Cholo

Cholo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃolo]) is a loosely defined Spanish term that has had various meanings relating to the connotation of people of indigenous heritage, who in many cases have Mexican blood (mestizos), or who have adopted elements of Mexican gang members dress, language or culture.^[1] Its use has migrated from the initial negative ethnic designation as originated by Mexican criollos in the 16th century. In sociological literature, it is one of castas,^[2] and refers to Mexican American gangsters (pandilleros). The precise usage of "cholo" has varied widely in different times and places. In modern American usage, it most often applies to the low-rider sub-culture manner of dress. It is considered a vulgar and offensive word in many South American countries.

Historical usage

An example of "cula de Castas" which classified people by their ancestry, admixture, and degree of admixture. Within this representation of Cholos during the Latin American colonial period one can read "De mestizo e india, sale coiote" (from Mestizo and Amerindian, begotten a Coyote).

The term's use is first recorded in a Peruvian book published in 1609 and 1616, the Comentarios Reales de los Incas by Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. He writes (in Spanish) "The child of a Black male and an Indian female, or of an Indian male and Black female, they call mulato and mulata. The children of these they call cholo. Cholo is a word from the Windward Islands; it means dog, not of the purebred variety, but of very disreputable origin; and the Spaniards use it for insult and vituperation".^[3]

In Colonial Mexico, the terms cholo and coyote co-existed, indicating mixed Mestizo and Amerindian ancestry. Under the casta system of colonial Latin America, cholo originally applied to the children resulting from the union of a Mestizo and an Amerindian; that is, someone of three quarters Amerindian and one quarter Spanish ancestry. Other terms (mestizo, castizo, etc.) were used to denote other ratios of smaller or greater Spanish-to-Amerindian ancestry.

Cholo as an English-language term dates at least to 1851 when it was used by Herman Melville in his novel Moby-Dick, referring to a Spanish speaking sailor, possibly derived from the Windward Islands reference mentioned above. Isela Alexsandra Garcia of the University of California at Berkeley writes that the term can be traced to Mexico, where in the early part of the last century it referred to "culturally marginal" mestizos and Native American origin.^[4]

During the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) Peruvians were contemptuously referred to as "cholos" by Chilean officers.^[5]

An article in the Los Angeles Express of April 2, 1907, headlined "Cleaning Up the Filthy Cholo Courts Has Begun in Earnest", uses the terms cholos and Mexicans interchangeably.^[6] The term cholo courts was defined in The Journal of San Diego History as "sometimes little more than instant slums as shanties were strewn almost randomly around city lots in order to create cheap horizontal tenements."^[7]

Modern usage

United States

Cholos, cholas and cholitas are used as informal slang terms in parts of the USA, to refer to people of Latin American descent, usually Mexican, who are low-income, "tough" and who may wear stereotypical clothes.^[1] The origin is complex:

Racial and cultural status, along with social class are reflected in the term cholo itself, which was adopted in California in the 1960s by youth following the pachuco tradition, as a label for that identity (Cuellar 1982). In 1571, Fray Alonso de Molina, in his Nahuatl vocabulary (Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana Y Mexicana y Castellana), defined the word xolo as slave, servant, or waiter. The Porrúa Dictionary defines cholo, as used in the Americas, as a civilized Native American or a half-breed or mestizo of a European father and Native American mother. The word has historically been used along the borderland as a derogatory term to mean lower class Mexican migrants, and in the rest of Latin America to mean an acculturating Indian or peasant.^[8]

Despite, or because of, its long history of denigrating semantics, the term Cholo was turned on its head and used as a symbol of pride in the context of the ethnic power movements of the 1960s.^[9]

Fashion stereotypes

During the 1930s and 40s, Cholos and Chicanos were known as "pachucos" and were associated with the zoot suit and hep cat subcultures.^[10] The press at the time accused the Cholos in the US of gang membership and petty criminality, leading to the Zoot Suit Riots.^[11] Continuing until the early 1970s, the typical cholo and chicano hairstyle was a variant of the pompadour, piled high on the head and kept in place with large quantities of wet look gel.

In the 21st century, a cholo is stereotypically male, depicted as wearing loose fitting khaki pants or shorts, with white knee-high socks, creased jeans, so-called wifebeater (white sleeveless athletic shirt), and button-front shirts, commonly plaid and flannel, often with just the top button buttoned. Cholos in the 1990s and 2000s frequently have their hair buzzed very short, though some continue to have the more traditional slicked-back hair, sometimes held in place by a hairnet or a bandana.

