limestone caves and valleys can be found in many places. The Yangtze River runs through the whole area from west to east, covering a course of 665 km (413 mi), cutting through the Wu Mountains at three places and forming the well-known Three Gorges: the Qutang, the Wuxia and the Xiling gorges.[35] Coming from northwest and running through "the Jialing Lesser Three Gorges" of Libi, Wentang and Guanyin, the Jialing River joins the Yangtze in Chongqing.[36]

The central urban area of Chongqing, or Chongqing proper, is a city of unique features. Built on mountains and partially surrounded by the Yangtze and Jialing rivers, it is known as a "mountain city" and a "city on rivers".[37] The night scene of the city is very illuminated, with millions of lights and their reflection on the rivers. With its special topographical features, Chongqing has the unique scenery of mountains, rivers, forests, springs, waterfalls, gorges, and caves. Li Bai, a famous poet of the Tang Dynasty, was inspired by the natural scenery and wrote this epigram.[38]

Specifically, the central urban area is located on a huge folding area (similar to the landscape of the Appalachian Mountains in the United States), and the Yuzhong District, Nan'an District, Shapingba District and Jiangbei District are located right on a big syncline. And the "Southern Mountain of Chongqing" (Tongluo Mountain), along with the Zhongliang Mountain are two anticlines next to the syncline of downtown.[39]

Li Bai's Poem of Chongqing's Baidi Cheng
Leaving at dawn the White Emperor crowned with cloud,

I've sailed a thousand li through canyons in a day.
With the monkeys' adieus the riverbanks are loud,

My skiff has left ten thousand mountains far away.

Climate

All climatic data listed below comes from the central parts of the city.

Annual average 
18.39 °C (65.1 °F)[40]
January average 
7.9 °C (46.2 °F)[40]
August average 
28.3 °C (82.9 °F)[40]
Historical Temperature range 
From −1.8 °C (29 °F) on 15 December 1975 to 43.0 °C (109 °F) on 15 August 2006[41][42]
Total annual hours of sunshine 
955
Annual precipitation 
1,108 millimetres (43.6 in)
Chongqing
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
20
 
 
10
6
 
 
21
 
 
13
8
 
 
36
 
 
17
11
 
 
105
 
 
23
15
 
 
152
 
 
27
19
 
 
171
 
 
29
22
 
 
175
 
 
33
25
 
 
134
 
 
34
25
 
 
128
 
 
28
21
 
 
92
 
 
22
16
 
 
46
 
 
17
12
 
 
25
 
 
12
8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm

Chongqing has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa/Cfa) similar to Shanghai, and for most of the year experiences very wet conditions. Known as one of the "Three Furnaces" of the Yangtze River, along with Wuhan and Nanjing, its summers are long and among the hottest in China, with highs of 33 to 34 °C (91 to 93 °F) in July and August in the urban area.[43] Winters are short and somewhat mild, but damp and overcast. The city's location in the Sichuan Basin causes it to have one of the lowest annual sunshine totals nationally, at only 1,055 hours, lower than much of Northern Europe; the monthly percent possible sunshine in the city proper ranges from a mere 8% in December and January to 48% in August. Extremes since 1951 have ranged from −1.8 °C (29 °F) on 15 December 1975 (unofficial record of −2.5 °C (27 °F) was set on 8 February 1943) to 43.0 °C (109 °F) on 15 August 2006 (unofficial record of 44.0 °C (111 °F) was set on 8 and 9 August 1933).[41][44]

As exemplified by Youyang County below, conditions are often cooler in the southeast part of the municipality due to the higher elevations there.

