Caesarea

Caesarea
קֵיסָרְיָה‎
قيسارية
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • standard Keisarya
 • official Qesarya

Modern town of Caesarea
Caesarea
Coordinates: 32°30′10″N 34°54′20″E / 32.50278°N 34.90556°E / 32.50278; 34.90556Coordinates: 32°30′10″N 34°54′20″E / 32.50278°N 34.90556°E / 32.50278; 34.90556
District Haifa
Council Hof HaCarmel
Founded 30 BCE (Herodian city)
1952 (Israeli town)
Area 35,000 dunams (35 km2 or 14 sq mi)
Population (2015)[1] 4,853
 • Density 140/km2 (360/sq mi)

Caesarea (Hebrew: קֵיסָרְיָה‎, Kaysariya or Qesarya; Arabic: قيسارية‎‎, Qaysaria; Greek: Καισάρεια; /ˌsɛzəˈriːə, ˌsɛsəˈriːə, ˌsiːzəˈriːə/)[2] is a town in north-central Israel. Located midway between Tel Aviv and Haifa on the coastal plain near the city of Hadera, it falls under the jurisdiction of Hof HaCarmel Regional Council. With a population of 4,853,[1] it is the only Israeli locality managed by a private organization, the Caesarea Development Corporation,[3] and also one of the most populous localities not recognized as a local council.

The town was built by Herod the Great about 25–13 BCE as the port city Caesarea Maritima. It served as an administrative center of Judaea Province of the Roman Empire, and later the capital of the Byzantine Palaestina Prima province during the classic period. Following the Muslim conquest in the 7th century, in which it was the last city to fall to the Arabs, the city had an Arab majority until Crusader conquest. It was abandoned after the Mamluk conquest.[4] It was re-populated in 1884 by Bosniak immigrants, who settled in a small fishing village.[4] In 1940, kibbutz Sdot Yam was established next to the village. In February 1948 the village was conquered by a Palmach unit commanded by Yitzhak Rabin, its people already having fled following an attack by the Lehi. In 1952, a Jewish town of Caesarea was established near the ruins of the old city, which were made into the national park of Caesarea Maritima.

History

Antiquity

Caesarea Maritima was built during c. 20–10 BCE near the ruins of a small naval station known as Stratonos pyrgos (Straton's Tower), founded by Straton I of Sidon. It was likely an agricultural storehouse station in its earliest configuration.[5] In 90 BCE, Alexander Jannaeus captured Straton's Tower as part of his policy of developing the shipbuilding industry and enlarging the Hasmonean kingdom. Straton's Tower remained a Jewish settlement for two more generations, until the area became dominated by the Romans in 63 BCE, when they declared it an autonomous city. The pagan city underwent vast changes under Herod the Great, who renamed it Caesarea in honor of the Roman emperor, Caesar Augustus.

In 22 BCE, Herod began construction of a deep sea harbor and built storerooms, markets, wide roads, baths, temples to Rome and Augustus, and imposing public buildings.[6] Every five years the city hosted major sports competitions, gladiator games, and theatrical productions in its theatre overlooking the Mediterranean Sea.

Caesarea also flourished during the Byzantine period. In the 3rd century, Jewish sages exempted the city from Jewish law, or Halakha, as by this time the majority of the inhabitants were non-Jewish.[7] The city was chiefly a commercial centre relying on trade.

Middle Ages

11th Century (Fatimid Period) jewelry from Caesarea
The Sacro Catino, a Roman-era bowl made from green Egyptian glass, later identified as the Holy Grail, brought from Caesarea to Genoa by Guglielmo Embriaco in 1101.[8]

The Muslim historian al-Biladhuri (d. 892) mentions Kaisariyyah/Cæsarea as one of ten towns in Jund Filastin (military district of Palestine) conquered by the Muslim Rashidun army under 'Amr ibn al-'As's leadership during the 630s.[9][10][11]

The area was only seriously farmed during the Rashidun Caliphate period, apparently until the Crusader conquest in the eleventh century.[7] Over time, the farms were buried under the sands shifting along the shores of the Mediterranean.

