Pied kingfisher

Pied kingfisher
Immature male C. r. rudis
Uganda
female C. r. rudis
Gambia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Family: Alcedinidae
Subfamily: Cerylinae
Genus: Ceryle
F. Boie, 1828
Species: C. rudis
Binomial name
Ceryle rudis
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) is a water kingfisher and is found widely distributed across Africa and Asia. Originally described by Linnaeus in 1758, it has five recognised subspecies. Its black and white plumage, crest and the habit of hovering over clear lakes and rivers before diving for fish make it distinctive. Males have a double band across the breast while females have a single gorget that is often broken in the middle. They are usually found in pairs or small family parties. When perched, they often bob their head and flick up their tail.

Taxonomy and evolution

The pied kingfisher was one of the many bird species originally described by Linnaeus in the landmark 1758 10th edition of his Systema Naturae, who noted that it lived in Persia and Egypt. He named it Alcedo rudis.[2] The German naturalist Friedrich Boie erected the genus Ceryle in 1828.[3] The name is from classical Greek kērulos, an unidentified and probably mythical bird mentioned by Aristotle and other authors. The specific epithet rudis is Latin for "wild" or "rude".[4]

The pied kingfisher is the only member of the genus Ceryle. Molecular analysis shows it is an early offshoot of the lineage that gave rise to American kingfishers of the genus Chloroceryle.[5] The pied kingfisher was initially believed to be descended from an ancestral American green kingfisher which crossed the Atlantic Ocean about one million years ago.[6] A more recent suggestion is that the pied kingfisher and the American green kingfishers are derived from an Old World species, with the pied kingfisher or its ancestor losing the metallic colouration afterwards.[5]

There are five subspecies:[7]

Description

This is a medium sized kingfisher, about 25 cm (9.8 in) long with a white with a black mask, a white supercilium and black breast bands. The crest is neat and the upperparts are barred in black. Several subspecies are recognized within the broad distribution. The nominate race is found in sub-Saharan Africa, extending into West Asia. The subspecies syriacus is a larger northern bird similar to the nominate species (following Bergmann's rule).[8] Subspecies leucomelanura is found from Afghanistan east into India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Laos. The subspecies travancoreensis of the Western Ghats is darker with the white reduced. The subspecies C. r. insignis is found in Hainan and southeastern China and has a much larger bill. Males have a narrow second breast-band while females have a single broken breast band.[11][12]

Distribution

It is common throughout sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia from Turkey to India to China. It is resident, and most birds do not migrate, other than short-distance seasonal movements.[13] In India it is distributed mainly on the plains and is replaced in the higher hills of the Himalayas by the crested kingfisher (Megaceryle lugubris).[14]

The pied kingfisher is estimated to be one of the three most numerous kingfishers in the world; the other two are the common kingfisher and collared kingfisher. It a noisy bird, hard to miss.[13]

Behaviour

When perched the pied kingfisher often bobs its heads up and down and will sometimes raise its tail and flick it downwards. It calls often with sharp chirruk chirruk notes.[15] Unlike some kingfishers, it is quite gregarious, and forms large roosts at night.[16]

Feeding

This kingfisher feeds mainly on fish, although it will take crustaceans and large aquatic insects such as dragonfly larvae.[17] It usually hunts by hovering over the water to detect prey and diving vertically bill-first to capture fish. When not foraging, it has a straight rapid flight and have been observed flying at nearly 50 km/h.[18] In Lake Victoria in East Africa the introduction of the Nile perch reduced the availability of haplochromine cichlids which were formerly the preferred prey of these birds.[19]

It can deal with prey without returning to a perch, often swallowing small prey in flight, and so can hunt over large water bodies or in estuaries that lack perches that are required by other kingfishers.[20]

Breeding

The breeding season is February to April. Its nest is a hole excavated in a vertical mud bank about five feet above water. The nest tunnel is four to five feet deep and ends in a chamber. Several birds may nest in the same vicinity. The usual clutch is three to six white eggs.[21] The pied kingfisher sometimes reproduces cooperatively, with young non-breeding birds from an earlier brood assisting parents or even unrelated older birds.[22] In India, nestlings have been found to be prone to maggot infestations (probably by Protocalliphora sp.)[23] and in some areas to leeches.[24] Nest holes may sometimes be used for roosting.[15]

In 1947, British zoologist Hugh B. Cott noticed while skinning birds that hornets were attracted to certain birds but avoided the flesh of pied kingfishers. This led to a comparative study of edibility of birds and he suggested that more conspicuously plumaged birds may be less palatable. This suggestion was, however, not supported by a subsequent reanalysis of his data.[25][26]

