Charles Gabriel Seligman

Charles Gabriel Seligman
Born 24 December 1873
London, England
Died 19 September 1940
Oxford, England
Citizenship British
Fields Anthropology, history
Alma mater St Thomas' Hospital
Known for Races of Africa (1930)
Influenced Bronisław Malinowski
E. E. Evans-Pritchard
Meyer Fortes

Charles Gabriel Seligman FRS[1] (24 December 1873 – 19 September 1940) was a British physician and ethnologist. His main ethnographic work described the culture of the Vedda people of Sri Lanka and the Shilluk people of the Sudan. He was a Professor at London School of Economics and was highly influential as the teacher of such notable anthropologists as Bronisław Malinowski, E. E. Evans-Pritchard and Meyer Fortes all of whose work overshadowed his own.[2] He was a proponent of the Hamitic hypothesis, according to which, some civilizations of Africa were thought to have been founded by Caucasoid Hamitic peoples.[3][4][5]

Life

Seligman was born into a middle class Jewish family in London, the son of a wine merchant.[6] He studied medicine at St Thomas' Hospital. After several years as a physician and pathologist, he volunteered his services to the 1898 Cambridge University expedition to the Torres Strait.[7] He later joined expeditions to New Guinea (1904), Ceylon (1906-1908), and Sudan (1909-1912, again in 1921-1922).

In 1905, Seligman married Brenda Zara Salaman, who accompanied him on many of his expeditions and who he credited in his publications.

From 1913 to 1934, he served as chair of Ethnology at the London School of Economics, where the Anthropology department maintains the Seligman Library in his name.[8]

Seligman was also a Fellow of the Royal Society.

Works

Hamites

Seligman is most remembered for his detailed ethnographical work Races of Africa (1930), which recognises four major distinct races of the African continent: Bushmanoids (Bushmen), Pygmies, Negroids, and Caucasoids (Hamites). The Hottentots, Seligman maintains are a mixture of Bushmanoid, Negroid and Hamitic.[9] As a staunch proponent of the Hamitic theory, in his work Seligman asserts that Hamitic Caucasoid North and Northeast Africans were responsible for introducing non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages (Berber-Cushitic-Egyptian) into Africa, as well as civilization, technology and all significant cultural developments. In his book, Seligman states his belief that:

"Apart from relatively late Semitic influence...the civilizations of Africa are the civilizations of the Hamites, its history is the record of these peoples and of their interaction with the two other African stocks, the Negro and the Bushmen, whether this influence was exerted by highly civilized Egyptians or by such wider pastoralists as are represented at the present day by the Beja and Somali....The incoming Hamites were pastoral 'Europeans' - arriving wave after wave - better armed as well as quicker witted than the dark agricultural Negroes."[10][11]

Following Giuseppe Sergi's (1901) classification of the Hamites, Seligman divides the Hamites into two groups: (a) "Eastern Hamites" and (b) "Northern Hamites". The former include the "ancient and modern Egyptians... the Beja, the Berberines (Barbara and Nubians), the Galla, the Somali, the Danakil and... Ethiopians". The latter branch includes the Berbers and the "Taureg and Tibu of the Sahara, the Fulbe of Western Sudan and the extinct Guanche of the Canary Islands".[12]

Seligman acknowledged varying degrees of Negroid admixture amongst the Hamitic groups, but emphasized throughout his major works the essential racial and cultural unity of the various Hamitic peoples. In his Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1913), he writes that the Northern and Eastern Hamitic "groups shade into each other, and in many parts a Negro admixture has taken place, nevertheless, culturally if not always physically, either division stands apart from its fellow."[13] The Hamites in general, and the Northern Hamites in particular, he asserted, have close "kinship with the European representatives of the Mediterranean race".[14] Drawing from Coon, Seligman also discusses fairer features observed amongst a minority of Berbers or Northern Hamites, such as lighter skin, golden beards and blue eyes. Races of Africa, however, notably questions the belief held by some anthropologists in the early 20th century that these fairer traits, such as blondism, were introduced by a Nordic variety.[15]

In addition, Seligman laid stress on the common descent of Hamites with Semites, writing that "there is no doubt that the Hamites and Semites must be regarded as modifications of an original stock, and that their differentiation did not take place so very long ago, evidence for this statement being furnished by the persistence of common cultural traits and linguistic affinities. Physically their relationship is obvious".[14]