Climate data for Chongqing (Shapingba District, 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 18.8
(65.8)		 24.6
(76.3)		 34.0
(93.2)		 36.5
(97.7)		 38.9
(102)		 39.8
(103.6)		 40.9
(105.6)		 43.0
(109.4)		 41.9
(107.4)		 35.1
(95.2)		 29.2
(84.6)		 21.5
(70.7)		 43
(109.4)
Average high °C (°F) 10.3
(50.5)		 12.9
(55.2)		 17.7
(63.9)		 23.0
(73.4)		 27.2
(81)		 29.4
(84.9)		 33.0
(91.4)		 33.2
(91.8)		 28.3
(82.9)		 21.7
(71.1)		 17.1
(62.8)		 11.5
(52.7)		 22.1
(71.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 7.9
(46.2)		 10.0
(50)		 13.8
(56.8)		 18.5
(65.3)		 22.6
(72.7)		 25.1
(77.2)		 28.3
(82.9)		 28.3
(82.9)		 24.1
(75.4)		 18.6
(65.5)		 14.2
(57.6)		 9.3
(48.7)		 18.4
(65.1)
Average low °C (°F) 6.2
(43.2)		 8.0
(46.4)		 11.2
(52.2)		 15.4
(59.7)		 19.3
(66.7)		 22.1
(71.8)		 24.8
(76.6)		 24.7
(76.5)		 21.2
(70.2)		 16.5
(61.7)		 12.2
(54)		 7.7
(45.9)		 15.8
(60.4)
Record low °C (°F) −1.8
(28.8)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 1.2
(34.2)		 2.8
(37)		 10.8
(51.4)		 15.5
(59.9)		 19.2
(66.6)		 17.8
(64)		 14.3
(57.7)		 6.9
(44.4)		 0.7
(33.3)		 −1.7
(28.9)		 −1.8
(28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 19.7
(0.776)		 23.4
(0.921)		 43.0
(1.693)		 96.5
(3.799)		 146.7
(5.776)		 193.8
(7.63)		 186.0
(7.323)		 135.1
(5.319)		 105.6
(4.157)		 85.7
(3.374)		 48.2
(1.898)		 24.3
(0.957)		 1,108
(43.623)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 10.0 9.8 11.9 14.3 15.5 15.7 12.5 11.3 12.7 16.1 11.5 9.8 151.1
Average relative humidity (%) 84 80 77 77 77 81 76 74 79 85 84 85 79.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 20.6 29.7 64.9 93.6 109.4 97.7 158.6 167.0 106.6 50.4 35.9 20.4 954.8
Percent possible sunshine 8 11 18 25 26 26 42 48 28 18 13 8 24
Source: China Meteorological Administration[40]

Air quality

As one of the most polluted cities in China, Chongqing, with over 100 days of fog per year,[45] is also known as the "Fog City" (雾都), and a thick layer of fog shrouds it for 68 days per year during the spring and autumn.[46] "There is an old saying in China, probably two thousand years old, that 'a Szechuen dog barks at a sun,' because the sun so seldom appears,"[47] During the Second Sino-Japanese War, this special weather possibly played a role in protecting the city from being overrun by the Imperial Japanese Army.

According to the National Environmental Analysis released by Tsinghua University and the Asian Development Bank in January 2013, Chongqing is among one of the ten most air-polluted cities in the world. Also according to this report, seven of the ten most air-polluted cities are in China, including Taiyuan, Beijing, Urumqi, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Jinan and Shijiazhuang.[48]

Administrative divisions

Chongqing is the largest of the four direct-controlled municipalities of the People's Republic of China. The municipality is divided into 38 subdivisions (3 were abolished in 1997, and Wansheng and Shuangqiao districts were abolished in October 2011[49]), consisting of 26 districts, 8 counties, and 4 autonomous counties. The boundaries of Chongqing municipality reach much farther into the city's hinterland than the boundaries of the other three provincial level municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin), and much of its administrative area, which spans over 80,000 square kilometres (30,900 sq mi), is rural.