Nasir-i-Khusraw noted a "beautiful Friday Mosque" in Caesarea in year 1047, "so situated that in its court you may sit and enjoy the view of all that is passing on the sea."[12] This was converted into the church of St. Peter in Crusader times. A wall which may belong to this building has been identified in modern times.[13][14]

A portion of the Crusader walls and moat still standing today

Khusraw further noted that it "is a fine city, with running waters, and palm-gardens, and orange and citron trees. Its walls are strong, and it has an iron gate. There are fountains that gush out within the city."[12]

The Arab geographer Yaqut, writing in the 1220s, named Kaisariyyah as one of the principal towns in Filastin.[15]

Caesarea was under Crusader control between 1101 and 1187 and again between 1191 and 1265.[16]

In 1251, Louis IX of France fortified the city, ordering the construction of high walls (parts of which are still standing) and a deep moat. However, strong walls could not keep out the sultan Baybars, who ordered his troops to scale the walls in several places simultaneously, enabling them to penetrate the city. During the Mamluk era, the ruins of Caesarea Maritima by the Crusader fortress near Caesarea on the Mediterranean coast lay uninhabited.

Al-Dimashqi, writing around 1300, noted that Kaisariyyah belonged to the Kingdom of Ghazza

Ottoman period

In 1664, a settlement is mentioned consisting of 100 Moroccan families, and 7–8 Jewish ones.[17] In the 18th century it again declined.[18]

In 1806, the German explorer Seetzen saw "Káisserérie" as a ruin occupied by some poor fishermen and their families.[19]

In 1870, Victor Guérin visited.[20]

Caesarea lay in ruins until the nineteenth century, when the village of Qisarya (Arabic: قيسارية‎‎, the Arabic name for Caesarea) was established in 1884 by Bushnaks (Bosniaks) – immigrants from Bosnia, who built a small fishing village on the ruins of the Crusader fortress on the coast.[21][22]

Petersen, visiting the place in 1992, writes that the nineteenth-century houses were built in blocks, generally one story high (with the exception of the house of the governor.) Some houses on the western side of the village, near the sea, have survived. There were a number of mosques in the village in the nineteenth century, but only one ("The Bosnian mosque") has survived. This mosque, located at the southern end of the city, next to the harbour, is described as a simple stone building with a red-tiled roof and a cylindrical minaret. It was used (in 1992) as a restaurant and as a gift shop.[14]

British Mandate of Palestine

Qisarya

The Bosnian Mosque at Qisarya
Arabic قيسارية
Also spelled Arab al-Bara, Barrat Qisarya
Subdistrict Haifa
Population 960[23][24] (1945)
Area 31,786[23] dunams
Date of depopulation February, 1948[25]
Cause(s) of depopulation Expulsion by Yishuv forces
Current localities Caesarea

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Caesarea had a population of 346; 288 Muslims, 32 Christians and 26 Jews,[26] where the Christians were 6 Orthodox, 3 Syrian Orthodox, 3 Roman Catholics, 4 Melkites, 2 Syrian Catholics and 14 Maronite.[27] The population had increased in the 1931 census to 706; 19 Christians, 4 Druse and 683 Muslims, in a total of 143 houses.[28]

The Jewish kibbutz of Sdot Yam was established 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of the Arab town in 1940. The Arab village declined in economic importance and many of Qisarya's Arab inhabitants left in the mid-1940s, when the British extended the Palestine Railways which bypassed the shallow-draft port. Qisarya had a population of 960 in 1945,[24] with Qisarya's population composition 930 Muslims and 30 Christians in 1945.[24] In 1944/45 a total of 18 dunums of Arab village land was used for citrus and bananas, 1,020 dunums were used for cereals, while 108 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[29][30] while 111 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[31]

The Civil War began on 30 November 1947. In December 1947 a village notable Tawfiq Kadkuda approached local Jews in an effort to establish a non-belligerency agreement.[32] The 31 January 1948 Stern Gang attack on a bus leaving Qisarya, killed 2 and injuring 6 people, precipitated an evacuation of most of the population, who fled to nearby al-Tantura.[33] The Haganah then occupied the village because the land was owned by Palestine Jewish Colonization Association, but, fearing that the British would force them to leave, decided to demolish the houses.[33] This was done on February 19–20, after the remaining residents were expelled and the houses were looted.[33] According to Benny Morris, the expulsion of the population had more to do with illegal Jewish immigration than the ongoing civil war.[34] In the same month the 'Arab al Sufsafi and Saidun Bedouin, who inhabited the dunes between Qisarya and Pardes left the area.[35] Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi described the village remains in 1992: "Most of the houses have been demolished. The site has been excavated in recent years, largely by Italian, American, and Israeli teams, and turned into a tourist area. Most of the few remaining houses are now restaurants, and the village mosque has been converted into a bar."[36]

