Chōshū Domain

Map of Japanese provinces (1868) with Nagato Province highlighted

Flag of Chōshū army during the Boshin war

The Chōshū Domain (長州藩, Chōshū han) was a feudal domain of Japan during the Edo period (1603–1867).^[1] It occupied the whole of modern-day Yamaguchi Prefecture. The capital city was Hagi. The name Chōshū was shorthand for Nagato Province. The domain played a major role in the Late Tokugawa shogunate. It is also known as the Hagi Domain (萩藩, Hagi han).^[1]

History

The rulers of Chōshū were the descendants of the great Sengoku warlord Mōri Motonari. Motonari was able to extend his power over all of the Chūgoku region of Japan and occupied a territory worth 1,200,000 koku. After he died, his grandson and heir Mōri Terumoto became daimyō and implemented a strategy of alliance with Toyotomi Hideyoshi. This would later prove to be a great mistake. After Hideyoshi's death, the daimyō Tokugawa Ieyasu challenged the Toyotomi power and battled with Hideyoshi's trusted advisor Ishida Mitsunari at the Battle of Sekigahara. Mōri Terumoto was the most powerful ally of the Toyotomi and was elected by a council of Toyotomi loyalists to be the titulary head of the Toyotomi force. However the Toyotomi forces lost the battle due to several factors tied to Mōri Terumoto:

• His cousin Kikkawa Hiroie secretly made a deal with Tokugawa Ieyasu resulting in the inactivity of 15,000 Mōri soldiers during the battle.
• His adopted cousin Kobayakawa Hideaki and his 15,600 soldiers betrayed Ishida and joined the Tokugawa side.
• After assurances from Tokugawa Ieyasu, Terumoto gave up the formidable Osaka castle without a fight.

Despite its inactivity, the Mōri clan was removed from its ancestral home in Aki to Nagato Province (also known as Chōshū), and its holdings were drastically reduced from 1,200,000 to 369,000 koku.

This was seen as a great act of betrayal to the Mōri clan, and Chōshū later became a hotbed of anti-Tokugawa activities. The origins of this were evident in the tradition of the clan's New Year's meeting. Every year during the meeting, the elders and the administrators would ask the daimyo whether the time to overthrow the shogunate has come, to which the daimyo would reply: "Not yet, the shogunate is still too powerful."

This dream would eventually be realized some 260 years later, when the domain joined forces with the Satsuma Domain and sympathetic court nobles to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. In 1865, the domain bought a war-ship Union from Glover and Co., an agency of Jardine Matheson established in Nagasaki, in the name of Satsuma Domain. They led the fight against the armies of the former shogun, which included the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei, Aizu, and the Ezo Republic, during the Boshin War. The domains' military forces of 1867 through 1869 also formed the foundation for the Imperial Japanese Army. Thanks to this alliance, Chōshū and Satsuma natives enjoyed political and societal prominence well into the Meiji and even Taishō eras.

Economics

The Chōshū Kiheitai fought against the shogunate in the Second Chōshū expedition and the Boshin War.

The initial reducing of 1.2 million to 369,000 koku resulted in a large shortfall in terms of military upkeep and infrastructure maintenance, despite which the domain remained the seventh-largest in Japan outside the shogunate-controlled domains. In order to bring the domain's finances out of debt, strict policies were enforced on the retainers:

• All retainers' fiefs were drastically reduced.
• Some retainers who were paid in land began to be paid in rice.
• Some retainers were laid off and encouraged to engage in agriculture.

Previously, as a result of high taxation, farmers secretly developed farms far inside the mountains as a private food source. A new land survey was conducted within the domain in which many hidden farms were discovered and taxed. The domain also began a strict policy with regard to trade.

Laws were also passed through which the profitable trade of the "four whites" was controlled by the domain: paper, rice, salt, and wax. Some of the profits, and a large amount of the tax revenue from this trade, went into the domain coffers.

These policies greatly strengthened the domain's finances and allowed the daimyo more effective control over his territory. However, these policies angered peasants and displaced samurai alike, resulting in frequent revolts.

Politics

Hagi Castle, the seat of the Mōri Lords of Chōshū

The capital of the domain was the castle town of Hagi, which was the source of Chōshū's alternate name of Hagi han (萩藩).

The domain remained under the rule of the Mōri family for the duration of the Edo period. Because the shogunate frequently confiscated domains whose daimyo were unable to produce heirs, the Mōri daimyo created four subordinate han ruled by branches of the family:

• Iwakuni han: 60,000 koku, ruled by descendants of Kikkawa Hiroie.
• Chōfū han: 50,000 koku, ruled by descendants of Mōri Hidemoto.
• Tokuyama han: 40,000 koku, ruled by descendants of Mōri Naritaka.
• Kiyosue han: 10,000 koku, ruled by descendants of Mōri Mototomo.

