Chełm

Chełm

Cathedral on Góra Chełmska

Flag
Coat of arms
Chełm
Coordinates: 51°9′N 23°29′E / 51.150°N 23.483°E / 51.150; 23.483
Country  Poland
Voivodeship Lublin
County city County
Established 10th century
Town rights 1392
Government
 • Mayor Wiesław Kociuba
Area
 • City 35.28 km2 (13.62 sq mi)
Highest elevation 153 m (502 ft)
Lowest elevation 80 m (260 ft)
Population (2015)
 • City 63,949[1]
 • Density 1,812/km2 (4,690/sq mi)
 • Metro 78,419
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 22-100 to 22-118
Area code(s) +48 082
Car plates LC
Website http://www.chelm.pl

Chełm [xɛu̯m] (German: Kulm, Ukrainian: Холм, meaning a hill) is a city and multiple (former) bishopric in eastern Poland with 63,949 inhabitants (2015). It is located to the south-east of Lublin, north of Zamość and south of Biała Podlaska, some 25 kilometres (16 miles) from the border with Ukraine. Chełm used to be the capital of the Chełm Voivodeship until it became part of the Lublin Voivodeship in 1999.

The city is of mostly industrial character, though it also houses numerous notable historical monuments and tourist attractions. Chełm's etymology stems from the Slavic word "cholm" - a hill, relating to the Wysoka Górka gord.[2]

History

Basilica of the Birth of the Virgin Mary in Chełm

The first traces of settlement in the area of modern Chełm date back to at the least 9th century. The following century, a Slavic fortified town (gord) was created and initially served as a centre of pagan worship. The etymology of the name is unclear, though most scholars derive it from the Slavic noun denoting a flat hill. The town's centre is located on a hill called góra chełmska. However, it is also theorized that the name is derived from some Celtic root. In 981 the town, then inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of Buzhans, was made a part of Kievan Rus', along with the surrounding Cherven Towns. According to a local legend, Vladimir the Great built the first stone castle there in 1001. Following the Polish capture of Kiev in 1018, the region became part of Poland until returning to Kievan rule in 1031.

In 1235, Danylo Romanovych of Halych granted the town a city charter and moved the capital of his domain in 1241–1272 after destruction of Halych by Mongols in 1240–1241. Danylo also built a new castle atop the hill in 1237, one of the few Ruthenian castles that withstood Mongol attacks, and established an Orthodox eparchy (diocese) centered at the Basilica of the Birth of the Virgin Mary. Until the 14th century, the town developed as part of that state and then as part of the short-lived Princedom of Chełm and Belz (see Duchy of Belz). In 1366, king Casimir III the Great annexed the region to Poland during the Galicia–Volhynia Wars. On 4 January 1392, the town was relocated and Magdeburg Law was granted with vast internal autonomy.

A Latin Rite Catholic diocese of Chełm was created in 1359, but its seat was moved to Krasnystaw after 1480.[3] Renamed as Diocese of Chełm–Lublin in 1790, it was suppressed in 1805, but since 2005 Chełm is nominaly restored and listed by the Catholic Church as Latin titular bishopric.[4]

The Orthodox bishopric entered communion with the see of Rome in the late 16th century as Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Chełm–Bełz, retaining its Byzantine Rite, but in 1867 it became part of the imperial Russian Orthodox Church, [3]and is now the Archdiocese of Lublin and Chełm of the Polish Orthodox Church.

The town was the capital of a historical region of the Land of Chełm, administratively a part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship with the capital in Lviv (Lwów). The city prospered in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was then that The Golem of Chełm by Rabbi Elijah Ba'al Shem of Chelm became famous, but the city declined in the 17th century due to the wars which ravaged Poland. In the 18th century, the situation in eastern Poland stabilized and the town started to slowly recover from the damages suffered during The Deluge and the Khmelnytsky's uprising. It attracted a number of new settlers from all parts of Poland, including people of Catholic, Orthodox, and Jewish faiths. In 1794, the Chełm Voivodeship was established. Chełm was one of the first towns to join the Kościuszko's Uprising later that year. In the Battle of Chełm of 8 June 1794, the forces of Gen. Józef Zajączek were defeated by the Russians under Gen. Wilhelm Derfelden, Valerian Zubov and Boris Lacy, the town was yet again sacked by the assaulting armies. The following year, as a result of the Third Partition of Poland, the town was annexed by the Austrian Empire.

