Bangladesh Navy

Bangladesh Navy
বাংলাদেশ নৌবাহিনী
Bānglādēśh Naubāhinī

The Crest of the Bangladesh Navy
Active 1971–present
Country Bangladesh
Allegiance Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
Branch Green-water navy
Type Navy
Size 22,000 active
1,500 officers
4,000 reserve[1][2]
105 ships[3]
Part of Bangladesh Armed Forces
Naval Headquarters Naval Headquarter (NHQ), Banani, Dhaka
Nickname(s) BN
Patron The President of Bangladesh
Motto(s) "শান্তিতে সংগ্রামে সমুদ্রে দুর্জয়" Shantite Shongrame Shamudre Durjoy (English: In War and Peace Invincible at Sea)
Colors White, Blue         
Anniversaries 26 March 7 November.
Engagements Bangladesh Liberation War
Operation Jackpot
2008 Bangladesh-Myanmar Maritime Dispute
Website www.navy.mil.bd
Commanders
Commander-in-chief President Abdul Hamid
Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Mohammad Nizamuddin Ahmed, OSP, BCGM, ndc, psc, BN
Insignia
Naval Ensign
Naval Jack
Aircraft flown
Helicopter AW-109 Power, Harbin Z-9
Patrol Dornier 228 NG

The Bangladesh Navy (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ নৌবাহিনী; Bangladesh Nou Bahini) is the naval warfare branch of the Bangladeshi military, responsible for Bangladesh's 118,813 square kilometres (45,874 sq mi) of maritime territorial area, and the defense of important harbors, military bases and economic zones.[4] The President of Bangladesh serves as the Commander-in-Chief of the Navy. The Chief of Naval Staff, usually a four-star officer in the rank of admiral, commands the navy.[5] The Bangladesh Navy came into the existence during Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, and is headed by Admiral Mohammad Nizamuddin Ahmed.

Bangladesh Navy has 16,900 personnel on active duty and 8,000 in the reserve.[6] It has 98 combat ships and two ming class submarine in active service. During wartime, Bangladesh Coast Guard, with strength of additional 57 combat ships and 1,282 personnel also falls under the command of the Navy. Bangladesh Navy has female sailors from 2016's May as in this month's 30th day 44 women were enlisted as sailors in the navy.[7]

The primary role of Bangladesh Navy is to protect country's economic and military interest at home and abroad. The Bangladesh navy is a front line disaster management force in Bangladesh and humanitarian missions abroad. It is a key regional player in counter terrorism efforts and engages in global peacekeeping with the United Nations.[8][9][10]

In recent years, the Bangladesh Navy has undergone rapid modernization to expand Naval fleet strength and expand Naval capabilities.[11] The modernization is a part of Forces Goal 2030, with which Bangladesh Navy intends to transform into a Three Dimensional force to develop Blue water economy and to enhance its position in the region.[12][13]

History

Origins

The Bangladesh Navy was created as part of Bangladesh Forces during Bangladesh's 1971 liberation war against Pakistan. Its official creation date is July 1971 during the Bangladesh Sector Commanders Conference 1971. In 1971, with West Pakistan imposing a brutal military crackdown in East Pakistan, the Bangladesh Liberation War was already underway. Many Bengali sailors and officers in the Pakistan Navy defected to form the nascent Bangladesh Navy. Initially, there were two ships PADMA and PALASH and 45 navy personnel. On 9 November 1971, the first naval fleet consisting of six small patrol vessels were inaugurated.[14] These ships tried to carry out raids on the Pakistani fleet, but were mistakenly hit and sunk by Indian Air Force on 10 December 1971. The next major attack was launched on Mongla seaport. According to official figures from Bangladesh Navy, a total of 334 sailors were involved with the newly created navy with 22 being killed in action.[15]