Footwear originally included Stacy Adams dress shoes, and "biscuits" (pointy toed dress shoes). Modern cholos tend to wear athletic shoes, such as Converse, Nike Cortez, Vans, Fila, Adidas Stan Smith, slip-on house shoes, K Swiss or Huarache sandals. Popular "Cholo" brands include Dickies, Ben Davis, Joker, Lowrider, and Bighouse.

Some cholos, particularly older cholos (veteranos) or cholos wishing to adopt a more traditional look, wear formal wear inspired by zoot suit fashion, including dress shirts with suspenders, and fedora hats, but may still retain cholo elements such as a bandana or hair net. In South Texas, cholos are sometimes referred to as chucs or chukes. This term is short for pachucos. Tejano cholos typically make heavy use of starch on their pants but so do traditional Tejanos.

This designation may also be associated with black ink tattoos, commonly involving calligraphy and art. A cholo might also stereotypically own a lowrider. Another staple of cholo fashion is long hair tied into braids as depicted by actor Danny Trejo.

Cholo image in media

Film

• There is a reference to "The Cholo" in Assault on Precinct 13 (1976), although it is used to refer specifically to a blood oath instead of a Mexican person.
• In the film Napoleon Dynamite (2004), Nano and Arturo De Silva play characters simply referred to as "Cholo No. 1" and "Cholo No. 2".
• The movie Bring It On: Fight to the Finish (2009), starring Christina Milian, features a group of cholos dressed in the cholo style.
• The film La Mission (2009), starring Benjamin Bratt, is an authentic representation of the style, language, cars and music associated with the Cholo culture.
• In Logan, the titular character begins the film defending his limo from individuals to whom Donald Pierce derogatorily refers as "Cholos," who are trying to strip the car's rims.

Games

• In the videogame Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories, there is a street gang called the Cholos who resemble the stereotypical gangster image of a Cholo.^[12]

Music

• LA punk rock band The Dickies recorded "I'm A Chollo" for their album Dawn of the Dickies (1979).
• The term gained even further notoriety in 2007 in the United States with the song "Lean Like a Cholo" by Down AKA Kilo.
• Fergie's music videos "London Bridge" and "Glamorous" feature backup dancers dressed as cholas.^[13]
• The word is mentioned in a few lines of the Lady Gaga song "Born This Way".
• Gwen Stefani adopted the chola image in her music videos "Luxurious" and "Hollaback Girl".^[14]
• The crossover thrash band Suicidal Tendencies has sported a cholo look since the 1980s.

Television

• In the FOX TV series American Dad! episode, "Brains, Brains and Automobiles" (September 27, 2009), Roger gets his own apartment in a low-income neighborhood, and when Stan and Francine come to visit, he complains that a group of cholos robbed him. He says he keeps a box of "Chocodiles" in the freezer in case they come back.
• In Sons of Anarchy (season 6), Tara leaves prison with a new haircut, about which she says, "All the cholas are wearing it".
• Comedian Anjelah Johnson, herself a combination of Native American and Mexican, references cholos in the audience of her 2015 Netflix special "Not Fancy".

Panama

A recent ethnographic study utilizes the term "cholo" as a non-category to question the tendency in anthropological studies which ascribes group belonging to objectified Others.^[15]

Bolivia

Typical dress of a chola cuencana

In Bolivia, "cholo" refers to people with various degrees of Amerindian racial ancestry.^[1] In Bolivia, cholitas have overcome former prejudice and discrimination, and are now seen as fashion icons.^[1]

Mexico

The cholo gangs started from the U.S. in the mid to late 1970s.^[16] Cholo groups in Mexico were well established at least by the mid 1970s along the US-Mexico border, and in Central Mexico.^[17] These were called by various names, such as “barrios,” “clickas” and “gangas,” and typically seen as American Hispanics, not as Mexicans because of their dress and appearance, which has never been traditional to Mexico. Many of these groups were formed by youths who had spent time in the United States and who returned with a different identity picked up in U.S. street life.^[18] Most cholos are youths between 13 and 25 years old who generally do not finish school beyond the eighth grade.^[16] These groups mimic the organization of gangs found in the United States, especially California, Texas and Chicago. Cholos have their own style of dress and speech. They are known for hand signals, tattoos and graffiti. Groups of cholos control various territories in the city. Most of the violence among these groups is over territory.^[18] Well established Latino gangs from the United States (Such as Nortenos, Surenos, Latin Kings, 18th Street Gang and MS-13) have made a strong presence in Mexico through making Alliances with Local Drug Cartels based on Particular Regions or Cities.

El Salvador

The term Cholo is used as an adjective to describe someone who looks buff/tuff.

See also

• Aymara ethnic group
• Caboclo
• Mixed Race Day
• Naco (slang)
• Pachuco

References

External links

The Folk Feminist Struggle Behind the Chola Fashion Trend an article describing Chola history from Vice Magazine