Chichester Cathedral

Chichester Cathedral
Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity
Location Chichester, West Sussex
Country England
Denomination Church of England
Website chichestercathedral.org.uk
History
Consecrated 1108
Architecture
Style Norman, Gothic
Specifications
Length 408 ft (124 m)[1]
Width 157 ft (48 m)[1]
Height 61 ft (19 m)[1]
Spire height 277 ft (84 m)[1]
Administration
Diocese Chichester
Province Canterbury
Clergy
Bishop(s) Martin Warner
Dean Stephen Waine
Precentor Tim Schofield
Chancellor Anthony Cane
Canon Treasurer Stephen Ferns

Chichester Cathedral, formally known as the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity, is the seat of the Anglican Bishop of Chichester. It is located in Chichester, in Sussex, England. It was founded as a cathedral in 1075, when the seat of the bishop was moved from Selsey.[2]

Chichester Cathedral has fine architecture in both the Norman and the Gothic styles, and has been called by the architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner "the most typical English Cathedral".[3] Despite this, Chichester has two architectural features that are unique among England's medieval cathedrals—a free-standing medieval bell tower (or campanile) and double aisles.[4] The cathedral contains two rare medieval sculptures, and many modern art works including tapestries, stained glass and sculpture, many of these commissioned by Dean Hussey.[2]

The city of Chichester, though it retains two main cross streets laid out by the Romans, has always been small enough for the city's entire population to fit inside the cathedral at once, causing Daniel Defoe to comment:

I cannot say much of Chichester, in which, if six or seven good families were removed, there would not be much conversation, except what is to be found among the canons, and the dignitaries of the cathedral.[5]

The spire of Chichester Cathedral, rising above its green copper roof, can be seen for many miles across the flat meadows of West Sussex and is a landmark for sailors, Chichester being the only medieval English cathedral which is visible from the sea.[4][6][lower-alpha 1]

History

Chichester Cathedral was built to replace the cathedral founded in 681 by St. Wilfrid for the South Saxons at Selsey. The seat of the bishop was transferred in 1075.[2] It was consecrated in 1108 under Bishop Ralph de Luffa. An early addition was the Chapel of Saint Pantaleon off the south transept (now the Canons' Vestry), probably begun just before an 1187 fire which burnt out the cathedral and destroyed much of the town.[8] That fire necessitated a substantial rebuilding, which included refacing the nave and replacing the destroyed wooden ceiling with the present stone vault, possibly by Walter of Coventry. The cathedral was reconsecrated in 1199.[1][2]

Chichester Cathedral, circa 1650

In the 13th century, the central tower was completed, the Norman apsidal eastern end rebuilt with a Lady chapel and a row of chapels added on each side of the nave, forming double aisles such as are found on many French cathedrals. The spire was completed about 1402 and a free-standing bell tower constructed to the north of the west end.[1][2][lower-alpha 2]

In 1262, Richard de la Wyche, who was bishop from 1245 to 1253, was canonised as Saint Richard of Chichester. His shrine made the cathedral a place of pilgrimage. The shrine was ordered to be destroyed in 1538 during the first stages of the English Reformation. In 1642 the cathedral came under siege by Parliamentary troops.[2]

The towers at Chichester have had a particularly unfortunate history because of subsidence, which explains the positioning of the 15th-century bell tower at some distance from the cathedral. The south-west tower of the façade collapsed in 1210 and was rebuilt. The north-west tower collapsed in 1635 and was not rebuilt until 1901.[2] The masonry spire was built in the 14th century and was repaired in the 17th century by Sir Christopher Wren. It survived a lightning strike in 1721 and stood for 450 years before it telescoped in on itself on 21 February 1861, fortunately without loss of life.[lower-alpha 3] A fund was set up to raise the £48,000 needed for the rebuilding, and the contributors included Queen Victoria.[6] A replica of the old tower and spire was rebuilt.[lower-alpha 4] The construction was raised by about 6 feet (1.8 m), by Sir George Gilbert Scott and was completed in five years.[10] It now rises to a height of 82 metres.[2][4] The rubble from the original spire was used to construct the former West Ashling Congregational Chapel.[lower-alpha 5]

Architecture

The west front and millennium statue of Saint Richard
The 15th-century Bell tower
Looking down the nave from the west doors

Typically for English cathedrals, Chichester has had a long and varied building history marked by a number of disasters. The architectural history of the building is revealed in its fabric because the builders of different periods constructed in different styles and with changing technology. Both inside and outside portions of the original Norman cathedral can be distinguished from the later Gothic work by the massive construction and round-topped windows. Different Gothic styles from the late 12th century through to the 15th can also be identified.