Independence to the end of the 20th century

Bangladesh Navy (BN) came into being during the liberation War of the country in 1971, in which it suffered a number of fatalities. The navy carried out around 45 operations during the war, including traditional naval operations as well as unconventional commando operations including guerrilla warfare. At the first leg of war, defected Bengali sailors joined the guerrilla forces. It was the eight sailors who defected Pakistan Navy sub-marine PNS Mangro, under construction in France, pioneered the formation of naval element of Liberation War. Later many other naval personnel participated. So far the information could be known, there are 334 naval participants; out of which 22 died. To avoid misunderstanding and to get necessary assistance naval planners used to co-ordinate in the planning phase with other sector commanders to carry out operation in their respective sectors. During the Liberation War East Pakistan was divided into 11 sectors. Each sector had a Commander and demarcated area of responsibility except sector 10. It is said that the area of responsibility of sector 10 was the coastal belt but in reality its operation was spread all over the country.[16]

In 1971, it was imperative for the occupation force to keep ports, harbours operative and the sea lines of communication open. The Bangladesh Navy fought to block the sea lines of communication as well as to make the sea and river ports inoperative. They attacked all the seaports including many river ports. Operation Jackpot is one of the most known successful operations. They carried out mining in Passur River Channel by Patrol Craft. With other fighters they also carried out attack against Pakistan Army. As a result, Bangladesh could become an independent state within the shortest possible time. Naval participation was extended to a great extent.[17]

After independence, especially in the 1970s, additional naval infrastructure was required. Two ex-Royal-Navy frigates joined Navy as BNS Umar Farooq and BNS Ali Haider in 1976 and 1978 respectively. Later, in 1982 a third ex-Royal-Navy frigate joined BN as BNS Abu Bakar. Inclusion of these three frigates is considered as the principal foundation of Bangladesh Navy. This has introduced the new born nation as a Limited Blue Water Navy to the world.[18]

21st century

In 2011, Bangladesh Navy's rescue and medical team, along with Bangladesh Army was deployed to Japan after Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[19] Bangladesh Navy have been an active disaster recovery force abroad. In 2013, the Navy deployed BNS Somudra Joy carrying humanitarian assistance worth of $1 million. Navy's medical team were also deployed to Philippines.[20]

Bangladesh Navy joined in the search operation of missing Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 with BNS Bangabandhu, BNS Umar Farooq and a Dornier Do-228NG MPA in March 2014. The aircraft was a Boeing 777-200ER which gone missing from the sky 12 Malaysian crew members and 227 passengers from 14 nations during the flight from Malaysia to China. Later, BNS Umar Farooq was replaced by BNS Somudra Joy. The search was renewed in May 2014 when an Australian exploration company claimed to have traced aircraft debris in the Bay of Bengal.[21] In 2014, During Water Crisis in Maldives, Bangladesh Navy was the first to launch humanitarian aid relief by deploying BNS Somudra Joy with 100 tonnes of bottled water.,[22]

Forces Goal 2030

In 2009, Bangladesh government adopted a long term modernisation plan for its armed forces called Forces Goal 2030. Under this plan navy got more importance due to the strategic importance of Bay of Bengal and possibility of getting huge oil and gas in the bay. As a result, several steps were taken to make navy a three dimensional deterrent force.[23]

As part of the modernisation plan, BN bought an Ex-RN Roebuck-class survey vessel and two ex-RN Castle-class OPVs which were converted to guided missile corvettes in 2011.[24] BN also procured two refurbished Type 053H2 (Jianghu-III) frigate from China in 2014.[25] Two Durjoy-class Large Patrol Craft (LPC)s were built in China and joined BN in 2013.[26] Two US Coast Guard High Endurance Cutter joined BN in 2013[27] and 2015[28] which are being used as patrol frigates. Two Type 056 corvettes joined BN in 2016. Two more such corvettes were ordered in July 2015 and they are under construction now.[29]

Bangladesh Navy opened its aviation wing on 14 July 2011 with the induction of two AgustaWestland AW109 helicopters. Later on, two Dornier Do-228NG MPA was introduced in 2013.[30]

To attain underwater operational capabilities, the Bangladesh Navy has inducted two off the shelf Type 035G (Ming Class) submarines from China on 12 March 2017.[31][32]

A new base for the Bangladesh Navy is being established at Rabanabad in Patuakhali. It will be Bangladesh's largest naval base with submarine berthing and aviation facilities.[33] Meanwhile, a separate submarine base is under construction at Pekua in Cox's Bazar.[34]