Age of partitions

Łuczkowski Square

During the Napoleonic Wars in 1809, in the effect of the Polish–Austrian War, the town was briefly part of the Duchy of Warsaw. However, the Congress of Vienna of 1815 awarded it to Imperial Russia. The town entered a period of decline as the local administrative and religious offices (including the bishopric) were moved to Lublin. In the mid-19th century, the Russian Army turned the town into a strong garrison, which made the Russian soldiers a significant part of the population. The period of decline ended in 1866, when the town was connected to a new railroad. In 1875, the Uniate bishopric was liquidated by the Russian authorities and all of the local Uniates were forcibly converted to the Russian Orthodox Church. In the late 19th century, the local administrative offices were restored and in 1912 a local gubernia was created. During the Russian revolution of 1905 in the city was established the Ukrainian enlightenment society of Prosvita.

During the World War I in 1915 most of the Ukrainian and Russian population was evacuated to the Sloboda Ukraine and the Russian chernozem regions, after which percentage of the Polish population rose significantly. In 1918, following World War I and the end of imperial domination over Poland, the town became part of Lublin Voivodeship (1919–39) in the reborn Second Polish Republic.

World War II

Jewish cemetery in Chełm

On September 27, 1939 the invading Soviet Red Army occupied Chełm, but withdrew two weeks later in accordance with the German-Soviet Frontier Treaty. As early as October 7–9, 1939 the renamed city of Kulm was occupied by Germans forces.[5][6] On Friday, the 1st of December, 1939, at 8 o'clock, the local defenseless Jews were driven at dawn to the market-square ("Okrąglak" or "Rinek") surrounded by the fell German SS formations and local indigenous officials.[7] They were forced on a death march to Hrubieszów.[8][9][10] As of 1940, the German Reich established 16 forced labor camps in the new Lublin district and in 1942, during Operation Reinhard, the highly secretive Bełżec and the Sobibór extermination camps were built near the forced labor camps and conducted mass murder of Polish Jews, some of whom also formed the Sonderkommando.[11] Prisoners employed by forced labour were also local people from neighboring villages and towns of Chełm (also Khelm or Kulm in German), which was then connected to the main railroad line through a 40 km (25 mi) railroad branch line to further sites of industrialised mass murder. Almost all of the Jewish population was killed in the Sobibór extermination camp during the Holocaust in occupied Poland. Some survivors managed to find shelter in the Chełm Chalk Tunnels.

Following the 1941 Operation Barbarossa the Germans established a POW camp in Chełm, called Stalag 319 for the Red Army soldiers captured in eastern Poland and modern Ukraine or Belarus, on top of prisoners brought in from the West (mostly France) for the total of some 200,000 until July 1944. In three years, some 90,000 prisoners lost their lives there. The monument commemorating the victims of Stalag 319 was unveiled in Chełm in May 2009 in the presence of foreign diplomats.[12]

Also during World War II, from 1942 through to 1945 the city area was one of numerous locations of the Volhynian massacres by multiple domestic parties. The city and its environs were subject to massacres and revenge killings[13][14][15] between Ukrainians and Poles, Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.[16][17] As noted by historians Grzegorz Motyka and Volodymyr Viatrovych, the subject is highly controversial, because in 1944, Roman Shukhevych, leader of OUN-UPA issued an order to fabricate proofs of Polish responsibility for war crimes committed there.[18][19]

By the end of World War II, only a remnant of Chełm's Jewish population of c. 18,000 survived. They managed to emigrate to Israel, North America, Central America, South America, or South Africa.

Population

Wysoka Górka, medieval hill fort
Orthodox church

In 1921: out of a total population of 23,221 there were 12,064 Jews, 9,492 Roman Catholics (Poles), 1,369 Orthodox Christians (Ukrainian and Belarusians), and 207 Lutherans (Germans).

In September 1939, Jews constituted 60 percent (18,000) of the city's inhabitants.[20]

Sports

Notable people

"Wise Men of Chełm"

Jewish folklore makes fun of the Jewish residents of Chełm (Yiddish: כעלעם, Hebrew: חלם; often transcribed as Helm) as well-meaning fools. These stories often center around the "wise" men and their silly decisions.