Administrative divisions of Chongqing
Division code[50] Division Area in km2[51] Population 2010[52] Seat Postal code Subdivisions[53]
Subdistricts Towns Townships
[n 1]		 Ethnic townships Residential communities Villages
500000 Chongqing 82403 28,846,170 Yuzhong 400000 181 567 233 14 2324 5235
500101 Wanzhou 3457 1,563,050 Chenjiaba Subdistrict 404000 11 29 10 2 187 448
500102 Fuling 2946 1,066,714 Lizhi Subdistrict 408000 8 12 6 108 310
500103 Yuzhong 23 630,090 Qixinggang Subdistrict 400000 12 78
500104 Dadukou 102 301,042 Xinshancun Subdistrict 400000 5 2 48 32
500105 Jiangbei 221 738,003 Cuntan Subdistrict 400000 9 3 88 48
500106 Shapingba 396 1,000,013 Qinjiagang Subdistrict 400000 18 8 140 86
500107 Jiulongpo 431 1,084,419 Yangjiaping Subdistrict 400000 7 11 107 105
500108 Nan'an 263 759,570 Tianwen Subdistrict 400000 7 7 85 61
500109 Beibei 754 680,360 Beiwenquan Subdistrict 400700 5 12 63 117
500110 Qijiang 2747 1,056,817 Gunan Subdistrict 400800 5 25 99 365
500111 Dazu 1433 721,359 Tangxiang Subdistrict 400900 3 24 103 197
500112 Yubei 1452 1,345,410 Shuangfengqiao Subdistrict 401100 14 12 155 215
500113 Banan 1834 918,692 Longzhouwan Subdistrict 401300 8 14 87 198
500114 Qianjiang 2397 445,012 Chengxi Subdistrict 409700 6 12 12 80 138
500115 Changshou 1423 770,009 Fengcheng Subdistrict 401200 4 14 31 223
500116 Jiangjin 3200 1,233,149 Jijiang Subdistrict 402200 4 24 85 180
500117 Hechuan 2356 1,293,028 Nanjin Street Subdistrict 401500 7 23 61 327
500118 Yongchuan 1576 1,024,708 Zhongshan Road Subdistrict 402100 7 16 52 208
500119 Nanchuan 2602 534,329 Dongcheng Subdistrict 408400 3 15 15 58 185
500120 Bishan 912 586,034 Bicheng Subdistrict 402700 6 9 43 142
500151 Tongliang 1342 600,086 Bachuan Subdistrict 402500 3 25 57 269
500152 Tongnan 1585 639,985 Guilin Subdistrict 402600 2 20 21 281
500153 Rongchang 1079 661,253 Changyuan Subdistrict 402400 6 15 75 92
500154 Kaizhou 3959 1,160,336 Hanfeng Subdistrict 405400 7 26 7 78 435
500155 Liangping 1890 687,525 Liangshan Subdistrict 405200 2 26 7 33 310
500156 Wulong 2872 351,038 Gangkou Town 408500 12 10 4 24 184
500229 Chengkou Co. 3286 192,967 Gecheng Subdistrict 405900 2 6 17 22 184
500230 Fengdu Co. 2896 649,182 Sanhe Subdistrict 408200 2 23 5 53 277
500231 Dianjiang Co. 1518 704,458 Guixi Subdistrict 408300 2 23 2 62 236
500233 Zhong Co. 2184 751,424 Zhongzhou Town 404300 22 5 1 49 317
500235 Yunyang Co. 3634 912,912 Shuangjiang Subdistrict 404500 4 22 15 1 87 391
500236 Fengjie Co. 4087 834,259 Yong'an Town 404600 19 8 4 54 332
500237 Wushan Co. 2958 495,072 Gaotang Subdistrict 404700 11 12 2 30 308
500238 Wuxi Co. 4030 414,073 Baichang Subdistrict 405800 2 15 16 38 292
500240 Shizhu Co. 3013 415,050 Nanbin Town 409100 17 15 29 213
500241 Xiushan Co. 2450 501,590 Zhonghe Subdistrict 409900 14 18 59 208
500242 Youyang Co. 5173 578,058 Taohuayuan Town 409800 15 23 8 270
500243 Pengshui Co. 3903 545,094 Hanjia Subdistrict 409600 11 28 55 241
  1. ↑ Including other township related subdivisions.
Jiefangbei CBD, Central Chongqing at night
A close view of Jiefangbei CBD, Central Chongqing at night
A view of the Jiefangbei CBD skyline in Yuzhong district
Districts
Pinyin name Previous
associationa
Banan Chongqing
Beibei
Bishan
Changshou
Dadukou
Dazu
Fuling Fuling
Hechuan Chongqing
Jiangbei
Jiangjin
Jiulongpo
Kaizhou Wanxian
Liangping
Nan'an Chongqing
Nanchuan Fuling
Qianjiang Qianjiang
Shapingba Chongqing
Tongliang
Tongnan
Qijiang
Rongchang
Wanzhou Wanxin
Wulong Fuling
Yubei Chongqing
Yongchuan
Yuzhong
Counties
Pinyin name Previous
associationa
Chengkou Wanxian
Dianjiang Fuling
Fengdu
Fengjie Wanxian
Wushan
Wuxi
Yunyang
Zhong
Autonomous counties
Pinyin name Previous
associationa
Pengshui Qianjiang
Shizhu
Xiushan
Youyang

a Indicates with which district the division was associated below prior to the merging of Chongqing, Fuling, Wanxian (now Wanzhou) and Qianjiang in 1997.

Central Chongqing

Districts

The urban area of Chongqing is known as Central Chongqing (重庆主城区). Spanning approximately 5,473 square kilometres (2,113 square miles), it includes the following nine districts:[54][55]

Panorama of the Chongqing Skyline, taken from the southeast hills in 2010

Landforms

Central Chongqing is in the eastern edge of Sichuan Basin. Yangtze River meets its major tributary stream, Jialing River, in Central Chongqing. The city is located on a big syncline valley. Two tributary ranges of Huaying Mountain (Zhongling Mountain and Tongluo Mountain) roughly forms the eastern and western boundaries of Central Chongqing. The highest point in downtown is the top of E-ling Hill, which is a smaller syncline hill that keeps Yangtze River and Jialing River apart for some more kilometres. The elevation of E-ling Hill is 379 metres (1,243 feet). The lowest point in Central Chongqing is Chaotian Gate, where the two rivers merge with each other. The altitude there is 160 metres (520 feet). The average height of Central Chongqing is 259 metres (850 feet). In the near-suburban Chongqing, however, there are several high mountains. The highest one is called Wugong Ling Mountain, with the altitude of 1,709.4 metres (5,608 feet).