As per the plan, the process of enhancing the indigenous ship building capacity also going on. BN received first Padma-class Patrol Vessel BNS Padma in January 2013[35] which was followed by four more units of the same class. All of them were constructed at Khulna Shipyard (KSY) and joined BN in 2013. Two units of Durjoy-class LPCs are being built at KSY, started at the end of 2014. Several LCTs and LCUs were also built here. An underway replenishment ship for BN made at the Ananda Shipyard was launched in 2013.[36] The ship will significantly increase the length of stay of BN ships in the deep sea. Recently two Landing craft tank (LCT)s were built at Narayanganj Dockyard.[37]

UN Missions, multinational exercises and naval diplomacy

Vice Admiral Ahmed received by Vice Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy, Vice Admiral Lanba

In 1993 Bangladesh Navy's joined the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations.[38] Its first UN mission came in 2005, when a Bangladesh Navy contingent was sent to Sudan as Force Riverine Unit (FRU).[39][40]

BN Chief of Staff VA. Farid Habib with Vice Adm. Paul F. Zukunft, Pacific Area commander

Bangladesh Navy is currently serving in United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) in Lebanon since 2010, when two ships BNS Osman and BNS Madhumati were deployed there in May of that year. BN is the third Asian and only subcontinental navy to serve in that volatile region. BN maintained the two ships thousands of miles from Bangladesh in the Mediterranean Sea for four years until June 2014, when the ships were replaced by BNS Ali Haider and BNS Nirmul.[41]

BN ships regularly participate in exercises with other navies, gaining valuable experience and improving their fighting capabilities. CARAT is a yearly exercise conducted with the US Navy in the Bay of Bengal since 2011.[42] BN has sent an OPV to every MILAN multinational naval exercise held near the Andaman Islands since 2010.[43] AMAN, another multinational exercise held every two years in the Arab Sea, organised by Pakistan Navy, has also been participated by BN frigates since 2009.[44] BNS Bangabandhu participated in Exercise Ferocious Falcon, a Multinational Crisis Management Exercise, held at Doha, Qatar in November 2012,[45] while BNS Somudra Joy participated the same exercise in 2015.[46] BNS Abu Bakar took part in 14th Western Pacific Naval Symposium and International Fleet Review-2014 in Qingdao, Shandong Province of China in April 2014.[47] She also perticipated in Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition (LIMA)-2015 held at Malaysia.[48]

Command and control

According to the Constitution of Bangladesh, the President of Bangladesh is the commander-in chief of Bangladesh Armed Forces. The Chief of Naval Staff (CNS), a four-star Admiral,[5] is the highest admiral, directs the non-combat and combatant operations from the Naval Headquarters (NHQ) in Dhaka. The headquarters has four branches: Operations (O), Personnel (P), Material (M) and Logistics (Log). Each branch is headed by officers who are titled as Principal Staff Officer (PSO) and known as Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (ACNS), e.g., ACNS (O). Under each PSO there are various Directorates headed by Directors with the rank of Commodore or Captain. Under each Director there are Deputy Directors (DD) and Staff Officers (SO). The Bangladesh Navy has seven major combatant commands, each command is commanded by a Rear admiral or Commodore, who directly reports to Chief of Naval Staff.[49][50]

Flag officers holding command or important positions in the Bangladesh Navy are as follows.

Headquarters

Chief of Naval Staff: Admiral Mohammad Nizamuddin Ahmed[51], OSP, BCGM, ndc, psc

Area commands

Appointment Rank and Name
Commander Chittagong Naval Area (COMCHIT) Rear Admiral M Abu Ashraf,(TAS), BSP, ncc, psc,
Commander Bangladesh Navy Fleet (COMBAN) Rear Admiral M Ashraful Haque, (C), ndc, psc
Commodore Commanding Khulna (COMKHUL) Commodore M Shamsul Alam, (G), NUP, ndc, psc, BN
Naval Administrative Authority Dhaka (Admin Dhaka) Commodore Syed Maksumul Hakim, (ND), BSP, ndc, ncc, psc, BN
Commodore Superintendent Dockyard (CSD) Commodore
Special Warfare and Diving and Salvage Command (COMSWADS) Rear Admiral M Ashraful Haque, (C), ndc, psc
Commodore Naval Aviation(COMNAV) Rear Admiral