The plan of Chichester is in the shape of a cross, with an aisled nave and choir, crossed by a transept (see below). In typically English manner, the eastern end of the building is long by comparison with the nave, is square ended and has a projecting Lady chapel. Also typically English is the arrangement of paired towers on the western front, and a taller central tower over the crossing.[13] Its plan is unusual for England in having double aisles. Chichester has a cloister on the south side of the building.

Chichester is small for a Norman cathedral when compared to Winchester, Ely and Peterborough. Much of the original Norman construction remains in the nave, transept, crossing and adjacent bays of the choir. The elevation rises in the usual three stages of arcade, gallery and clerestory. It is similar to remaining Norman work at Winchester, where the arcade is proportionally low, and rests on solid piers rather than columns. In the gallery above, each wide space is divided into two by a colonnettes in a manner typical of Romanesque architecture.[4]

The high altar

After the fire of 1187, the clerestory was rebuilt and the entire building given a ribbed vault. The eastern end was extended from the round ambulatory to form a square retrochoir or presbytery with lancet windows in a style that is transitional between Norman and Gothic. The newer arcades and the clerestory maintain the round arches of the earlier Norman architecture. The vault is in the Early English Gothic style, supported externally by flying buttresses and large terminal pinnacles at the eastern end. At this time the entire interior was refurbished, much of it being refaced with ashlar masonry. Each pier was decorated with delicate shafts of dark Purbeck marble with foliate capitals, contrasting with the squat cushion capitals of the limestone shafts. The entire program of work was probably directed by Walter of Coventry.[1] The nave was later divided from the choir by an elegant Perpendicular screen or pulpitum with three arched openings, called the Arundel Screen, which was removed in the mid 19th century but reinstated in 1961.[1][2][4]

The design of the central tower, faithfully reproduced, by George Gilbert Scott, was of the Early English style, having on each side two tall pairs of openings, surrounded by deep mouldings.[lower-alpha 4][8]

Plan of Chichester Cathedral

The original spire, which also was of masonry rather than of sheathed wood, was built in the late 14th century, by John Mason (died ca 1403), who also built the Vicars' Hall.[1] The style and construction of the spire are obviously based on that of Salisbury Cathedral but it is not as ambitiously tall, probably because of the problem of subsidence. The Lady chapel, constructed to the east of the retro-choir, is a long narrow space, with large windows in the Decorated Gothic style of the late 13th century.[1][2][4]

The other buildings related to the cathedral are the free-standing bell-tower of the early 15th century, probably the work of William Wynford who also designed the cloisters, with openings in the Perpendicular style.[1] St Mary's Almshouses in Chichester, which are linked to the cathedral, are a Christian charity dating from the 13th century. The medieval Hospital, associated with the Alms House, is one of only two such buildings in the world, the other being in Germany.[14]

Treasures

Stained-glass window by Marc Chagall

The cathedral has many treasures and artworks, the most precious being two carved reliefs dating from the 12th century which are of exceptional rarity among English sculpture.[2][4] Other ancient treasures include the remains of a Roman mosaic pavement, which can be viewed through a glass window, and a set of thirty-eight medieval misericords, dating from 1330, which remain beneath the seats of the choir, despite the fact that other parts of the choir stalls are largely a Victorian reconstruction.[4]

Among the famous graves are those of the composer Gustav Holst and the Gothic "Arundel tomb", showing the recumbent Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel (1313–1376), holding hands with his second wife, Eleanor of Lancaster (1318–1372). The tomb was celebrated in the poem "An Arundel Tomb" by Philip Larkin. Leonard Bernstein composed Chichester Psalms for Chichester Cathedral.[14]

The cathedral contains many modern works of art, including tapestries by John Piper and Ursula Benker-Schirmer, a window by Marc Chagall, a painting by Graham Sutherland (Noli me Tangere), a sculpture and a font by John Skelton and a reredos for the St John the Baptist's Chapel by Patrick Procktor. Outside the cathedral stands a bronze statue of St Richard of Chichester by Philip Jackson.[14]

The Cathedral also contains a pennant presented to the Cathedral by Sir Francis Chichester, which hung on his ship when he circumnavigated the globe.