For example: One Jewish Chełm resident bought a fish on Friday in order to cook it for Sabbath. He put the live fish underneath his coat and the fish slapped his face with his tail. He went to the Chełm court to submit a charge and the court sentenced the fish to death by drowning.

Most of these stories have become well-known thanks to storytellers and writers such as Isaac Bashevis Singer, a Nobel Prize-winning Jewish writer in the Yiddish language, who wrote The Fools of Chełm and Their History (published in English translation in 1973), аnd the great Soviet Yiddish poet Ovsey Driz who wrote stories in verse. The latter achieved great popularity in the Soviet Union in Russian and Ukrainian translations, and were made into several animated films.

Other notable adaptations of folklore Chełm stories into the mainstream culture are the comedy Chelmer Khakhomim ("The Wise Men of Chelm") by Aaron Zeitlin, The Heroes of Chelm (1942) by Shlomo Simon, published in English translation as The Wise Men of Helm (Solomon Simon, 1945) and More Wise Men of Helm (Solomon Simon, 1965), and the book Chelmer Khakhomim by Y. Y. Trunk.[21] The animated short film comedy Village of Idiots also recounts Chełm tales.

Allen Mandelbaum's "Chelmaxioms : The Maxims, Axioms, Maxioms of Chelm" (David R. Godine, 1978) treats the wise men less as fools than as an "echt Chelm" of true scholars who in their narrow specialized knowledge are nonetheless knowledgeable but lacking sense. The poetry of [Chelmaxioms] is supposedly the discovered lost manuscripts of the wise men of Chelm.

Relation to the Jewish textual tradition

While superficially Chełm stories seem light-hearted and trivial, they do emulate the interpretive process of Midrash and the Talmudic style of argumentation.[22] Born in the challenge of applying theory to practice, Chełm stories continue the dialogue between rabbinic texts and their manifestation or employment in the daily arena.[23] For example, in Yehiel Yeshaia Trunk's The Wise Men of Chelm; or, the Jews from the Wisest Town in the World, the protagonist Yoysef Loksh is attacked by three dogs, which he interprets as gilgulim, or transmigrations of Jewish souls. After subsequent analysis of the situation, the protagonist determines that the town's mezuzahs must be inspected.[22] While seemingly farfetched, this homiletic approach links the following text to experience:

"When dogs howl, [this is a sign that] the Angel of Death has come to town. But when dogs frolic [this is a sign that] Elijah the prophet has come to town"[24]

This interpretive progression born in biblical or rabbinic text is a defining characteristic of the aggadic, midrashic tradition.[25]

The Talmudic form and style of argumentation are brought to life intrinsically, as the Yiddish language is spotted with phrases of Talmudic origin, and in depicting scenes of intellectual discourse.[22] Just as the Talmud is structured as a "juxtaposition of oral arguments…raising all possible questions and solutions to a problem",[26] so are Chełm tales; this oral forum of questions and answers commonly surfaces in Chełm texts as a council of townspeople or elders sitting seven days and seven nights in theoretical argument.[23] Furthermore, the seemingly tangential questioning that is typical of the aforementioned Chełm council can be interpreted as a comedic hint at the vastness of Talmudic literature; the continuous raising of hypothetical situations, even regarding minute details, echoes the argumentative form of the Talmud. The combination of paralleled argumentation and linguistic commonality allows the Jewish textual tradition, namely Talmudic, to shine through Chełm folklore.

Politics

Biała Podlaska/Chełm/Zamość constituency

Most influential Members of Parliament (Sejm) elected from this constituency include: Badach Tadeusz (SLD-UP), Bratkowski Arkadiusz (PSL), Byra Jan (SLD-UP), Janowski Zbigniew (SLD-UP), Kwiatkowski Marian (Samoobrona), Lewczuk Henryk (LPR), Michalski Jerzy (Samoobrona), Nikolski Lech (SLD-UP), Skomra Szczepan (SLD-UP), Stanibuła Ryszard (PSL),[27] Stefaniuk Franciszek (PSL), Żmijan Stanisław (PO) and Matuszczak Zbigniew (SLD).

