Chara language

Chara
Pronunciation sʼaːra[1]
Native to Ethiopia
Native speakers
 13,000 (2007 census)[2]
Afro-Asiatic
None
Language codes
ISO 639-3 cra
Glottolog char1269[3]

Chara (alternatively Ciara or C’ara) is an Afro-Asiatic language of the North Omotic variety spoken in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region of Ethiopia by 13,000 people.

Status

Chara is geographically situated to the southeast of Nayi, west of Kullo, northeast of Mesketo, and northwest of Gofa.[4] Chara speakers live in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, in the Debub Omo Zone, on both sides of the Omo river.[5] Chara speakers are scattered in three villages in Ethiopia: Geba a meša, Buna Anta, and Kumba.[1] Native speakers may also speak Melo, Wolaytta (54% lexical similarity with Chara) to the east, and Kafa to the west.[5]

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Chara[6]
Labial Alveolar Palatoalveolar/
Palatal		 Velar Glottal
Nasal1 m n [ɲ]
Plosive Voiceless p t k ʔ
Voiced b d ɡ
Ejective pʼ tʼ kʼ
Implosive ɓ (ɗ)
Affricate Voiceless ts tɕ
Voiced dʑ
Ejective sʼ tɕʼ
Fricative [f] s ɕ, (ʑ) h
Approximant w j
Trill r
Lateral l

[p] and [f] are in free variation.[7] /ɗ/ only occurs in the word /jalɗa~jaltʼa/ 'crooked'.[6] Yilma (2002) found /ɓ/ to occur five times in around 550 lexical items.[7] He also found /ʑ/ occurring in two, both in the sequence /iʑa/.[7] Occurrence of /ɗ/ and /pʼ/ may be governed by dialectual variation.[7]

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Chara[7]
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open a

/a/ is realized as [ə] in unstressed word-medial syllables.[8]

Length is minimally contrastive.[7] Minimal pairs include /mola/ 'fish', /moːla/ 'egg'; /masa/ 'to wash', /maːsa/ 'leopard'; /buna/ 'flower', /buːna/ 'coffee'.[7]

Suprasegmentals

Chara has phonemic stress.[8] Examples: /ˈbakʼa/ 'to slap', /baˈkʼa/ 'empty'; /ˈwoja/ 'to come', /woˈja/ 'wolf'.[8]

Morphophonemics

Morpheme-initial nasals assimilate point of articulation to that of the preceding consonant, usually found when verbs are suffixed with the singular imperative morpheme /-na/, e.g. /dub-na/ 'to hit.imp' → [dubma] 'hit!'.[9]

Grammar

Morphology

Chara generally uses noun case suffixes and postpositions.[5]

Nouns are inflected for gender, number, definiteness, case, and possession.[10] These are all suffixes, except for the possessive.[10]

Gender pairs are usually lexical, except for a few with /-i/ in the masculine and /-a/ in the feminine.[10] Examples:[10]

/mansa/ 'ox', /mija/ 'cow'
/izi/ 'he', /iza/ 'she'

Nouns and adjectives inflect for plural with the suffix /-eːndi/.[10] Examples:[11]

/ina/ 'mother', /ineːndi/ 'mothers'
/dala/ 'while (sg.)', /daleːndi/ 'white (pl.)'

Definiteness in nouns is marked with the suffix /-naːzi/ (as an independent word meaning 'the male/man') for masculines and /-ena/ for feminines.[12] Adjectives take /-bi/ in the masculine and /-ena/ in the feminine.[12] Examples:[12]

/mansa/ 'ox', /mansanaːzi/ 'the ox'
/mija/ 'cow', /mijena/ 'the cow/
/karta/ 'black', /kartabi/ 'the black (m.)', /kartena/ 'the black (f.)'

Nouns and adjectives may be marked for nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, ablative, instrumental, or vocative case.[13] The nominative suffix is /-i/, accusative /-(i)s/, dative /-(i)ri/, genitive /-e/, ablative /-kaj/, instrumental /-ne/, and vocative /-o/.[13]

Chara pronouns[14]
Person Independent Possessive
(s) (pl) (s)
1 /tani/ /noːne~nuni/ /tareri/
2 /neːni/ /inˈti/ /nereri/
3 (m) /izi/ /itsendi/ /izeri/
(f) /iza/

Bound possessive pronouns: /ta-mija/ 'my cow', /ne-mija/ 'your cow', /iza-mija/ 'his cow'.[15]

Syntax

Chara is a subject–object–verb language.[5]

Adjectives end in /-a/ like nouns, and inflect for number, definiteness, plurality, and case.[16] In noun phrases adjectives precede their nouns, and are not inflected.[16]

Examples

Numerals 1-10[17]
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Chara issa: nanta: keza: obda: uchcha sa:fun la:pun nandirse biza: tantsa:

Notes

  1. 1 2 Yilma (2002:4)
  2. ↑ Ethiopia 2007 Census
  3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Chara". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  4. ↑ Yilma & Siebert (2002:4)
  5. 1 2 3 4 Chara language at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  6. 1 2 Yilma (2002:4–5)
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Yilma (2002:5)
  8. 1 2 3 Yilma (2002:6)
  9. ↑ Yilma (2002:7)
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Yilma (2002:8)
  11. ↑ Yilma (2002:8–9)
  12. 1 2 3 Yilma (2002:9)
  13. 1 2 Yilma (2002:9–11)
  14. ↑ Yilma (2002:11–12)
  15. ↑ Yilma (2002:12)
  16. 1 2 Yilma (2002:11)
  17. ↑ Numbers in Afro-Asiatic Languages

References

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