Catalan independence referendum, 2017

Catalan independence referendum, 2017
Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?
Location Catalonia, Spain
Date Expected: 1 October 2017.
Catalonia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Catalonia

In June 2017 a referendum on Catalan independence was announced by the Government of Catalonia for 1 October 2017.[1] The Catalan government’s decree officially calling the referendum is expected to be approved in the second half of August.[2]

The Government of Spain opposes any regional self-determination referendum,[3][4] maintaining that the Spanish Constitution does not allow for a vote on the independence of any Spanish region while also deeming it as illegal without its consent;[5][6] an interpretation also favoured by the not binding Catalan Statutory Guarantees Council.[7]

In the absence of constitutional grounds, the Catalan government invokes the right to self-determination for calling the referendum. However, the Council of Europe, when consulted by Carles Puigdemont, president of Catalan government, said that any referendum must be carried out “in full compliance with the constitution”.[8] So far, the Catalan government has tried but failed to get international support; in particular, Spain’s European partners see Catalonia’s status as a strictly internal matter.[8]

Following a constitutionality check demanded by the Spanish government, the Constitutional Court of Spain annulled the resolution emanated by the Parliament of Catalonia to hold such a vote.[9] The regional government of Catalonia, though, maintains that the vote will still be held; in this regard, on 9 June 2017, Puigdemont announced it for 1 October.[1]

The Catalan government plans to thwart legal action on behalf of the Spanish government by rushing a referendum law through its own parliament, by simple majority, in September[8] declaring that it will then follow a "Catalan-only" legality (as opposed to the general Spanish one). Spain’s deputy prime minister, Soraya Saenz de Santamaria, has responded that the state will strike down the referendum law right after it is passed.[8]

Background

The ballot was initially scheduled for no later than 17 September 2017, a result of an election pledge made by pro-independence parties ahead of the 2015 Catalan election (during the previous legislature, the Catalan government had held a non-binding "citizen participation process" about the question).

The election resulted in a minority government for the Together for Yes coalition (JxSí), which had won a plurality of MPs (62 of the 135 seats), plus conditional support from the 10 CUP MPs. Shortly after the government was formed, it resolved to hold a referendum on independence.[10][11][12][13]

2014 self-determination referendum

2015 regional election

Initiation of the Process of Independence Declaration

History

Demonstration for Catalan independence in 2010

On 24 January 2017 the Government of Catalonia held a privately organised conference [14] on one of the rooms of the European Parliament in its Brussels headquarters. The event, entitled "The Catalan Referendum", was promoted by Carles Puigdemont, President, Oriol Junqueras, Vice President, and Raül Romeva. It was attended by 500 people, among whom were MEPs, diplomats and journalists from the international media.[15][16][17][18]

Organization

The Catalan government’s decree officially calling the referendum is expected to be approved in the second half of August.[2]

Shortly after the referendum was announced, attention focused on the issue of the ballot boxes, since the Government of Spain is in charge of providing them, whereas for this not State-sanctioned vote, the Generalitat would have to put them in place, potentially risking prosecution for misuse of public funds. On 24 March, the Spanish Public Prosecutor's Office in Catalonia had already announced an inquiry to determine whether a referendum is in the planning.[19]

Tendering by the Catalan regional government for materials such as ballot papers and envelopes for a putative regional election in the region are thought by some to be an attempt to covertly organize the referendum.[20][21][22]

In terms of its organization, besides the unconstitutionality of the poll, the electoral roll is one of the main points in contention, since this is managed by the National Institute of Statistics, an autonomous organization placed under the jurisdiction of the government of Spain. To have access to its data, polls must have been authorized by the Spanish Congress, something which is out of the question in this case.[23] Without an undisputed access to the electoral roll, the results can be deemed unreliable. Similar difficulties could be met when it comes to the electoral commission to be formed for monitoring the polling and results.[23]

An official announcement by the Generalitat suggested that Catalan residents overseas willing to vote would have to register. By the end of June 2017, out of 285,000 Catalans living abroad and eligible to vote, 5,000 had registered.[24]

Tensions within the Catalan government

On July 3, president Puigdemont sacked his Minister for Enterprise, Jordi Baiget, who, in the face of the legal challenges, had just expressed doubts regarding the referendum taking place as envisioned by the Catalan regional government.[25]

