Chaharshanbe Suri

Chaharshanbe Suri

Charshanbe Suri in New York City, March 2016
Observed by  Iran
 Azerbaijan
 Afghanistan
 Iraqi Kurdistan
 Tajikistan
 Turkey (by Azeris and Kurds)
Type National, ethnic, cultural, historical, international
Celebrations Jumping over fire, fireworks
Date The last Tuesday eve before the vernal equinox
Frequency Annual
Related to Nowruz, Sizdah Be-dar

Chaharshanbe Suri (Persian: چهارشنبه‌سوری‎‎ Čahār-šanba(-e)-sūrī;[1][2][3] usually pronounced Čāršamba-sūrī[1]), also known as the Persian Festival of Fire,[4][5][6] is an Iranian festival celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday before Nowruz (the Iranian New Year).[7]

Name

Etymology

The name of the festival consists of the words Chaharshanbe, the Persian for Wednesday, and sur, which is a variant of sorkh (سرخ – sorx; "red") referring either to the fire itself or to the ruddiness.[1] It is commonly translated as Wednesday Light or the Red Wednesday. The colour red symbolizes good health and ripeness in Persian tradition.

Other local names

Variant local names of the festival include:

Kurdish: Çarşema sor‎, "Red Wednesday" (Sanandaj, Iranian Kurdistan)
Persian: چارشنبه سرخی – Čāršenbe Sorxi‎‎,[1] "Red Wednesday" (Esfahan)
Azerbaijani: چرشنبه بایرامی – Çərşənbə Bayramı,[8] "Festival of Wednesday" (Iranian Azerbaijan)
Azerbaijani: گۆله گۆله چارشامبه – Gülə Gülə Çərşənbə, "Goodbye Wednesday" (Iranian Azerbaijan)

Observances

Charshanbe Suri is a prelude to Nowruz (the Iranian New Year), and is celebrated with firework displays and the jumping over of fires.[1] Mixed nuts and berries are also served during the celebration.

Jumping over fire

The celebration usually starts in the evening, with people making bonfires and jumping over them (purificatory practices found also in the Celtic festival of Beltane).

The traditional poetic quote zardi ye man az to, sorkhi ye to az man is also sung, which literally means "my yellow is yours, your red is mine." This means you want the fire to take your pallor, sickness, and problems and replace them with warmth and energy. It is a purification rite, which is traditionally regarded necessary before the arrival of spring at the vernal equinox.[9]

tapping by spoons

The festival has also a custom similar to Trick-or-treating, in which people wear disguises and go door-to-door to tapping by spoons against plates or bowls and receive packaged snacks. The custom is called Qashoq zani (قاشق زنی – Qāšoq zani), translated as "tapping by spoons."

Historical background

Ancient origin

The origin of the festival dates back to at least 1700 BC, during the early Zoroastrian era.[10] Ancient Iranians celebrated the festival of Hamaspathmaedaya (Avestan: Hamaspaθmaēdaya), the last five days of the year in honor of the spirits of the dead, which is today referred to as Farvardigan. They believed that the spirits of the dead would come for reunion. The seven holy immortals (Amesha Spenta) were honored, and were bidden a formal ritual farewell at the dawn of the New Year. The festival also coincided with festivals celebrating the creation of fire and humans. In the Sassanid era, the festival was divided into two distinct pentads, known as the lesser and the greater Panje. The belief had gradually developed that the Lesser Panje belonged to the souls of children and those who died without sin, whereas the Greater Panje was for all souls.

Qajar period

custom once in vogue in Tehran was to seek the intercession of the so-called Pearl Cannon (Tup-e-Morvarid) on Charshanbe Suri. This heavy gun, which was cast by the Persian foundryman Ismāil Isfahāni in 1800, during the reign of Fath Ali Shah of the Qajar dynasty, became the focus of many popular myths. Until the 1920s, it stood in Arg Square (میدان ارگ – Meydān e Arg), to which the people of Tehran used to flock on the eve of Charshanbe Suri; spinsters and childless or unhappy wives climbed up and sat on the barrel or crawled under it, and mothers even made ill-behaved and troublesome children pass under it in the belief that doing so would cure their naughtiness. These customs died out when the Pearl Cannon was moved to the Army's Officers' Club, sometime in the 1920s. There was also another Pearl Cannon in Tabriz. Girls and women used to fasten their dakhils (pieces of a paper or cloth inscribed with wishes and prayers) to its barrel on the eve of Charshanbe Suri.[1] In times, the cannon had been used as a sanctuary for political or non-political fugitives to be immune to arrest or to protest from family problems.[11]

Sadegh Hedayat, Iranian writer of prose fiction and short stories, has a book with the name of this cannon, Tup-e-Morvarid, that criticize the old beliefs of Iranian folklore. The book points also to the origin of the Pearl Cannon.

Today, the Pearl Cannon is placed in the opening of the Building Number 7 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the 30th Tir Avenue, and the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran is still in argument with the ministry to displace the gun to a museum.[12][13]

See also

Notes

1.^ Chahar-shanbe, meaning "the fourth Shanbe," is the fourth day of the week in Iran, based on the Sunday-first convention.
2. There is also a Çarşemiya-sor festival celebrated by the Yezidis in Iraq, cf. A. Rodziewicz, And the Pearl Became an Egg: The Yezidi Red Wednesday and Its Cosmogonic Background, "Iran and the Caucasus", 20 (2016), pp. 347-367.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kasheff, Manouchehr; Saʿīdī Sīrjānī, ʿAlī-Akbar (December 15, 1990). "ČAHĀRŠANBA-SŪRĪ". In Yarshater, Ehsan. Encyclopædia Iranica. 6. IV. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 630–634. Retrieved March 15, 2016.
  2. ↑ Moeen, Mohammad, ed. (2002) [1972]. "چهارشنبه‌سوری" [Č.-šanba(-e)-sūrī]. Moeen Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Persian) (One-volume edition based on 6-volumes ed.). Tehran: Moeen Publications. ISBN 9789647603072.
  3. ↑ Mosaheb, Gholamhossein, ed. (2002) [1966]. "چهارشنبه‌سوری" [Čahār.Šanbe suri]. The Persian Encyclopedia (in Persian). 1 (2nd ed.). Tehran: Amirkabir. p. 811. ISBN 964303044X.
  4. ↑ "Culture of Iran: Festival of Fire". www.iranchamber.com. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  5. ↑ "Chaharshanbe Suri in Iran - The Festival of Fire | SURFIRAN". SURFIRAN - Iran Tours - Iran Travel Agency and Operator Travel to Iran. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  6. ↑ "Persian Celebration: the Fire one, Chaharshanbe Suri". Persiennes. 2016-03-15. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  7. ↑ Persian Fire-Jumping Festival, Alison Fu. ČAHĀRŠANBA-SŪRĪ. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
  8. ↑ ""چرشنبه بایرامی" سنتی کهن در آذربایجان/ سنتی که اسیر بدعت های نامبارک شد". Khabaronline. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 14 March 2016.
  9. ↑ Massoume Price, Chahar Shanbeh Soori, The Fire Festival of Iranian Peoples
  10. ↑ Massoume Price, Chahar Shanbeh Soori, The Fire Festival of Kurdish Peoples
  11. ↑ Encyclopaedia Islamica. Toop e moorvarid. (in Persian) Archived March 16, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
  12. ↑ © CHN (Cultural Heritage News Agency) of Iran (in Persian) Archived May 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  13. ↑ © CHN (Cultural Heritage News Agency) of iran (in Persian) Archived May 24, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
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