External billets

Appointment Rank and Name
Vice Chancellor, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University Rear Admiral A S M A Baten,(E), BSP, ndc, psc
Director General, Bangladesh Coast Guard Rear Admiral Aurangzeb Chowdhury,(G), NBP, OSP, BCGM, ndc, psc
Senior Directing Staff (Navy), National Defence College Rear Admiral Muhammad Anwarul Islam, (ND), NGP, ndc, afwc, psc
Chairman, Chittagong Port Authority Rear Admiral M Khaled Iqbal,(ND), BSP, ndc, psc
Chairman, Payra Port Authority Commodore Mohammad Saidur Rahman (TAS), BCGM, psc
Chairman, Mongla Port Authority Commodore A K M Faruque Hassan, (N), afwc, psc, BN
Managing Director, Khulna Shipyard Limited Commodore Kazi Kamrul Hassan, (L), NGP, ndc, psc, BN
Managing Director, Narayanganj Dockyard and Engineering Works Limited Commodore Sheikh Arif Mahmood (ND), ndc, psc, BN
Managing Director, Chittagong Dry Dock Limited Commodore Mohammad Nazmul Karim Kislu, (C), ndc, psc, BN
Director General, Sena Kalyan Songstha Commodore Sheikh Md. Kamrul Haque,(L), ndu, psc, BN
Director General, Department of Shipping Commodore Syed Ariful Islam, (TAS), ndc, psc, BN
Director General, Bangladesh Shipping Corporation Commodore Habibur Rahman Bhuiyan (C), NGP, ndc, psc, BN
Chairman, Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority Commodore M Mozammel Haque, (G), NUP, ndc, psc, BN

Personnel

As of 2014, the Bangladesh Navy has approximately 34,000 active duty personnel. Bangladesh Navy (BN) has its headquarters at Banani, Dhaka.[52][53]

Commissioned officers rank

Structure of the Commissioned officer rank of the Bangladesh Navy
NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
Bangladesh Bangladesh
(Edit)







Admiral of the
Fleet1		 Admiral Vice Admiral Rear admiral Commodore Captain Commander Lieutenant-
Commander		 Lieutenant Sub-
Lieutenant		 Midshipman Officer
Cadet

Bangladesh Naval Academy

The Bangladesh Naval Academy, is the home of naval cadets for the future officers of Bangladesh Navy, and offers academic degrees programs at its academy. The academy also provides education, athletic and military training programs to the officers of allied navies, which includes many navy personnel from Qatar, Sri Lanka, Maldivean and Palestinian Navy.[54][55]

Special operations forces

The Special Warfare Diving and Salvage (reporting name: SWADS) is the principle and elite special operation force of the Bangladesh Navy. The unit was raised by the Bangladesh Navy in 2009 under the guidance of United States Navy SEALs for Direct action, Amphibious reconnaissance, Intelligence gathering and Counter-terrorism. The SWADS operatives are recruited from the Navy and trained in South Korea, Turkey and United States. The operatives go through a long and extremely tough training sessions where the average drop rate during training is approximately 95%. Although the official strength remains classified, estimated strength is thought to be between 1500 and 2000 operatives. The sub-units inside SWADS includes SEAL, UDT, SBS, EOD, BPC and Sniper, giving the unit Sea, Land and Air Strike Capabilities.[56][57]

Branches

Bangladesh Navy has 6 administrative branches:[58]

