Charophyceae

Charophyceae
Chara fragilis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Archaeplastida
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Streptophyta
Division: Charophyta
Class: Charophyceae
Smith, 1938
Orders

Charales

Synonyms
  • Characeae Rabenhorst, 1863[1]

Charophyceae is a class (biology) of charophyte green algae. It is a basal Phragmoplastophyta clade as sister of another unnamed clade which contains the Embryophytes (land plants). Some botanists include Charophyceae and chlorophyte green algae in the plant kingdom.[2] Charophyceae are a class within the Streptophyta.[3][4][5] Current consensus treats Charophyceae as a class under division Charophyta, with Chlorophyta remaining a distinct division.[6]

Many of the complex traits related to sexual reproduction, photosynthesis, and other defining characteristics of plants evolved first in Streptophytes; analysis of cpDNA (chloroplast DNA), for instance, reveals that many characteristics of plant chloroplasts evolved first in the Streptophyte genera Staurastrum and Zygnema.[2][7]

Description

The thallus is erect with regular nodes and internodes. At each node there is a whorl of branches. The whole plant is calcified and Equisetum-like. The internodes of the main axis consist of a single elongated cell, in Chara the internodes are corticated covering the main axis. In other genera these are absent. Where there is a single row of cortical cells the cortex is referred to as diplostichous, where there are two rows of cortical cells it is termed triplostichous. The intermodal cells elongate and do not divide they be come many times longer than broad.[8]

Evolution

Below is a consensus reconstruction of green algal relationships, mainly based on molecular data. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Viridiplantae = green algae + Embryophyta


Chlorophyta


Streptophyta = Charophyta (+ Embryophyta)



Mesostigmatophyceae

Chlorokybophyceae


Klebsormidiophyceae


Phragmoplastophyta


Charophyceae



Zygnematophyceae

Embryophytes (land plants)

Coleochaetophyceae








References

  1. ↑ Rabenhorst, L. (1863). Kryptogamen-flora von Sachsen, pp. xiv, 282, 'Characeae'.
  2. 1 2 Campbell, N. A. & Reece, J. B. 2005. Biology, Seventh Edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco.
  3. ↑ Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. & Jahns, H. M. 1995. Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-30419-9
  4. ↑ Streptophytina
  5. ↑ McCourt, R. M., Chapman, R. L., Buchheim, M. & Mishler, B. D. “Green Plants”. Accessed 13 December 2007
  6. ↑ Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2007. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. AlgaeBase.org; searched on 13 December 2007
  7. ↑ Turmel, M., Otis, C. & Lemieux, C. 2005. The Complete Chloroplast DNA Sequences of the Charophycean Green Algae Staurastrum and Zygnema Reveal that the Chloroplast Genome Underwent Extensive Changes During the Evolution of the Zygnematales. BMC Biology 3:22
  8. ↑ Smith, G.M. Cryptogamic Botany. Second Edition. 1955.p 121-130. McGraw-Hill Book Company.INC.
  9. ↑ Leliaert, Frederik; Smith, David R.; Moreau, Hervé; Herron, Matthew D.; Verbruggen, Heroen; Delwiche, Charles F.; De Clerck, Olivier (2012). "Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705.
  10. ↑ Marin, Birger (2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or Independent Class? Phylogeny and Classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Complete Nuclear and Plastid-encoded rRNA Operons". Protist. 163: 778–805. PMID 22192529. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004.
  11. ↑ Laurin-Lemay, Simon; Brinkmann, Henner; Philippe, Hervé (2012). "Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data". Current Biology. 22: R593–R594. PMID 22877776. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013.
  12. ↑ Leliaert, Frederik; Tronholm, Ana; Lemieux, Claude; Turmel, Monique; DePriest, Michael S.; Bhattacharya, Debashish; Karol, Kenneth G.; Fredericq, Suzanne; Zechman, Frederick W. (2016-05-09). "Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov.". Scientific Reports. 6: 25367. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4860620 Freely accessible. PMID 27157793. doi:10.1038/srep25367.
  13. ↑ Cook, Martha E.; Graham, Linda E. (2017). Archibald, John M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Slamovits, Claudio H., eds. Handbook of the Protists. Springer International Publishing. pp. 185–204. ISBN 9783319281476. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_36.
  14. ↑ Lewis, Louise A.; Richard M. McCourt (2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants" (abstract). American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–1556. PMID 21652308. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535.
  15. ↑ Ruhfel, Brad R.; Gitzendanner, Matthew A.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Burleigh, J. Gordon (2014-02-17). "From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 23. ISSN 1471-2148. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23.
  16. ↑ Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G. B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah (2012-09-01). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–514. ISSN 1550-7408. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x.
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