Bridges

The first Chongqing Yangtze river bridge built in 1977.
The night view of Caiyuanba bridge across Yangtze river in Chongqing.

With many bridges on Yangtze River and Jialing River in urban area, Central Chongqing is sometimes called the Capital of Bridge of China. The first major bridge built in urban Chongqing is the Niujiaotuo Jialing River Bridge built in 1958. The first bridge on Yangtze River is the Shibanpo Yangtze River Bridge (or Chongqing Yangtze River Bridge) built in 1977.

Until 2014, within the range of Central Chongqing, there are 20 bridges on Yangtze River and 28 bridges on Jialing River. Bridges in Chongqing have various structures and shapes, making Chongqing a museum of bridges.

Aerial tramway

Chongqing is the only Chinese city that keeps public aerial tramways. Historically there were three aerial tramways in Chongqing: the Yangtze River Tramway, the Jialing River Tramway and the South Mountain Tramway. Currently, only Yangtze River Tramway is still operating. This tramway is 1,160 metres (3,810 feet) long, connecting the southern and northern banks of Yangtze River. The daily passenger volume is about 10,000.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
19491,003,000—    
19796,301,000+528.2%
198313,890,000+120.4%
199615,297,000+10.1%
1997[56]*28,753,000+88.0%
2000[56]28,488,200−0.9%
2005[56]27,980,000−1.8%
2008[56]28,390,000+1.5%
2012[56]28,846,170+1.6%
2013[56]29,700,000+3.0%
2014[57]29,914,000+0.7%
*Population size in 1997 was affected by expansion of administrative divisions.

According to a July 2010 article from the official Xinhua news agency, the municipality has a population of 32.8 million, including 23.3 million farmers. Among them, 8.4 million farmers have become migrant workers, including 3.9 million working and living in urban areas of Chongqing.[58]

This would mean that the locally registered farmers who work in other jurisdictions number 4.5 million, reducing the local, year-round population of Chongqing in 2010 to 28.3 million, plus those who are registered in other jurisdictions but live and work in Chongqing. According to China's 2005 statistical yearbook, of a total population of 30.55 million, those with residence registered in other jurisdictions but residing in the Chongqing enumeration area numbered 1.4 million, including 46,000 who resided in Chongqing "for less than half-year". An additional 83,000 had registered in Chongqing, but not yet settled there.[59]

The 2005 statistical yearbook also lists 15.22 million (49.82%) males and 15.33 million (50.18%) females.[59]

In terms of age distribution in 2004, of the 30.55 million total population, 6.4 million (20.88%) were age 0–14, 20.7 million (67.69%) were 15–64, and 3.5 million (11.46%) were 65 and over.[60]

Of a total 10,470,000 households (2004), 1,360,000 consisted of one person, 2,940,000 two-person, 3,190,000 three-person, 1,790,000 four-person, 783,000 five-person, 270,000 six-person, 89,000 seven-person, 28,000 eight-person, 6,000 nine-person, and 10,000 households of 10 or more persons per household.[61]

Politics

The Great Hall of the People serves as the venue for major political conferences in Chongqing

Chongqing has been, since 1997, a direct-controlled municipality in the Chinese administrative structure, making it a provincial-level division with commensurate political importance. The municipality's top leader is the secretary of the municipal committee of the Communist Party of China ("party chief"), which, since 2007, has also held a seat on the Politburo of the Communist Party of China, the country's second highest governing council. Under the Soviet-inspired nomenklatura system of appointments, individuals are appointed to the position by the central leadership of the Communist Party, and bestowed to an official based on seniority and adherence to party orthodoxy, usually given to an individual with prior regional experience elsewhere in China and nearly never a native of Chongqing. Notable individuals who have held the municipal Party Secretary position include He Guoqiang, Wang Yang, Bo Xilai, Zhang Dejiang, and Sun Zhengcai, the latter three were Politburo members during their term as party chief. The party chief heads the municipal party standing committee, the de facto top governing council of the municipality. The standing committee is typically composed of 13 individuals which includes the party chiefs of important subdivisions and other leading figures in the local party and government organization, as well as one military representative.