Then, on July 14, Puigdemont proceeded with a cabinet reshuffle, replacing three additional ministers in his cabinet (the ones responsible for Presidency, Education and Interior) in a move widely seen as a removal of the remainder hesitant voices within his cabinet in regards to the referendum issue.[26]

On July 17, the Catalan police chief resigned without giving any reason. The regional police force is seen as key to enforcing any court orders sought by the central government challenging the secession vote.[27]

Additional isolated resignations have been noted among some of the high-level civil servants potentially playing a role with the vote's organization.[28][29][30][31]

Economic repercussions

As of August 2017 the spread between Spanish 10-year government debt and German bonds was close to its narrowest in seven years; however, since the start of July the yield on the Catalan regional government’s bonds had jumped by about 50 basis points,[32] signalling unease among investors in regards to the referendum issue.

Hardliners within the secessionist movement have threatened to call for a general strike in case the referendum eventually does not take place.[32]

Positions

Independence movement

Unionist movement

Opinion polls

On the 1 October referendum

Pollsters generally started using the proposed referendum question ("Do you want Catalonia to be an independent state in the form of a republic?") after it was revealed in early June 2017.[33]

The Opinion Studies Center (CEO) polled respondents on their intentions rather than asking them the actual referendum question. In its March 2017 poll, aside from asking respondents whether they would want Catalonia to become and independent state, it asked on their intent in the event of a referendum on the independence of Catalonia being called and organized by the Generalitat without agreement from the Spanish Government. In a July 2017 poll a similar question was proposed, with the difference that it asked on the actual 1 October referendum.

Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No Other/
Abst.		 Question Lead
Opinòmetre/Ara[p 1] 17–20 Jul 2017 1,000 41.9 37.8 4.2 16.1 4.1
GESOP/CEO[p 2][p 3] 26 Jun–11 Jul 2017 1,500 39.0 23.5 23.0 14.5 15.5
NC Report/La Razón[p 4][p 5] 29 Jun–1 Jul 2017 800 44.0 48.6 — 7.4 4.6
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 6] 23–29 Jun 2017 ? 42.5 37.6 10.2 9.7 4.9
DYM/El Confidencial[p 7] 22–28 Jun 2017 531 47.0 44.4 — 8.6 2.6
Opinòmetre/Ara[p 8] 12–15 Jun 2017 1,000 42.3 38.9 6.0 12.8 3.4
GESOP/CEO[p 9] 6–21 Mar 2017 1,500 43.3 22.2 28.6 5.9 21.1