D&R

Serial & Branch Seaman Mechanical Secretariat Supply Electrical Radio Electrical Regulating Medical
01 OD (Ordinary Seaman) ME II WTR II SA II EN II REN II PM II MA II
02 AB (Able Seaman) ME I WTR I SA I EN I REN I PM I MA I
03 LS (Leading Seaman) LME LWTR LSA LEN LREN LPM LMA
04 PO (Petty Officer) ERA-IV PO(W) PO(S) EA-IV REA-IV PO(R) PO(Med)
05 CPO (Chief Petty Officer) ERA-I/II/III CPO(W) CPO(S) EA-I/II/III REA-I/II/III CPO(REG) CPO(Med)
06 SCPO (Senior Chief Petty Officer) SCPO(E), SCPO(W) SCPO(S) SCPO(L),EA-II/II SCPO(R),REA-II/II SCPO(Reg) SCPO(Med)
07 MCPO (Master Chief Petty Officer) MCPO(E) MCPO(S) MCPO(S) MCPO(L)/CEA MCPO(R)/CREA MCPO(Reg) MCPO(Med)
08 Honorary Sub Lieutenant(X) Hon S Lt(E) Hon S Lt(S) Hon S Lt(S) Hon S Lt(L) Hon S Lt(R) Hon S Lt(Reg) Hon S Lt(W/M)
09 Honorary Lieutenant(X) Hon Lt(E) Hon Lt(S) Hon Lt(S) Hon Lt(L) Hon Lt(R) Hon Lt(Reg) Hon Lt(W/M)

Equipment

As 2016 Bangladesh navy have 7 Guided Missile Frigate,[59] two patrol frigates, six Corvettes, sixty minor surface combatants of various types (including patrol vessels, missile boats, and mine hunters), and twenty four auxiliaries. In addition, six shore establishments are also maintained.[60] In the recent years it has also acquired SWADS and Naval Aviation.The naval aviation[61] unit have with both fixed-wing aircraft and rotorcraft.

Submarines

In November 2016 Bangladesh navy received two Ming Class Attack Submarine from People's Liberation Army Navy of China.[62] The Diesel-electric submarines displace 2,110 tons with a surface endurance of up to 8,000 nm / 9kts, underwater navigation in the snorkel use 1,0380 nm / 8kts, when the battery use is 330 nm / 4kts. Maximum insidious depth of 300m/980 ft allowing it to stay at sea for about 60 days.[63] The boats, which were previously in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) with pennant numbers 356 and 357, were handed over to Bangladesh Navy chief, Admiral Nizamuddin Ahmed, on 14 November at a shipyard in Dalian, China. It could carry 57 personnel and 18 Torpedoes with an option of loading 32 mines as well.With the new type 035G Submarines at hand, the Bangladesh Navy could now ensure maritime border security in the Bay of Bengal. The deal, which reportedly costs $203 million, reflects the growing economic and defence relations between Bangladesh and China.[64]

Ships

Personnel aboard BNS Bangabandhu.
BNS Nirmul, a Durjoy-class LPC.
Type Number of Ships Notes
Frigate 7 Four additional frigates are to be purchased for $420 million
Corvette 4 Two Type-056 class corvettes entered service in 2016. Two additional Type-056 class were ordered from China in 2015.[65]
Large Patrol Craft 4 Two Durjoy-class are currently under construction; a total of eight are planned
Offshore Patrol Vessel 11 Five indigenous Padma Class were acquired in 2013; a total of 23 are planned.
Fast Attack Craft-Missile 9 4 Boats have been upgraded with C-704 AShM.
Fast Attack Craft-Gun 9
Fast Attack Craft-ASW 4 2 Yugoslavian built and 2 Chinese built ASW craft in service.
Mine Sweeper 5 Mainly used as offshore patrol vessels.
Survey Ship 2
Training ship 1 An Ex-RN Island-class OPV
Amphibious Warfare 15
Repair ship 1
Tanker 2
Floating Dock 1
Auxiliaries 10
Name Type Number Notes
Dornier Do 228 MPA 2 [66]
AgustaWestland AW109 SAR helicopter 2 [66]

Missiles

Name Type Range Origin Notes
Otomat Mk 2 Block IV Anti-ship missile 200 km  Italy
C-802A[67] Anti-ship missile 180 km  People's Republic of China
C-704 Anti-ship missile 35 km  People's Republic of China
SY-1 Anti-ship missile 150 km  People's Republic of China
FM-90 Surface-to-air missile 15 km  People's Republic of China
FL-3000N Surface-to-air missile 10 km  People's Republic of China
A244-S Torpedo 6 km  Italy