The municipal People's Government serves as the day-to-day administrative authority, and is headed by the mayor, who is assisted by numerous vice mayors and mayoral assistants. Each vice mayor is given jurisdiction over specific municipal departments. The mayor is the second-highest-ranking official in the municipality. The mayor usually represents the city when foreign guests visit.[62]

The municipality also has a People's Congress, theoretically elected by lower level People's Congresses. The People's Congress nominally appoints the mayor and approves the nominations of other government officials. The People's Congress, like those of other provincial jurisdictions, is generally seen as a symbolic body. It convenes in full once a year to approve party-sponsored resolutions and local regulations and duly confirm party-approved appointments. On occasion the People's Congress can be venues of discussion on municipal issues, although this is dependent on the actions of individual delegates. The municipal People's Congress is headed by a former municipal official, usually in their late fifties or sixties, with a lengthy prior political career in Chongqing. The municipal Political Consultative Conference (zhengxie) meets at around the same time as the People's Congress. Its role is to advise on political issues. The zhengxie is headed by a leader who is typically a former municipal or regional official with a lengthy career in the party and government bureaucracy.

Military

Chongqing was the wartime capital of China during the Second Sino-Japanese war (i.e., World War II), and from 1938 to 1946,[63] the seat of administration for the Republic of China's government before its departure to Nanjing and then Taiwan.[64] It also contains a military museum named after the Chinese Korean War hero Qiu Shaoyun.[65]

Chongqing used to be the headquarters of the 13th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the two group armies that formerly comprise the Chengdu Military Region, which in 2016 was re-organized into the Western Theater Command.[66]

Economy

Commercial skyscrapers and high-rise buildings around the People's Liberation Monument in downtown Jiefangbei
WalMart super market at Nan'an District
Jiefangbei-People's Liberation (World War II victory monument)
The pedestrian mall in downtown Jiefangbei
The pedestrian mall in Nanping CBD

Chongqing was separated from Sichuan province and made into a municipality in its own right in 14 March 1997[67] in order to accelerate its development and subsequently China's relatively poorer western areas (see China Western Development strategy).[68] An important industrial area in western China,[69] Chongqing is also rapidly urbanising. For instance, statistics[70] suggest that new construction added approximately 137,000 square metres (1,470,000 square feet) daily of usable floor space to satisfy demands for residential, commercial and factory space. In addition, more than 1,300 people moved into the city daily, adding almost 100 million yuan (US$15 million) to the local economy.

Traditionally, due to its geographical remoteness, Chongqing and neighbouring Sichuan have been important military bases in weapons research and development.[71] Chongqing's industries have now diversified but unlike eastern China, its export sector is small due to its inland location. Instead, factories producing local-oriented consumer goods such as processed food, cars, chemicals, textiles, machinery and electronics are common.

Chongqing is China's third largest centre for motor vehicle production and the largest for motorcycles. In 2007, it had an annual output capacity of 1 million cars and 8.6 million motorcycles.[72] Leading makers of cars and motor bikes includes China's fourth biggest automaker; Changan Automotive Corp and Lifan Hongda Enterprise, as well as Ford Motor Company, with the US car giant having 3 plants in Chongqing. The municipality is also one of the nine largest iron and steel centres in China and one of the three major aluminium producers. Important manufacturers include Chongqing Iron and Steel Company and South West Aluminium which is Asia's largest aluminium plant.[73] Agriculture remains significant. Rice and fruits, especially oranges, are the area's main produce. Natural resources are also abundant with large deposits of coal, natural gas, and more than 40 kinds of minerals such as strontium and manganese. Coal reserves ≈ 4.8 billion tonnes. Chuandong Natural Gas Field is China's largest inland gas field with deposits of around 270 billion m3 – more than 1/5 of China's total. Has China's largest reserve of strontium (China has the world's 2nd biggest strontium deposit). Manganese is mined in the Xiushan area. although the mining sector has been criticised for being wasteful, heavily polluting and unsafe.[74] Chongqing is also planned to be the site of a 10 million ton capacity refinery operated by CNPC (parent company of PetroChina) to process imported crude oil from the Sino-Burma pipelines. The pipeline itself, though not yet finished, will eventually run from Sittwe (in Myanmar's western coast) through Kunming in Yunnan before reaching Chongqing[75] and it will provide China with fuels sourced from Myanmar, the Middle East and Africa. Recently, there has been a drive to move up the value chain by shifting towards high technology and knowledge intensive industries resulting in new development zones such as the Chongqing New North Zone (CNNZ).[76] Chongqing's local government is hoping through the promotion of favorable economic policies for the electronics and information technology sectors, that it can create a 400 billion RMB high technology manufacturing hub which will surpass its car industry and account for 25% of its exports.[77]

The city has also invested heavily in infrastructure to attract investment.[72][78] The network of roads and railways connecting Chongqing to the rest of China has been expanded and upgraded reducing logistical costs. Furthermore, the nearby Three Gorges Dam which is the world's largest, will not only supply Chongqing with power once completed but also allows oceangoing ships to reach Chongqing's Yangtze River port.[79] These infrastructure improvements have led to the arrivals of numerous foreign direct investors (FDI) in industries ranging from car to finance and retailing; such as Ford,[80] Mazda,[81] HSBC,[82] Standard Chartered Bank,[83] Citibank,[84] Deutsche Bank,[85] ANZ Bank,[86] Scotiabank,[87] Wal-Mart,[88] Metro AG[89] and Carrefour,[90] among other multinational corporations.