On the independence issue

Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No Other/
Abst.		 Question Lead Question
GESOP/CEO[p 2] 26 Jun–11 Jul 2017 1,500 41.1 49.4 — 9.5 8.3 [upper-roman 1]
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 10] 7–12 Apr 2017 601 41.9 39.7 9.1 9.3 2.2 [upper-roman 2]
GESOP/CEO[p 9] 6–21 Mar 2017 1,500 44.3 48.5 — 7.2 4.2 [upper-roman 1]
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 11] 2–5 Jan 2017 601 42.3 41.9 5.9 9.9 0.4 [upper-roman 2]
NC Report/La Razón[p 12][p 13] 16–23 Dec 2016 1,000 44.8 47.2 — 8.0 2.4 [upper-roman 3]
DYM/CEO[p 14] 12–17 Dec 2016 1,047 45.3 46.8 — 7.8 1.5 [upper-roman 1]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 15] 12–14 Dec 2016 800 48.9 40.3 2.4 8.5 8.6 [upper-roman 4]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 16] 17 Oct–3 Nov 2016 1,500 44.9 45.1 — 9.9 0.2 [upper-roman 1]
GESOP/ICPS[p 17] 26 Sep–17 Oct 2016 1,200 46.6 33.8 15.0 4.7 10.2 [upper-roman 5]
NC Report/La Razón[p 18] 2–6 Aug 2016 1,255 41.3 43.2 — 15.5 1.9 [upper-roman 6]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 19] 28 Jun–13 Jul 2016 1,500 47.7 42.4 — 10.0 5.3 [upper-roman 1]
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 20] 13–16 Jun 2016 800 48.4 35.3 7.7 8.6 13.1 [upper-roman 2]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 21] 22 Feb–8 Mar 2016 1,500 45.3 45.5 — 9.2 0.2 [upper-roman 1]
NC Report/La Razón[p 22][p 23] 28–31 Dec 2015 1,255 44.1 49.7 — 6.2 5.6 [upper-roman 7]
DYM/El Confidencial[p 24] 30 Nov–3 Dec 2015 504 37.0 54.0 — 9.0 17.0 [upper-roman 8]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 25] 20–27 Nov 2015 1,000 45.5 48.7 — 5.2 3.2 [upper-roman 9]
GESOP/CEO[p 26] 16–23 Nov 2015 1,050 46.6 48.2 — 5.2 1.6 [upper-roman 1]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 27] 5–27 Oct 2015 2,000 46.7 47.8 — 5.6 1.1 [upper-roman 1]
2015 Catalan regional election
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 28] 14–17 Sep 2015 1,000 45.2 45.9 — 8.9 0.7 [upper-roman 9]
Metroscopia/El País[p 29] 14–16 Sep 2015 2,000 45.0 46.0 — 9.0 1.0 [upper-roman 10]
DYM/El Confidencial[p 30] 14–16 Sep 2015 1,157 50.0 42.0 — 8.0 8.0 [upper-roman 8]
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 31][p 32] 31 Aug–3 Sep 2015 1,400 44.4 46.2 — 9.4 1.8 [upper-roman 11]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 33] 6–9 Jul 2015 1,000 44.5 48.4 — 7.1 3.9 [upper-roman 12]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 34] 2–24 Jun 2015 2,000 42.9 50.0 — 7.1 7.1 [upper-roman 1]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 35] 27–29 Apr 2015 1,000 43.7 47.9 — 8.3 4.2 [upper-roman 12]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 36] 9 Feb–2 Mar 2015 2,000 44.1 48.0 — 7.8 3.9 [upper-roman 1]
DYM/CEO[p 37] 9–13 Dec 2014 1,100 44.5 45.3 — 10.3 0.8 [upper-roman 1]
GESOP/ICPS[p 38] 12 Nov–6 Dec 2014 1,200 49.9 27.4 18.8 4.1 22.5 [upper-roman 5]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 39] 1–4 Dec 2014 1,000 47.4 42.9 — 9.7 4.5 [upper-roman 12]
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 40] 17–20 Nov 2014 1,000 35.7 44.7 9.6 10.0 9.0 [upper-roman 1]
2014 Catalan self-determination referendum
GESOP/8tv[p 41] 30 October 2014 1,600 46.2 38.0 — 15.8 8.2 [upper-roman 1]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 42] 29 Sep–23 Oct 2014 2,000 49.4 32.3 8.4 10.0 17.1 [upper-roman 1]
Sigma Dos/El Mundo[p 43] 26–29 Aug 2014 ? 34.0 39.5 — 19.2 5.5 [upper-roman 1]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 44] 30 Apr–8 May 2014 577 43.4 43.5 — 13.4 0.1 [upper-roman 1]