During the Edo period, the main branch died out in 1707, after which heirs were adopted from the Chōfu branch, which also became extinct in 1751. The family then continued through the Kiyosue branch.

The Mōri daimyo, as with many of his counterparts throughout Japan, was assisted in the government of his domain by a group of karō, or domain elders. There were two kinds of karō in Chōshū: hereditary karō (whose families retained the rank in perpetuity) and the "lifetime karō", whose rank was granted to an individual but could not be inherited by his son.

The hereditary karō were either members of minor branches of the Mōri family, or members of related families such as the Shishido and the Fukuhara, or descendants of Mōri Motonari's most trusted generals and advisors such as the Mazuda, the Kuchiba and the Kunishi.

The lifetime karō were middle or lower samurai who displayed great talent in economics or politics and were promoted to karō by the daimyō. One such person was the great reformer Murata Seifu.

List of daimyōs

• Mōri clan (Tozama, 369,000 koku), 1600–1871

Simplified family tree of the main Mōri line (Lords of Chōshū)

^[2]

Famous people

Middle Edo period

• Murata Seifū (1783–1855), conducted the Tempō reforms in Chōshū

Bakumatsu period

• Yoshida Shōin (1830–1859), educator and teacher of many reformers
• Takasugi Shinsaku (1839–1867), founder of the Kiheitai
• Kijima Matabei (1817–1864), swordsman, took part in the Kinmon Incident
• Kunishi Shinano (1842–1864), committed seppuku to take responsibility for the Kinmon Incident
• Kido Takayoshi (Kido Kōin) (1833–1877), Bakumatsu reformer

Meiji statesmen

• Chōshū Five
  • Itō Shunsuke, later Itō Hirobumi (1841–1909), first Prime Minister of Japan
  • Inoue Monta, later Inoue Kaoru (1836–1915), Meiji statesman
  • Yamao Yōzō (1837–1917), later studied engineering at the Andersonian Institute, Glasgow, 1866–68, Meiji statesman
  • Endō Kinsuke (1836–1893), Meiji statesman
  • Nomura Yakichi, later Inoue Masaru (1843–1910), "father of the Japanese railways"
• Yamagata Aritomo (1838–1922), Prime Minister and Field Marshal of the Imperial Japanese Army
• Katsura Tarō (1848–1913), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and three-time Prime Minister of Japan
• Terauchi Masatake (1852–1919), Field Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army and 18th Prime Minister of Japan
• Tanaka Giichi (1864–1929), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and 26th Prime Minister of Japan
• Aoki Shūzō (1844–1914), diplomat and Foreign Minister in Meiji Japan
• Shinagawa Yajirō (1843–1900), Home Minister in early Meiji Japan
• Sone Arasuke (1849–1910), politician, diplomat, cabinet minister, and second Japanese Resident-General of Korea.

Imperial Japanese Army personnel

• Ōmura Masujirō (1824–1869), "Father of the modern Japanese Army"
• Ōshima Yoshimasa (1850–1926), general in the Imperial Japanese Army during the First Sino-Japanese War
• Nogi Maresuke (1849–1912), general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and a prominent figure in the Russo-Japanese War
• Miura Gorō (1847–1926), lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army
• Sakuma Samata (1844–1915), general in the Imperial Japanese Army, and 5th Governor-General of Taiwan (1906–1915)
• Kodama Gentarō (1852–1906), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and government minister in Meiji Japan
• Oka Ichinosuke (1860–1916), general in the Imperial Japanese Army and Minister of War during World War I
• Arisaka Nariakira (1852–1915), lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army, inventor of the Arisaka Rifle

Imperial Japanese Navy personnel

• Tsuboi Kōzō (1843–1898), admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy
• Nashiba Tokioki (1850–1924), admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy
• Arichi Shinanojō (1843–1919), admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy, Chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff

Writers

• Inoue Koichi (pen-name: Inoue Kenkabō) (1870–1934), journalist and writer of senryū (short, humorous verse)

Entrepreneurs

• Aikawa Yoshisuke (1880–1967) Japanese entrepreneur, businessman, and politician, founder and first president of the Nissan zaibatsu (1931–1945)

See also

• First Chōshū expedition
• Satchō Alliance
• Second Chōshū expedition
• Boshin War
• List of Han

References

Further reading

• Bakufu seichō kiroku 幕府征長記錄 (1973). Edited by Nihon Shiseki Kyōkai 日本史籍協會. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai.
• Craig, Albert M. (1961). Chōshū in the Meiji restoration. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Huber, Thomas M. (1981). The Revolutionary Origins of Modern Japan. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
• Ogawa Ayako 小川亜弥子 (1998). Bakumatsuki Chōshū-han yōgakushi no kenkyū 幕末期長州藩洋学史の研究. Tokyo: Shibunkaku Shuppan.