Chongqing's nominal GDP in 2011 reached 1001.1 billion yuan (US$158.9 billion) while registering an annual growth of 16.4%. However, its overall economic performance is still lagging behind eastern coastal cities such as Shanghai. For instance, its per capita GDP was 22,909 yuan (US$3,301) which is below the national average. Nevertheless, there is a massive government support to transform Chongqing into the region's economic, trade, and financial centre and use the municipality as a platform to open up the country's western interior to further development.[91]

Chongqing has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.[92]

Economic and technological development zones

The city includes a number of economic and technological development zones:

Chongqing itself is part of the West Triangle Economic Zone, along with Chengdu and Xi'an.

Transport

Since its elevation to national-level municipality in 1997, the city has dramatically expanded its transportation infrastructure. With the construction of railways and expressways to the east and southeast, Chongqing is a major transportation hub in southwestern China.

As of October 2014, the municipality had 31 bridges across the Yangtze River including over a dozen in the city's urban core.[101] Aside from the city's first two Yangtze River bridges, which were built, respectively, in 1960 and 1977, all of the other bridges were completed since 1995.

River port

Hydrofoil on the Yangtze in the outer reaches of the municipality
The confluence of the Jialing River and Yangtze River, as seen from Chongqing

Chongqing is one of the most important inland ports in China. There are numerous luxury cruise ships that terminate at Chongqing, cruising downstream along the Yangtze River to Yichang, Wuhan, Nanjing or even Shanghai.[102] In the recent past, this provided virtually the only transportation option along the river. However, improved rail, expressways and air travel have seen this ferry traffic reduce or been cancelled altogether, thus most of the river ferry traffic consists of mostly leisure cruises for tourists rather than local needs. Improved access by larger cargo vessels has been made due to the construction of the Three Gorges Dam. This allows bulk transport of goods along the Yangtze River. Coal, raw minerals and containerized goods provide the majority of traffic plying this section of the river. Several port handling facilities exists throughout the city, including many impromptu river bank sites.[103]

Railways

Chongqing funicular railway

Major train stations in Chongqing:

Chongqing is a major freight destination for rail with continued development with improved handling facilities. Due to subsidies and incentives, the relocation and construction of many factories in Chongqing has seen a huge increase in rail traffic.

Chongqing is a major rail hub regionally.

Highways

Bicycling can be a challenge in Chongqing

Traditionally, the road network in Chongqing has been narrow, winding and limited to smaller vehicles because of the natural terrain, large rivers and the huge population demands on the area, especially in the Yuzhong District. In other places, such as Jiangbei, large areas of homes and buildings have recently been cleared to improve the road network and create better urban planning. This has seen many tunnels and large bridges needing to be built across the city. Construction of many expressways have connected Chongqing to neighbouring provinces. Several ring roads have also been constructed. The natural mountainous terrain that Chongqing is built on makes many road projects difficult to construct, including for example some of the world's highest road bridges.[104]

Unlike many other Chinese cities, it is rare for motorbikes, electric scooters or bicycles to be seen on Chongqing Roads. This is due to the extremely hilly and mountainous nature of Chongqing's roads and streets. However, despite this, Chongqing is a large manufacturing centre for these types of vehicles.[105]

Airports

CRT Line 3 in Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport

The major airport of Chongqing is Chongqing Jiangbei International Airport (IATA: CKG, ICAO: ZUCK). It is located in Yubei District. The airport offers a growing network of direct flights to China, South East Asia, the Middle East and Europe. It is located 21 km (13 mi) north of the city-centre of Chongqing and serves as an important aviation hub for south-western China.[106] Jiangbei airport is a hub for China Southern Airlines, Chongqing Airlines, Sichuan Airlines and Hainan Airlines's new China West Air. Chongqing also is a focus city of Air China, therefore it is very well connected with Star Alliance and Skyteam's international network. The airport currently has two parallel runways in operation. It serves domestic routes to most other Chinese cities, as well as international routes to Seoul, Bangkok, Phuket, Osaka, Singapore, Chiang Mai, Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Malé, Bali, Zadar, Tokyo, Kuala Lumpur, Batam, Rome and Helsinki.