Opinòmetre/CEO[p 45] 24 Mar–15 Apr 2014 2,000 47.2 27.9 12.4 12.6 19.3 [upper-roman 1]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 46] 26–28 Feb 2014 800 46.1 36.3 — 17.6 9.8 [upper-roman 1]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 47] 12–13 Dec 2013 800 44.1 36.2 — 19.7 7.9 [upper-roman 1]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 48] 16–19 Nov 2013 1,000 44.9 45.0 — 10.1 0.1 [upper-roman 1]
GESOP/CEO[p 49] 4–14 Nov 2013 2,000 54.7 22.1 17.0 6.3 32.6 [upper-roman 5]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 50] 16–18 Oct 2013 800 53.3 41.5 — 5.3 11.8 [upper-roman 13]
GESOP/ICPS[p 51] 25 Sep–10 Oct 2013 800 48.6 25.2 21.9 4.3 23.4 [upper-roman 5]
GESOP/CEO[p 52] 31 May–13 Jun 2013 2,000 55.6 23.4 15.9 5.1 32.2 [upper-roman 5]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 53] 28–31 May 2013 800 57.8 36.0 — 6.3 21.8 [upper-roman 13]
GESOP/CEO[p 54] 4–14 Feb 2013 2,000 54.7 20.7 18.1 6.4 34.0 [upper-roman 5]
GESOP/El Periódico[p 55] 14–16 Jan 2013 800 56.9 35.0 — 8.2 21.9 [upper-roman 13]
GESOP/ICPS[p 56] 27 Nov–20 Dec 2012 1,200 49.2 29.2 15.1 6.5 20.0 [upper-roman 5]
2012 Catalan regional election
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 57] 12–16 Nov 2012 1,000 47.5 40.2 — 10.1 7.3 [upper-roman 14]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 58] 6–9 Nov 2012 1,000 47.9 39.9 — 10.2 8.0 [upper-roman 14]
DYM/CEO[p 59] 22–30 Oct 2012 2,500 57.0 20.5 14.9 7.7 36.5 [upper-roman 5]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 60] 22–26 Oct 2012 1,000 52.8 35.4 — 9.7 17.4 [upper-roman 14]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 61] 8–11 Oct 2012 1,000 54.3 33.1 — 10.1 21.2 [upper-roman 14]
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 62] 21–27 Sep 2012 1,200 54.8 33.5 — 10.2 21.3 [upper-roman 14]
DYM/CEO[p 63] 4–18 Jun 2012 2,500 51.1 21.1 22.1 5.8 30.0 [upper-roman 5]
DYM/CEO[p 64] 6–21 Feb 2012 2,500 44.6 24.7 25.2 5.5 19.9 [upper-roman 5]
GESOP/ICPS[p 65] 19 Sep–27 Oct 2011 2,000 43.7 25.1 23.2 8.0 18.6 [upper-roman 5]
GESOP/CEO[p 66] 29 Sep–13 Oct 2011 2,500 45.4 24.7 24.4 5.6 20.7 [upper-roman 5]
GESOP/CEO[p 67] 2–17 Jun 2011 2,500 42.9 28.2 23.8 5.2 14.7 [upper-roman 5]
Noxa/La Vanguardia[p 68] 1–2 Sep 2010 800 40.0 45.0 10.0 5.0 5.0 [upper-roman 15]
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state?"
  2. 1 2 3 "If a legal referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what do you think your vote would be?"
  3. ↑ "What would you vote in a referendum on the independence of Catalonia?"
  4. ↑ "If you went out to vote, would you vote Yes or No to independence?"
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "If tomorrow a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you do?"
  6. ↑ "Do you declare yourself independentist?"
  7. ↑ "Do you favour Catalonia's independence?"
  8. 1 2 "Do you think Catalonia should separate from Spain and become an independent state?"
  9. 1 2 "If a legal referendum was held, do you think you would vote For or Against Catalonia becoming an independent state?"
  10. ↑ "If a negotiated and fully legal referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would be your likeliest vote?"
  11. ↑ "Do you support Catalonia going independent?"
  12. 1 2 3 "If a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what do you think your vote would be?"
  13. 1 2 3 "Would you agree on Catalonia separating itself from Spain and becoming a new state within the EU?"
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "If a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you vote?"
  15. ↑ "If tomorrow a referendum on the independence of Catalonia was held, what would you vote?"

