Cerulean

Cerulean
 
    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #007BA7
sRGBB  (r, g, b) (0, 123, 167)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k) (100, 26, 0, 35)
HSV       (h, s, v) (196°, 100%, 65%)
Source [1]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)
Cerulean (RGB)
 
    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #003FFF
sRGBB  (r, g, b) (0, 63, 255)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k) (100, 75, 0, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v) (225°, 100%, 100%)
Source [Unsourced]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

Cerulean (/səˈruːliən/), also spelled caerulean, is a colour term that may be applied to certain colours with the hue ranging roughly between blue and cyan, overlapping with both. It also largely overlaps with azure and sky blue, although cerulean is dimmer.

The first recorded use of cerulean as a colour name in English was in 1590.[1] The word is derived from the Latin word caeruleus, "dark blue, blue, or blue-green", which in turn probably derives from caerulum, diminutive of caelum, "heaven, sky".[2]

Use in artistic painting

Cerulean blue PB35
A sample swatch of cerulean blue hue oil paint. 'Hue' in this case means that other pigments have been used to mimic the hue of oil paint containing the original pigment.

In classical times, cerulean was used to describe blue pigments, particularly mixtures of copper and cobaltous oxides, like azurite and smalt. These early attempts to create sky blue colours were often less than satisfactory due to a limited saturation and the tendency to discolour in reaction with other pigments. When the pigment cerulean blue (shown in the colour box to the left) was discovered, it became a useful addition to Prussian blue, cobalt blue and synthetic ultramarine which already had superseded the prior pigments. See also Tekhelet.

Cerulean blue

Cerulean Blue
 
    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #2A52BE
sRGBB  (r, g, b) (42, 82, 190)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k) (87, 74, 0, 0)
HSV       (h, s, v) (224°, 78%, 75%)
Source [3]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

At right is displayed the colour cerulean blue.

The first recorded use of cerulean blue as a colour name in English was in 1859.[3]

Pigments through the ages shows a "Painted swatch of cerulean blue" that is representative of the actual cobalt stannate pigment. This colour swatch matches the colour shown in the colour box at right.[4] See also painted swatch and crystals of cerulean blue at ColourLex.[5]

Cerulean blue pigment

Cerulean Blue in oil, as a glaze left and the mass tone right

Cerulean blue was discovered in 1789 by Albrecht Höpfner.[6] Subsequently there was a limited German production under the name of Cölinblau. It was in 1860 first marketed in the United Kingdom by colourman George Rowney, as "coeruleum". Other nineteenth century English pigment names included "ceruleum blue" and "corruleum blue". The primary chemical constituent of the pigment is cobalt(II) stannate.[7][8][9] The precise hue of the pigment is dependent on a variable silicate component. The pigment is very expensive.

It is particularly valuable for artistic painting of skies because of its hue, its permanence, and its opaqueness.[10] Berthe Morisot painted the blue coat of the woman in her "A Summer's Day', 1879 in cerulean blue in conjunction with artificial ultramarine and cobalt blue.[11]

Berthe Morisot, A Summer's Day, 1879

Today, cobalt chromate is sometimes marketed under the cerulean blue name but is darker and greener (Rex Art colour index PB 36) than the cobalt stannate version (colour index PB 35). The chromate makes excellent turquoise colours and is identified by Rex Art and some other manufacturers as "cobalt turquoise".[12][13]

Other variations

Pale cerulean

Cerulean (Pantone)
 
    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #98B4D4
sRGBB  (r, g, b) (152, 180, 212)
HSV       (h, s, v) (212°, 28%, 83%)
Source Pantone TPX[14]
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

Pantone, in a press release, declared the pale hue of cerulean at right, which they call cerulean, as the "colour of the millennium".[15]

The source of this colour is the "Pantone Textile Paper eXtended (TPX)" colour list, colour #15-4020 TPX—Cerulean.[16]

Bright cerulean

Cerulean (Crayola)
 
    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #1DACD6
sRGBB  (r, g, b) (29, 172, 214)
HSV       (h, s, v) (209°, 94%, 49%)
Source Crayola
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)

This bright tone of cerulean is the colour called cerulean by Crayola crayons.

Cerulean frost

Cerulean Frost
 
    Color coordinates
Hex triplet #6D9BC3
sRGBB  (r, g, b) (109, 155, 195)
CMYKH   (c, m, y, k) (44, 21, 0, 24)
HSV       (h, s, v) (208°, 44%, 77[17]%)
Source Crayola
B: Normalized to [0–255] (byte)
H: Normalized to [0–100] (hundred)

At right is displayed the colour cerulean frost.

Cerulean frost is one of the colours in the special set of metallic coloured Crayola crayons called Silver Swirls, the colours of which were formulated by Crayola in 1990.

In nature

In human culture

Colour
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Computer software
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Music
Science
Television
Video games

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample E6.
  2. ↑ Cerulean, Online Etymology Dictionary
  3. 1 2 Maerz, Aloys John; Paul, M. Rea (1930). A Dictionary of Color. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 190; Colour Sample of Cerulean: Page 89 Plate 33 Colour Sample L9.
  4. ↑ "Cerulean blue". Pigments through the Ages. Retrieved 30 December 2011.
  5. ↑ Cerulean blue, ColourLex
  6. ↑ Höpfner, A., 1789, "Einige kleine Chymische Versuche vom Herausgeber", Magazin für die Naturkunde Helvetiens, herausgegeben von Albrecht Höpfner, Vierte Band, pp 41–47
  7. ↑ Cerulean blue (overview), Pigments of the Ages, Webexhibits.org
  8. ↑ History of Cerulean blue, Pigments of the Ages, Webexhibits.org
  9. ↑ Material Name: cerulean blue, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
  10. ↑ Pigments: Historical, Chemical, and Artistic Importance of Colouring Agents, JcSparks.com
  11. ↑ Bomford D, Kirby J, Leighton, J., Roy A. Art in the Making: Impressionism. National Gallery Publications, London, 1990, pp. 176–181
  12. ↑ Blue Artist's Pigments, PaintMaking.com
  13. ↑ blue watercolors, handprint.com (this is a cross-reference of colours grouped by colour index)
  14. ↑ Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Colour Finder and the colour will appear.
  15. ↑ "Pantone press release (1999) – Cerulean blue: the colour of the New Millennium":
  16. ↑ Pantone TPX Pantone Colour Finder—Type the word "Cerulean" into the indicated window on the Pantone Colour Finder and the colour will appear:
  17. ↑ web.forrett.com Color Conversion Tool set to hex code #6D9BC3 (Cerulean Frost):
  18. ↑ Slate
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