State of Israel

Dan Hotel

After the establishment of the state, the Rothschild family agreed to transfer most of its land holdings to the new state. A different arrangement was reached for the 35,000 dunams of land the family owned in and around modern Caesarea: after turning over the land to the state, it was leased back (for a period of 200 years) to a new charitable foundation. In his will, Edmond James de Rothschild stipulated that this foundation would further education, arts and culture, and welfare in Israel. The Caesarea Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Foundation was formed and run based on the funds generated by the sale of Caesarea land which the Foundation is responsible for maintaining. The Foundation is owned half by the Rothschild Family, and half by the State of Israel.

The Rothschild Caesare Foundation established the Caesarea Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Development Corporation Ltd. (CDC) in 1952 to act as its operations arm. The company transfers all profits from the development of Caesarea to the Foundation, which in turn contributes to organizations that advance higher education and culture across Israel.

Geography

Caesarea aqueduct

Caesarea is located on the Israeli coastal plain, the historic land bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa approximately halfway between the major cities of Tel Aviv 45 kilometers (28 mi) and Haifa 45 kilometers (28 mi). Caesarea is situated approximately 5 kilometers (3 mi) northwest of the city of Hadera, and is bordered to the east by the Caesarea Industrial Zone and the city of Or Akiva. Directly to the north of Caesarea is the town of Jisr az-Zarqa.

Caesarea is divided into a number of residential zones, known as clusters. The most recent of these to be constructed is Cluster 13, which, like all the clusters, is given a name: in this case, "The Golf Cluster", due to its close proximity to the Caesarea Golf Course. The golfcourse was built upon an ancient Arab town on the site of a loosely grouped Egyptian and subsequently Greek structures, with archaeological ruins. These neighborhoods are affluent, although they vary significantly in terms of average plot size.

Caesarea school

Rothschild Caesarea Foundation

The Ralli Museum in Caesarea

The Caesarea Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Development Corporation (Hebrew: החברה לפיתוח קיסריה אדמונד בנימין דה רוטשילד) is the operational arm of the Caesarea Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Foundation, whose goal is to establish a unique community that combines quality of life and safeguarding the environment with advanced industry and tourism.

Today, the Chairman of the Rothschild Caesarea Foundation and the CDC is Baron Benjamin de Rothschild, the great grandson of the Baron Edmond de Rothschild. Caesarea remains today the only locality in Israel managed by a private organization rather than a municipal government. As well as carrying out municipal services, the Caesarea Development Corporation markets plots for real-estate development, manages the nearby industrial park, and runs the Caesarea's golf course and country club, Israel's only 18-hole golf course.

Modern Caesarea is one of Israel's most upscale residential communities. The Baron de Rothschild still maintains a home in Caesarea, as do many business tycoons from Israel and abroad.

Economy

Caesarea is a suburban settlement with a number of residents commuting to work in Tel Aviv or Haifa.

The Caesarea Business Park is on the fringe of the city. In the park are approximately 170 companies. They employ about 5,500 people. Industry in the park includes distribution and high technology services.

The residential neighborhoods have a shopping concourse with a newsagent, supermarket, optician, and bank. There are a number of restaurants and cafes scattered across the town, with a number within the ancient port.

Infrastructure

Roads

Rail

Caesarea shares a railway station with nearby Pardes Hanna-Karkur which is situated in the Caesarea Industrial Zone and is served by the suburban line between Binyamina and Tel Aviv with two trains per hour. The Binyamina Railway Station, a major regional transfer station, is also located nearby.