Currently, Jiangbei airport has two terminals: Terminal 1 (old original terminal) serving international flights; Terminal 2, larger building split into Halls A and B serving domestic flights. The first, second and third phase of the airport came into operation in January 1990, December 2004, and December 2010 respectively. The domestic terminal is capable of handling 30 million passengers while its international terminal is able to handle more than 1 million passengers annually. A third terminal that will more than double capacity of the airport is currently under construction along with a third runway, which are set to open in Spring 2018. A fourth terminal and runway are planned to start construction in 2019.

Chongqing airport was the 10th busiest airport nationwide in 2010 measured by passenger traffic, handling 15,802,334 people. By 2015 this number doubled to more than 30,000,000 passengers annually. The airport was also the 11th busiest airport by cargo traffic and by traffic movements in China. During the first half of year 2011, Chongqing airport handled 8.87 million passengers, and surpassed Hangzhou Xiaoshan International Airport (8.48 million) to become the 9th busiest airport in terms of passenger traffic in mainland China.[107]

Freight development has increased, especially in the export of high value electronics, such as laptop computers. It is envisaged that Chongqing can become the global leading exporter of these products by air, signs of this potential rise being the addition of cargo routes to Frankfurt,[108] Sydney, Chicago, and New York City.[109][110]

Currently, Chongqing Airport is the only facility in central and western China that has metro access (CRT Line 3) to its central city, and two runways in normal use.[111]

There are two other airports in Chongqing Municipality: Qianjiang Wulingshan Airport (IATA: JIQ, ICAO: ZUQJ) and Wanzhou Wuqiao Airport (IATA: WXN, ICAO: ZUWX). They are both class 4C airports and serve passenger flights to some domestic destinations including Beijing, Shanghai and Kunming. Two more airports are being constructed soon: Wulong Xiannüshan Airport and Wushan Shennüfeng Airport.

Public transport

CRT Line 2 in Chongqing city

The three main forms of public transport in Chongqing are CRT metro, intercity railway, and the ubiquitous bus system.

According to the Chongqing Municipal Government's ambitious plan in May 2007, Chongqing is investing 150 billion RMB over 13 years to finish a system that combines underground metro lines with heavy monorail (erroneously called 'light rail' in China).

As of 2012, three metro lines, the 14 km (8.7 mi) long CRT Line 1, a conventional subway, and the 19 km (12 mi) long heavy monorail CRT Line 2 (through Phase II), Line 3, a heavy monorail connects the airport and the southern part of downtown.[112] A new subway, Line 6, is currently in trials and is expected to open later in 2012.[113]

By 2020 CRT will consist of 6 straight lines and 1 circular line resulting in 363.5 km (225.9 mi) of road and railway to the existing transportation infrastructure and 93 new train stations will be added to the 111 stations that are already in place.[114]

By 2050, Chongqing was initially planning to have ten metro lines, totaling 513 km (319 mi), with 270 stations, although more recent reports have now indicated as many as 18 lines are planned to be in operation.[115]

Culture

Language

Zhongshan Ancient Town, Jiangjin, Chongqing

The language native to Chongqing is Southwestern Mandarin. More precisely, the great majority of the municipality, save for Xiushan, speak Sichuanese, including the primary Chengdu-Chongqing dialect and Minjiang dialect spoken in Jiangjin and Qijiang.[116] There are also a few speakers of Xiang and Hakka in the municipality, due to the great immigration wave to the Sichuan region (湖广填四川) during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In addition, in parts of southeastern Chongqing, the Miao and Tujia languages are also used by some Miao and Tujia people.[117]

Tourism

Martyrs' Cemetery

See: Twelve Views of Bayu As the provisional Capital of China for almost ten years (1937 to 1945), the city was also known as one of the three headquarters of the Allies during World War II, as well as being a strategic center of many other wars throughout China's history. Chongqing has many historic war-time buildings or sites, some of which have since been destroyed. These sites include the People's Liberation Monument, located in the center of Chongqing city. It used to be the highest building in the area, but is now surrounded and dwarfed by numerous shopping centres. Originally named the Monument for the Victory over Axis Armies, it is the only building in China for that purpose.[118] Today, the monument serves as a symbol for the city. The General Joseph W. Stilwell Museum, dedicated to General "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell, a World War II general,[119] the air force cemetery in the Nanshan area, in memory of those air force personnel killed during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945), and the Red Rock Village Museum, a diplomatic site for the Communist Party in Chongqing led by Zhou Enlai during World War II, and Guiyuan, Cassia Garden, where Mao Zedong signed the "Double 10 (10 October) Peace Agreement" with the Kuomintang in 1945].[120]

The Hongyadong stilted house in Chongqing city
Baotaoping Wharf in Fengjie County
The steep path up to the front gate of Fishing Town.
Ciqikou ancient road in Shapingba District.