Dean and chapter

The dean is the Very Revd Stephen Waine.[15] He was educated at the University of East Anglia and Westcott House and was formerly the Archdeacon of Dorset from 2010.[15]

The precentor is Canon Tim Schofield[15] who was educated at Durham University and Christ's College, Cambridge. He taught music at Exeter School before his ordination. Before his 2006 appointment to Chichester, he held ministry positions in the Exeter and St Albans dioceses.[15]

Installed on 30 September 2007, the chancellor is the Reverend Canon Anthony Cane.[15] Cane was previously a chaplain at the University of Brighton, the Adult Training Officer in the Diocese of Exeter and Adult Education Officer for the Diocese of Chichester.[15]

The treasurer is the Reverend Canon Stephen Ferns, formerly Senior Chaplain to the Bishop of Chichester. Ferns was appointed in December 2015.[16]

Lay members of the chapter are Sara Stonor, Lesley Webster and Simon Bell, as well as David Coulthard who, as Communar, is an ex-officio member.

Music

The quire, facing westwards

The music at Chichester Cathedral is largely led by the organ and the cathedral choir, as there are services daily and on special days in the calendar. Outside the regular services the cathedral also supports all kinds of music both religious and secular.

Organs and organists

There has been organ music at Chichester Cathedral almost continuously since the medieval period, with a break during the Commonwealth. There are now five pipe organs of different sizes and styles at Chichester Cathedral, with pipes of the Main Organ dating to the Restoration, the Hurd Organ to the late 18th century and the three most recent organs, the Nave Organ, the Walker Organ, which is a small portable organ in the Baroque style, and the Allen Organ, an early example of a digital electronic organ, dating to the late 20th century.

The Lady Chapel

The earliest recorded organist of Chichester Cathedral is William Campion in 1543, and the earliest recorded master of the choristers is Richard Martyn in the 1550s. The role of "organist" has been combined with that of "master of the choristers" since 1801 — the first "Organist and Master of the Choristers" was James Target. Since the 1870s there has been an official appointment of an "assistant organist".

Several well-known composers, including Thomas Weelkes and John Reading, have served as cathedral organist. Anne Maddocks (assistant organist, 1942–49) was the first woman in the country to hold such a post in a cathedral, and Sarah Baldock (Organist and Master of the Choristers, 2008–14) was the second woman, after Katherine Dienes at Guildford Cathedral, to hold the most senior musical post in a Church of England cathedral.[17]

The current Organist and Master of the Choristers is Charles Harrison, and his Assistant Organist is Timothy Ravalde.

Cathedral Choir

Chichester Cathedral Choir consists of fourteen choristers, four probationers educated at the Prebendal School and six lay vicars who are professional musicians.

During school term the cathedral choir sing for eight services each week. As well as singing, choristers learn the piano and an orchestral instrument, spending at least eighteen hours a week on musical performance.[14]

The north transept. Gustav Holst's grave can be seen in the foreground

The choir regularly tours abroad and in recent years has visited France and Northern Bavaria (Bamberg, Bayreuth, Nuremberg and Wurzburg) and makes frequent visits to Chartres. In 2005, the choir made a tour to South Africa.[14]

Concerts and other music

There are visiting choirs who come from the diocese's parishes and elsewhere that sing in the cathedral from time to time. It is common for guest choirs to sing at Evensong during the week.[18]

The Royal School of Church Music holds some of its events in the cathedral, this includes the Diocesan Choir Festival when all the parish choirs of the diocese sing en masse in a service. To accommodate the large number of choristers, they are split over two succeeding Saturdays.[19] The music for the festival is currently directed by Charles Harrison.[19]

The cathedral hosts a variety of concerts, that along with those in the evening, includes a popular series of free ones, at lunchtime.[20] It provides a venue for visiting artists from across the world as well as those who are locally based, such as the Chichester Singers, who although an independent organisation, have since their formation in 1954, performed all their major concerts in the cathedral.[20][21][22]

The cathedral does not limit the music to just classical, it has hosted a performance by the rock band, Pink Floyd, who played at the funeral of their manager, Steve O'Rourke.[23]

Other performers, from the more popular end of the music spectrum, include Bob Geldof, Rolf Harris and The Hollies.[6]