Hamiticization

In his works, Seligman also discusses certain Negroid populations with notable Hamitic admixture and cultural influences, particularly within their ruling classes. He divided these communities into two groups on the basis of their degree of Hamitic influence or Hamiticization: (a) "Nilo-Hamites" or "Negro-Hamitic" (such as the Maasai, Bahima and Tutsi), who he thought to have considerable Hamitic admixture, and (b) Nilotes (such as the Dinka), who showed comparatively fewer Hamitic affinities.[13][16] Besides the foregoing, Seligman also asserted varying degrees of Hamitic influence in select other Negroid groups, such as some Zulu.[13]

Races of Africa

Races of Africa (1930) upon publication received positive reviews. It was considered to be the first major published work in English on the ethnography of Africa, widely regarded as an "ethnological classic".[17] The anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber in a review praises the book for its "vast amount of accurate information" in such concise form.[18] The first book edition was published by Home University Library and later in the same year by Oxford University Press, and was used in many universities, in history and anthropology classes through to the late 1970s.[19] Races of Africa was also revised four times, Seligman published a second revised edition in 1939, a year before his death: "Additions to the original edition published nine years ago include a note on the importance of the Boskop skull…an account of the Pygmies as described by Paul Schebesta and a slight alteration in the classification of the linguistic stocks of the Guinea Coast".[20] A third edition (revised) appeared in 1957, which was later reprinted by demand in 1959 and 1961. This edition is notable as it was "brought up to date" by over a dozen anthropologists, and was very well received.[21] A final revised edition was published in 1966 and the book was republished up to 1979.

Selected works

References

  1. ↑ Myers, C. S. (1941). "Charles Gabriel Seligman. 1873-1940". Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society. 3 (10): 626–626. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1941.0026.
  2. ↑ Gaillard, Gérald (2004). The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists. Peter James Bowman (trans.) (English translation of Dictionnaire des ethnologues et des anthropologues [1997] ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22825-5. OCLC 52288643.
  3. ↑ Wilson Jeremiah Moses. 1998. Afrotopia: The Roots of African American Popular History. Cambridge University Press p. 233
  4. ↑ Spöttel, M. (1998). German ethnology and antisemitism: The Hamitic hypothesis. Dialectical anthropology, 23(2), 131-150.
  5. ↑ Saul Dubow. 1995. Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa. Cambridge University Press, p. 86
  6. ↑ Barkan, Elazar (1992). The retreat of scientific racism : changing concepts of race in Britain and the United States between the world wars. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0521458757.
  7. ↑ Ian Langham (1981). The building of British social anthropology: W. H. R. Rivers and his Cambridge disciples in the development of kinship studies. London: Reidel.
  8. ↑ Hinrichsen, Yanina. "The Seligman Library - Seligman Library - About us - Anthropology - Home". www.lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-21.
  9. ↑ The Races of Africa, Oxford University Press, 1957, 3rd Ed. p. 23.
  10. ↑ Edith R. Sanders, "The Hamitic Hypothesis: Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective," Journal of African History, 10 (1969), 521-532
  11. ↑ C. G. Seligman, The Races of Africa, London, 1930, p. 96
  12. ↑ The Races of Africa, Oxford University Press, 1957 3rd Ed. p. 87.
  13. 1 2 3 C.G. Seligman, "Some Aspects of the Hamitic Problem in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan", The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 43 (Jul. - Dec., 1913), pp. 593-705.
  14. 1 2 Charles Gabriel Seligman, The Races of Africa, (Oxford University Press, 1967), 4th ed. p.62.
  15. ↑ The Races of Africa, Oxford University Press, 1957, 3rd Ed. p. 115.
  16. ↑ The Races of Africa, Oxford University Press, 1957, 3rd Ed. p. 141-155
  17. ↑ Reviews: R. W. Steel, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 124, No. 1, Mar., 1958, pp. 106-107; RAIN, No. 29, Dec., 1978, p. 1; A. W. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 76, No. 2, Aug., 1930, p. 169; A. Werner, Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. 5, No. 4, 1930, pp. 955-95.
  18. ↑ A. L. Kroeber and Wilfrid D. Hambly, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 33, No. 1, Jan. - Mar., 1931, pp. 112-114.
  19. ↑ The book was republished for the last time by Oxford University Press in 1979.
  20. ↑ Review by K. R. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 94, No. 2, Aug., 1939, p. 174.
  21. ↑ Review by Max Gluckman, Man, Vol. 59, Sep., 1959, p. 167.
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