On whether a legally binding referendum should be held

Polling firm/Commissioner Fieldwork date Sample size Yes No Question Notes
GESOP/El Periódico[p 69] 19–22 Feb 2017 ? 71.9 26.1 2.0 On the State allowing a referendum
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 11] 13–16 Jun 2016 800 76.6 19.7 3.6
NC Report/La Razón[p 12][p 13] 16–23 Dec 2016 1,000 51.1 40.7 8.2 On holding a 9N-style referendum
GESOP/El Periódico[p 15] 12–14 Dec 2016 800 84.6 13.8 1.6
49.6 48.8 1.6 On holding a not legal referendum
NC Report/La Razón[p 18] 2–6 Aug 2016 1,255 52.0 35.1 12.9 On agreeing a referendum with the State
GAD3/La Vanguardia[p 20] 13–16 Jun 2016 800 75.7 20.6 3.7
DYM/El Confidencial[p 24] 30 Nov–3 Dec 2015 504 69.0 26.0 5.0 On the need of holding a referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 25] 20–27 Nov 2015 1,000 78.8 19.9 1.3
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 28] 14–17 Sep 2015 1,000 79.2 18.6 2.2
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 33] 6–9 Jul 2015 1,000 79.8 19.4 0.8
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 35] 27–29 Apr 2015 1,000 79.1 19.4 1.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 39] 1–4 Dec 2014 1,000 83.9 14.5 1.6
NC Report/La Razón[p 70] 13–15 Nov 2014 ? 54.3 39.9 5.8 On holding an agreed referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 44] 30 Apr–8 May 2014 577 74.0 24.6 1.4
GESOP/El Periódico[p 47] 12–13 Dec 2013 800 73.6 20.0 6.4 On the State authorizing the 9N referendum
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 48] 16–19 Nov 2013 1,000 73.5 23.6 2.9
GESOP/El Periódico[p 53] 28–31 May 2013 800 75.1 20.8 4.2 On the Government of Spain authorizing a referendum
69.6 25.8 2.3 On holding a referendum
GESOP/El Periódico[p 55] 14–16 Jan 2013 800 62.9 30.5 6.6 On holding a referendum even with the State's opposition
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 57] 12–16 Nov 2012 1,000 73.4 24.1 2.5
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 58] 6–9 Nov 2012 1,000 73.6 24.0 2.4
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 60] 22–26 Oct 2012 1,000 81.5 17.5 1.0
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 61] 8–11 Oct 2012 1,000 81.7 17.6 0.7
Feedback/La Vanguardia[p 62] 21–27 Sep 2012 1,200 83.9 14.9 1.2