Wildlife

The cathedral is a nesting site for peregrine falcons, which use a crenellated turret at the base of the spire. Three female and one male chicks were hatched in April 2009. During the nesting season live video of the chicks is shown inside the cathedral and on the website.[24][25]

In Season 1, Episode 10 of the BBC television comedy series Monty Python's Flying Circus, athlete Ron Obvious (played by Terry Jones) attempts to eat Chichester Cathedral right after failing to jump the English Channel.[26]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Its near neighbour, Portsmouth Cathedral, a parish church founded in the 12th century and raised to cathedral status in the 20th century, can also be seen from the sea.[7]
  2. ↑ The practice of separating the campanile from the main building is common in Italy, where ground movement is a problem because of both subsidence and earthquake.
  3. ↑ A restoration program had been started under the Dean Chandler in the 1840s. The project was to be completed by Walter Hook who took over as dean in 1849 . The project included the removal of a stone screen (known as the Arundel screen) that separated the choir from the nave. There was some discussion that its removal had caused the collapse of the spire. A more likely cause was thought to be that the spire's foundations had been subject to subsidence over the years and had become detached from the tower, leaving the tower freestanding. Also that the rubble cores of the columns holding the spire had become dust. Thus a weakened tower collapsed in the face of high winds.[9]
  4. 1 2 The spire was rebuilt on the original lines by Scott from drawings which had been made by Joseph Butler, architect to the fabric (1847–88).[8]
  5. ↑ The old Congregational Chapel closed between 1934 and 1938 and is now a clock museum run by the Clock trust.[11][12]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 John Harvey, English Cathedrals, Batsford (1961)
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Tim Tatton-Brown and John Crook, The English Cathedral, New Holland (2002), ISBN 1-84330-120-2
  3. ↑ Nikolaus Pevsner and Ian Nairn, Buildings of England: Sussex, Penguin Books (1965) (now published by Yale University Press) ISBN 0-300-09677-1
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Alec Clifton-Taylor, The Cathedrals of England, Thames & Hudson (1967)
  5. ↑ Daniel Defoe, A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724)
  6. 1 2 3 The Argus Cathedral troubled by many calamities, first published Monday 16 April 2007. Retrieved 29 October 2008.
  7. ↑ Pepin, David (2016). Cathedrals of Britain. Oxford: Bloomsbury Shire Publications. pp. 173–176. ISBN 1-7844-2049-2.
  8. 1 2 3 'Chichester cathedral: Historical survey', in A History of the County of Sussex: Volume 3, ed. L F Salzman (London, 1935), pp. 105-113
  9. ↑ Urban, Sylvanus (1861). "Fall of Chichester Spire". The Gentlemen's Magazine and Historical Review. London: John Henry and James Parker. 210: 526–529.
  10. ↑ Tatton-Brown, Tim (1994). "Destruction, Repair and Restoration". In Hobbs, Mary. Chichester Cathedral an Historical Survey. Chichester: Phillimore. pp. 148–153. ISBN 0-85033-924-3.
  11. ↑ "Time Machine". Clock Trust. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  12. ↑ "Congregational Chapel". Funtington Archive. Retrieved 12 April 2017.
  13. ↑ Banister Fletcher, A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method, Elsevier Science & Technology. ISBN 0-7506-2267-9
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 Chichester Cathedral website accessed 2 October 2010
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Who's who at the Cathedral". Chichester Cathedral. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
  16. ↑ "Chichester Cathedral Announces New Treasurer". Chichester Cathedral. 21 December 2015.
  17. ↑ Quiet revolution in the south
  18. ↑ "Visiting Choir Information". Chichester Cathedral. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  19. 1 2 "RSCM Sussex Events". RSCM Sussex. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
  20. 1 2 "Concerts". Chichester Cathedral. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  21. ↑ "Events at Chichester Cathedral". Chichester Cathedral. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  22. ↑ John Wheatley (15 March 2010). "REVIEW: Chichester Singers, Chichester Cathedral". Chichester Observer. Retrieved 13 September 2010.
  23. ↑ Richard Kay (20 November 2003). "Leaving in style.". Daily Mail (Subscription required). Retrieved 1 September 2012.
  24. ↑ Mid Sussex Times article on the Sussex peregrines. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  25. ↑ RSPB news piece about Chichester peregrines in 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
  26. ↑ Monty Python - The First Man To Jump The Channel, YouTube
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