International relations

Twin towns – Sister cities

Chełm is twinned with:

References

Notes
  1. ↑ "Chełm". www.polskawliczbach.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  2. ↑ "Historia miejscowości - Informacje o mieście - Chełm - Wirtualny Sztetl". www.sztetl.org.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2 February 2017.
  3. 1 2 Halina Lerski, Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945 (ABC CLIO 1996 ISBN 978-0-31303456-5), p. 63
  4. ↑ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 868
  5. ↑ "Communal History - Chelm". Encyclopedia Judaica 1972, Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd. Chelmer Organization of Israel. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  6. ↑ "The Jews of Chełm & Escape from Borek Forest". Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team. www.HolocaustResearchProject.org 2008. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  7. ↑ Bakalczuk-Felin, Meilech and Moshe M. Shavit. "Preface". The History of the Jews in Chelm. JewishGen, Inc. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  8. ↑ Berkenstat Freund, Gloria and Ben-Tzion Bruker, Lazar Kahan, Y. Herc, Yitzhak Groskop, J. Grinszpan. "The Slaughter of the Jews in Chelm". Destruction of Chelm. 2013 by JewishGen, Inc. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  9. ↑ Meltzer, Rae and Dr. Philip Frydman. "The Beginning and the History of a Yiddish Community". The History of the Jews in Chelm. 2013 by JewishGen, Inc. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  10. ↑ Berkenstat Freund, Gloria, Irene Szajewicz and Gitl Libhober. "Witness Testimony by Gitl Libhober". DESTRUCTION OF CHELM. 2013 by JewishGen, Inc. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  11. ↑ Aktion Reinhard Camps. Sobibor Labour Camps. 15 June 2006. ARC Website.
  12. ↑ Jacek Barczyński (8 May 2009). "Obóz Stalag 319". Media Regionalne. Dziennik Wschodni. Archive.is. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  13. ↑ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 5, p. 264 Archived 11 September 2009 at WebCite Written by Ihor Ilyushin.
  14. ↑ Institute of Ukrainian History, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, Chapter 5, p. 266 Archived 11 September 2009 at WebCite Written by Ihor Ilyushin.
  15. ↑ Grzegorz Motyka, Zapomnijcie o Giedroyciu: Polacy, Ukraińcy, IPN
  16. ↑ "Orthodox New Martyrs canonized". The Byzantine Forum 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  17. ↑ Marples, David R. (2007). Heroes and villains: creating national history in contemporary Ukraine. Budapest: Central European University Press. p. 210.
  18. ↑ Motyka, Grzegorz (2011). Od rzezi wołyńskiej do Akcji "Wisła". Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 228. ISBN 8308045766. Sprawa dotyczyła wsi wymordowanych przez UPA.
  19. ↑ Jasiak, Marek. "Overcoming Ukrainian Resistance", in Ther, Philipp; Siljak, Ana (2001). Redrawing nations: ethnic cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948. Oxford: Rowman & Littfield. p. 174.
  20. ↑ Rosemary Horowitz. Memorial Books of Eastern European Jewry: Essays on the History and Meanings of Yizker Volumes. McFarland. 2011. pp. 73-74
  21. ↑ "The Myth of Chełm in Jewish Literature"
  22. 1 2 3 Rogovin, Or. 'Chelm as Shtetl.' Prooftexts. 29.2 (2009): 242-72. Print.
  23. 1 2 Krakowski, Stefan, and Aryeh-Leib Kalish. 'Chelm.' Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. 2nd ed. Vol. 4. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 588-589. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 5 March 2013.
  24. ↑ Talmud, Baba Kamma 60B
  25. ↑ Herr, Moshe David. 'Midrash.' Encyclopaedia Judaica. Ed. Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik. 2nd ed. Vol. 14. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007. 182-185. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 10 March 2013.
  26. ↑ Harshav, Benjamin. The Meaning of Yiddish United States of America: University of California Press, 1990. 112. Print.)
  27. ↑ Link in Polish with relevant pop-ups.
  28. ↑ "City Directory". Sister Cities International. Retrieved 25 March 2014.
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Coordinates: 51°08′N 23°29′E / 51.133°N 23.483°E / 51.133; 23.483

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