Culture

The Roman theatre

The Roman theatre, located at the site, often hosts concerts by major Israeli and international artists, such as Shlomo Artzi, Yehudit Ravitz, Mashina, Deep Purple, Björk and others. Furthermore, the port has in recent years become home to the annual Caesarea Jazz Festival which offers three evenings of top-class jazz performances by leading international artists. Furthermore, the Ralli Museum in Caesarea houses a large collection of South American art and several Salvador Dalí originals.[37]

Sports

Laetitia Beck

Caesarea is the location of Caesarea Golf club, the country's only full-size golf course.[38][39] The idea for the Caesarea Golf and Country Club originated after James de Rothschild was reminded by the dunes surrounding Caesarea of Scotland's sandy links golf courses. Upon his death, the James de Rothschild Foundation established the course. In 1958 a Golf Club Committee was established, and a course was built. American professional golfer Herman Barron, the first Jewish golfer to win a PGA Tour event, helped develop the course.[40] It was officially opened in 1961 by Abba Eban. The Caesarea Golf Club has hosted international golf competitions every four years in the Maccabiah Games. The course was redesigned and rebuilt by golf course designer Pete Dye in 2007–2009.[41]

Notable residents

References

  1. 1 2 "List of localities, in Alphabetical order" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  2. ↑ "Caesarea" in the American Heritage Dictionary
  3. ↑ About the CDC Archived 8 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. 1 2 "Caesarea". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  5. ↑ Duane W. Roller and Robert L. Hohlfelder. "The Problem of the Location of Straton's Tower": 61–68. JSTOR 1356838.
  6. ↑ Crossan, 1999, p. 232
  7. 1 2 Safrai, 1994, p. 374
  8. ↑ Barber, 2004, p. 168. Mariti, 1792, p. 399. Marica, Patrizia, Museo del Tesoro Genoa, Italy (2007), 7–12. The object in question is a hexagonal bowl made from Roma-era green glass, some 9 cm high and 33 cm across. It was seized and taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1805, and it was damaged when it was returned to Genoa in 1816. Apparently the object was not immediately identified as the Holy Grail, but it is described as an object with miraculous properties in 12th-century literature, including the Historia of William of Tyre. It is unambiguously identified as the Holy Grail in the 13th century, by Jacobus de Voragine. Juliette Wood, The Holy Grail: History and Legend (2012).
  9. ↑ The conquered towns included "Ghazzah (Gaza), Sabastiyah (Samaria), Nabulus (Shechem), Cæsarea, Ludd (Lydda), Yubna, Amwas (Emmaus), Yafa (Joppa), Rafah, and Bayt Jibrin. (Bil. 138), quoted in le Strange, 1890, p.28
  10. ↑ Al-Baladhuri, 1916, pp. 216-219
  11. ↑ Meyers, 1999, p. 380
  12. 1 2 le Strange, 1890, p. 474
  13. ↑ Pringle, 1993, p. 170 -72
  14. 1 2 Petersen, 2001, p.129-130
  15. ↑ le Strange, 1890, p. 29
  16. ↑ Pringle, 1997, pp. 43-45
  17. ↑ Roger, 1664; cited in Ringel 1975, 174; cited in Petersen, 2001, p.129
  18. ↑ Petersen, 2001, p129
  19. ↑ Seetzen, 1854, vol 2, pp. 72–73. Alt:
  20. ↑ Guérin, 1875, pp. 321–339
  21. ↑ Oliphant, 1887, p. 182
  22. ↑ "Caesarea". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2007-10-22.
  23. 1 2 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 49
  24. 1 2 3 Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 14
  25. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #177. Also gives the cause for depopulation
  26. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. 34
  27. ↑ Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. 49
  28. ↑ Mills, 1932, p. 95
  29. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p. 183
  30. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 91
  31. ↑ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 141
  32. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 92
  33. 1 2 3 Morris, 2004, p. 130
  34. ↑ Morris, 2008, pp. 94–95.
  35. ↑ Morris, 2004, p. 129
  36. ↑ Khalidi, 1992, p.184
  37. ↑ "Caesarea". Weizmann Institute. Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
  38. ↑ Golf Digest magazine, May 2010
  39. ↑ "Caesarea". www.top100golfcourses.com. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  40. ↑ Herman Barron bio page on International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame website
  41. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 22 November 2008. Country Club – About

Bibliography

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