Media

The Chongqing People's Broadcast Station is Chongqing's largest radio station.[133] The only municipal-level TV network is Chongqing TV, claimed to be the 4th largest television station in China.[134] Chongqing TV broadcasts many local-oriented channels, and can be viewed on many TV sets throughout China. The Chongqing Daily is the largest newspaper group, controlling more than 10 newspapers and one news website.[135]

Cuisine

Chongqing food is part of Sichuan cuisine. Chongqing is known for its spicy food. Its food is normally considered numbing because of the use of Sichuan pepper, also known as Sichuan peppercorn, containing hydroxy alpha sanshool. Chongqing's city centre has many restaurants and food stalls where meals often cost less than RMB10. Local specialties here include dumplings and pickled vegetables and, different from many other Chinese cuisines, Chongqing dishes are suitable for the solo diner as they are often served in small individual sized portions.[136] Among the delicacies and local specialties are these dishes:

Sports and recreation

Association football

Professional association football teams in Chongqing include:

Chongqing Lifan is a professional Chinese football club who currently plays in the Chinese Super League. They are owned by the Chongqing-based Lifan Group, which manufactures motorcycles, cars and spare parts.[142] Originally called Qianwei (Vanguard) Wuhan, the club formed in 1995 to take part in the recently developed, fully professional Chinese football league system. They would quickly rise to top tier of the system and experience their greatest achievement in winning the 2000 Chinese FA Cup,[143] and coming in fourth within the league. However, since then they have struggled to replicate the same success, and have twice been relegated from the top tier.[144]

Chongqing FC was an association football club located in the city, and competed in China League One, the country's second-tier football division, before being relegated to the China League Two, and dissolving due to a resultant lack of funds.[145]

Chongqing is also the birthplace of soccer games in southwestern China. Soccer was introduced to this region in as early as 1905 by some British soldiers and missionaries. They founded a varsity soccer team at the predecessor of modern-day Guangyi High School (also known as Chongqing No.5 High School), and trained them to be a highly skilled team. A professional soccer stadium was constructed on the Guangyi campus in the Southern Mountain. It was the first professional soccer stadium in southwestern China. The Guangyi varsity team beat English and French naval teams and even the Sheffield Wednesday team in friendlies.

Basketball

Chongqing Soaring Dragons became the 20th team playing in Chinese Basketball Association in 2013. They play at Datianwan Arena, in the same sporting complex as Datianwan Stadium.[146]

Sport venues

Sport venues in Chongqing include:

Religion

Religion in Chongqing[150][note 1]

  Chinese ancestral religion (26.63%)
  Christianity (1.05%)
  Other religions or not religious people[note 2] (72.32%)

The predominant religions in Chongqing are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 26.63% of the population believes and is involved in cults of ancestors, while 1.05% of the population identifies as Christian.[150]

The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 72.32% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious sects.

The Jade Emperor at the Fengdu Ghost City.
Buddhist temple in Jiulongpo.

Notable historic figures

Education

Colleges and universities

Entrance to the Nankai School

Notable high schools

International schools

International relations

Consulates

ConsulateDateConsular District
Canada Consulate-General, Chongqing[153]05.1998Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
United Kingdom Consulate-General, Chongqing[153]03.2000Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Cambodia Consulate-General, Chongqing[153] 12.2004Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi
Japan Consulate-General, Chongqing[153] 01.2005Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi
Denmark Consulate, Chongqing[153] 07.2005Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Philippines Consulate-General, Chongqing[153] 12.2008Chongqing, Guizhou, Yunnan
Hungary Consulate-General, Chongqing[153] 02.2010Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Gansu
Ethiopia Consulate-General, Chongqing[153] 11.2011Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Italy Consulate-General, Chongqing[154] 12.2013Chongqing, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan
Netherlands Consulate-General, Chongqing[154] 01.2014Chongqing, Sichuan, Shaanxi

Twin towns – Sister cities

Chongqing has sister city relationships many cities of the world including:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ch'ungk'ing, Ch'ung K'ing, Chongking, and other renderings are also found in older literature. The Beijing-based Standard Chinese pronunciation is rendered in Wade-Giles as Ch'ung-ch'ing, and in the latter 20th century this form was used officially in Taiwan and in Western academic literature.
  1. ↑ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[150] in order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects, Islam, et. al.) was not reported by Wang.
  2. ↑ This may include:

References

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Preceded by
Guangzhou		 Capital of China
Republic of China
21 November 1937 – 5 May 1946 		Succeeded by
Nanjing
Preceded by
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Republic of China
14 October 1949 – 30 November 1949 		Succeeded by
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