Small arms

Name Type Caliber Origin Notes
Type 92 Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm China Standard issue sidearm.
Type 54 Semi-automatic pistol 7.62×25mm China In special Forces and reserve use.
SIG Sauer P226/228/229 Semi-automatic pistol 9×19mm Germany Switzerland
Type 56 Assault rifle 7.62×39mm Bangladesh Upgraded version of Ak-47. Produced under license by BOF.
BD-08 Assault rifle 7.62×39mm Bangladesh Produced under license by BOF.
M4A1 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm US SWADS.
Daewoo K2 Assault rifle 5.56×45mm S.Korea SWADS.
M24 sniper rifle sniper rifle 7.62×51mm US SWADS.
Heckler and Koch MP5 sub-machine gun 9×19mm Germany
Daewoo K7 sub-machine gun 9×19mm S.Korea
BD-08 Light machine gun 7.62×39mm Bangladesh Produced under license by BOF.
DShK Heavy machine gun 12.7×108mm Russia

Future expansion plan

Bangladesh has made a long term modernisation plan for its Armed Forces named Forces Goal 2030.[68] Under this goal, navy will be a three-dimensional deterrent force with air, surface and underwater operational capabilities.[68]

Bangladesh navy has ordered two Type 056 corvettes from China in July 2015 and they are under construction now.[29] Two Durjoy-class patrol crafts with anti-submarine warfare capabilities are launched at Khulna Shipyard in 29 December 2016[69] and 15 March 2017.[70] The shipyard is also constructing two hydrographic research ships for the Bangladesh Navy.

The modernisation of the currently used ships is also going on. Two navigational radars with helicopter landing control facilities are being procured for BNS Dhaleshwari and BNS Bijoy. Contract has been signed for the supply of two air search radars for BNS Abu Bakar and BNS Ali Haider.

BN has issued a tender for the procurement of two helicopters with anti-submarine warfare (ASW), anti-surface vessel warfare (ASuW), over-the-horizon targeting (OTHT), maritime search and rescue (MSAR), medical evacuation (MEDEVAC), casualty evacuation (CASEVAC) and special mission capabilities. The helicopters will be inducted in 2017.[71]

A tender has been issued for the supply of Technical Data Link (TDL) system. The system will connect 16 platforms as 2 frigates, 4 corvettes, 1 LPC, 3 shore stations, 2 helicopters, 2 MPAs and two submarines.[72]

Bangladesh Navy is setting up a new base at Rabanabad in Patuakhali named BNS Sher E Bangla, which will be the largest naval base of the country. The base will have submarine berthing and aviation facilities.[33] A separate submarine base named BNS Sheikh Hasina, is under construction at Pekua in Cox's Bazar.[34]

In July 2017, the minister responsible for defence affairs at parliament Anisul Huq discussed about the past, present and future development programs for the Bangladesh Navy. He told that 333 acres of land acquisition has been done in Pekua of Cox's Bazar for the construction of submarine base. Navy signed a memorandum of understanding with China for the construction of the base. Contract has been signed for two maritime patrol aircraft on 27 March 2017. Minister said that the process is going on for procuring four minesweepers and one sail training ship. Process of constructing six frigates at Chittagong Dry Dock in collaboration with foreign shipbuilders is also going on. Government has taken initiative for making missiles and Identification friend or foe system in Bangladesh.[73]

See also

References

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  64. ↑ "China, Bangladesh vow to boost military exchange, cooperation".
  65. ↑ "Bangladesh's new C13B corvettes start sea trials ahead of more orders". IHS Janes 360. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  66. 1 2 "BN History".
  67. ↑ "Bangladesh Navy successfully test fires long range missile". The Daily Star. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  68. 1 2 "Forces Goal 2030 to be implemented in four phases: PM". New Age. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  69. ↑ "Bangladesh launches first of two locally built large patrol craft". IHS Jane's 360. 5 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  70. ↑ "Navy gets submarine tugboat, large patrol craft". The Dhaka Tribune. 17 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  71. ↑ "Bangladesh Navy issues new helicopter tender". IHS Janes 360. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  72. ↑ "Tender specification of Technical Data Link (TDL) system." (PDF). dgdp. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
  73. ↑ "নৌবাহিনীর জন্য হচ্ছে সাবমেরিন ঘাঁটি". The Daily Manab Zamin. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
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