References

  1. ↑ BirdLife International (2012). "Ceryle rudis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2012: e.T22683645A40559750. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22683645A40559750.en. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  2. ↑ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis (in Latin). Vol. I (10th revised ed.). Holmiae: (Laurentii Salvii). p. 116 – via The Internet Archive.
  3. ↑ Boie, Friedrich (1828). "Bemerkungen über mehrere neu Vogelgattungen". Isis von Oken (in German). 21. Col 316.
  4. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 97, 341. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
  5. 1 2 Moyle, Robert G. (2006). "A molecular phylogeny of kingfishers (Alcedinidae) with insights into early biogeographic history". Auk. 123 (2): 487–499. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[487:AMPOKA]2.0.CO;2.
  6. ↑ Fry, C.H. (1980). "The origin of Afrotropical kingfishers". Ibis. 122 (1): 57–74. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1980.tb00871.x.
  7. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2017). "Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers". World Bird List Version 7.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  8. 1 2 M., Kasparek (1996). "On the identity of Ceryle rudis syriaca". Journal für Ornithologie. 137 (3): 357–358. doi:10.1007/BF01651075.
  9. ↑ Woodall, P.F. (2017). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E., eds. "Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 25 May 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
  10. ↑ Pittie, A.; Dickinson, E.E. (2010). "Authorship of new names proposed in papers by Whistler & Kinnear, entitled 'The Vernay Scientific Survey of the Eastern Ghats (Ornithological Section)', during 1930–1937" (PDF). Indian Birds. 6 (6): 158–161.
  11. ↑ Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. pp. 266–267. ISBN 978-849655385-9.
  12. ↑ Peters, J. L. (1955). Check-list of the Birds of the World. Volume 5. Harvard University Press. p. 167.
  13. 1 2 Fry, C. Hilary; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1992). Kingfishers, Bee-eaters, and Rollers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 236–240. ISBN 978-0-7136-8028-7.
  14. ↑ Hutson, H. P. W. (1931). "The Birds of Hong Kong. Part 6" (PDF). Hong Kong Naturalist. 2 (2): 85–89.
  15. 1 2 Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. (1983). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 4 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 70–73.
  16. ↑ W.L., Sclater (1903). The Birds of South Africa. Volume 3. London: R.H. Porter. pp. 73–76.
  17. ↑ Tjomlid, Steinar A. (1973). "Food preferences and feeding habits of the Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis". Ornis Scandinavica. 4 (2): 145–151. JSTOR 3676115. doi:10.2307/3676115.
  18. ↑ Donald, C.H. (1929). "The speed of the Indian Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis leucomelanura". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 33 (1): 204–205.
  19. ↑ Wanink, Jan H.; Goudswaard, Kees (P. C.) (1994). "Effects of Nile perch (Lates niloticus) introduction into Lake Victoria, East Africa, on the diet of Pied Kingfishers (Ceryle rudis)". Hydrobiologia. 279–280 (1): 367–376. doi:10.1007/BF00027868.
  20. ↑ Douthwaite, R.J. (1982). "Changes in Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) feeding related to endosulfan pollution from tsetse fly control operations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana". Journal of Applied Ecology. 19 (1): 133–141. JSTOR 2402997. doi:10.2307/2402997.
  21. ↑ Hume, A. O. (1890). The nests and eggs of Indian birds. Volume 3 (2nd ed.). London: R.H. Porter. pp. 8–11.
  22. ↑ Reyer, Heinz-Ulrich (1984). "Investment and relatedness: A cost/benefit analysis of breeding and helping in the pied kingfisher (Ceryle rudis)". Animal Behaviour. 32 (4): 1163–1178. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80233-X.
  23. ↑ McCann, C. (1932). "Nestling of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis) attacked by larvae of parasitic fly". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 35 (4): 897–898.
  24. ↑ Humayun, Abdulali (1939). "Leeches attacking chicks of the Pied Kingfisher (Ceryle rudis Linn.)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 41 (1): 173.
  25. ↑ Cott, H. B. (1947). "The edibility of birds: illustrated by five years' experiments and observations (1941–1946) on the food preferences of the hornet, cat and man: and considered with special reference to the theories of adaptive coloration". Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 116: 371–524.
  26. ↑ Gotmar, F (1994). "Are Bright Birds Distasteful? A Re-Analysis of H. B. Cott's Data on the Edibility of Birds". Journal of Avian Biology. 25 (3): 184–197. JSTOR 3677074. doi:10.2307/3677074.

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