Opinion poll sources

  1. ↑ "La pressió de l’Estat no fa perdre suports a l’1-O ni a la independència". Ara (in Catalan). 24 July 2017.
  2. 1 2 "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 2a onada 2017" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 21 July 2017.
  3. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 2a onada 2017 - REO 857" [Political Opinion Barometer. 2nd wave 2017 - REO 857]. CEO (in Catalan, Spanish, and English). 21 July 2017.
  4. ↑ "Referéndum: La mayoría dice no a la «república catalana»". La Razón (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
  5. ↑ "Encuesta NC Report". La Razón (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
  6. ↑ "El 54% de los catalanes está dispuesto a participar en una consulta unilateral". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 July 2017.
  7. ↑ "El 65,4% de los catalanes que han decidido ir a las urnas el 1-O votará sí a la independencia". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 3 July 2017.
  8. ↑ "Primera encuesta sobre el referéndum catalán: participación del 64% y ventaja para el 'sí'". Ara (in Spanish). 18 June 2017.
  9. 1 2 "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política. 1a onada 2017" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 30 March 2017.
  10. ↑ "El referéndum unilateral pierde apoyos frente a la consulta acordada". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 17 April 2017.
  11. 1 2 "La mayoría quiere un referéndum pactado y descarta la unilateralidad". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 9 January 2017.
  12. 1 2 "El 82,2% aprueba la oferta de diálogo del Gobierno a la Generalitat". La Razón (in Spanish). 27 December 2016.
  13. 1 2 "Apoyo a más financiación y mayor autogobierno" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 27 December 2016.
  14. ↑ "Enquesta sobre context polític a Catalunya. 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 29 December 2016.
  15. 1 2 "El referéndum unilateral de independencia divide a los catalanes". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 17 December 2016.
  16. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 39. 3a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 18 November 2016.
  17. ↑ "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2016" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 17 October 2016.
  18. 1 2 "La mitad de los catalanes cree que el Parlament se someterá al TC". La Razón (in Spanish). 12 August 2016.
  19. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 38. 2a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 22 July 2016.
  20. 1 2 "La mayoría apuesta por mejorar el autogobierno y aparcar la separación". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 19 June 2016.
  21. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 37. 1a onada 2016" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 18 March 2016.
  22. ↑ "La gran mayoría de los catalanes pide no apoyar a Mas". La Razón (in Spanish). 3 January 2016.
  23. ↑ "¿Cree que se deberían repetir las elecciones al Parlament de Cataluña?" (PDF). La Razón (in Spanish). 3 January 2016.
  24. 1 2 "Ciudadanos disputaría la victoria a ERC si se adelantan las elecciones en Cataluña". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 6 December 2015.
  25. 1 2 "El no a la independencia vuelve a cobrar ventaja". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 29 November 2015.
  26. ↑ "Enquesta sobre context polític a Catalunya. 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 2 December 2015.
  27. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 36. 3a onada 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 13 November 2015.
  28. 1 2 "Empate técnico entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 20 September 2015.
  29. ↑ "Intención de voto en Cataluña". El País (in Spanish). 18 September 2015.
  30. ↑ "Sólo un 16% de catalanes cree que una declaración de independencia es la solución". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 19 September 2015.
  31. ↑ "Un 46% de los catalanes, en contra de la independencia". El Mundo (in Spanish). 7 September 2015.
  32. ↑ "La cuestión independentista". El Mundo (in Spanish). 7 September 2015.
  33. 1 2 "Casi el 40% apoya reformar la Constitución como salida". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 12 July 2015.
  34. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 35. 2a onada 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 3 July 2015.
  35. 1 2 "Los catalanes exigen una mayoría muy reforzada para la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 2 May 2015.
  36. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 34. 1a onada 2015" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 13 March 2015.
  37. ↑ "Enquesta sobre context polític a Catalunya. 2014" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 19 December 2014.
  38. ↑ "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2014" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 6 December 2014.
  39. 1 2 "La mayoría ve el plan independentista de Mas perjudicial para la economía". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 8 December 2014.
  40. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 39. 3a onada 2016". El Mundo (in Spanish). 24 November 2014.
  41. ↑ "EXCLUSIVA enquesta Gesop: el 46,2% dels catalans votarien avui a favor de la independència". CEO (in Catalan). 30 October 2014.
  42. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 33. 2a onada 2014" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 31 October 2014.
  43. ↑ "La secesión divide a los catalanes...". El Mundo (in Spanish). 1 September 2014.
  44. 1 2 "Empate entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 12 May 2014.
  45. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 32. 1a onada 2014" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 30 April 2014.
  46. ↑ "La mayoría de catalanes creen que no habrá referendo el 9-N". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 9 March 2014.
  47. 1 2 "El 74% de los catalanes reclaman a Rajoy que autorice la consulta". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 15 December 2013.
  48. 1 2 "Empate entre partidarios y contrarios a la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 22 December 2013.
  49. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 31. 3a onada 2013" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 22 November 2013.
  50. ↑ "La opción 'más autogobierno' iguala en apoyo a la independencia". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 28 October 2013.
  51. ↑ "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2013" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 10 October 2013.
  52. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 30. 2a onada 2013" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 20 June 2013.
  53. 1 2 "Baròmetre polític de Catalunya. Maig 2013" (PDF). El Periódico de Catalunya (in Catalan). 8 June 2013.
  54. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 29. 1a onada 2013" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 21 February 2013.
  55. 1 2 "La mayoría de los catalanes están a favor de la consulta". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 20 January 2013.
  56. ↑ "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2012" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 20 December 2012.
  57. 1 2 "El pacto fiscal sigue imponiéndose a la independencia, que se estanca". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 18 November 2012.
  58. 1 2 "El pacto fiscal se impone a la independencia, que pierde apoyo". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 11 November 2012.
  59. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 28. 3a onada 2012" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 8 November 2012.
  60. 1 2 "El pacto fiscal neutralizaría la mayoría independentista". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 28 October 2012.
  61. 1 2 "El 65% ve viable la independencia pero entiende el temor empresarial". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 14 October 2012.
  62. 1 2 "El 84% de los catalanes apoya una consulta y el 55%, la independencia". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 30 September 2012.
  63. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 27. 2a onada 2012" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 27 June 2012.
  64. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 26. 1a onada 2012" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 2 March 2012.
  65. ↑ "Sondeig d'opinió Catalunya 2011" (PDF). ICPS (in Catalan). 27 October 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2015.
  66. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 25. 3a onada 2011" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 25 October 2011.
  67. ↑ "Baròmetre d'Opinió Política 24. 2a onada 2011" (PDF). CEO (in Catalan). 29 June 2011.
  68. ↑ "El apoyo a la independencia remite y cae al 40%,frente al 45%en contra". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 7 September 2010.
  69. ↑ "Referéndum: apoyo del 71,9% en Catalunya y rechazo del 61,5% en el resto de España". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 25 February 2017.
  70. ↑ "El 76,3% de los que no votaron el 9-N no quiere la independencia". La Razón (in Spanish). 16 November 2014.

References

  1. 1 2 Jones, Sam (9 June 2017). "Catalonia calls independence referendum for October". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 June 2017.
  2. 1 2 Casqueiro, Javier. "Catalan independence referendum to be held on October 1: regional premier". elpais.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  3. ↑ "Spanish Government rejects Puigdemont’s proposal to hold a binding referendum". Catalan News Agency. 30 September 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  4. ↑ "Catalan Referendum on Independence 'Not Possible' Says Spain PM". Voice of America. 30 December 2016. Retrieved 22 January 2017.
  5. ↑ Redacción y Agencias (1 February 2017). "El Gobierno no descarta medidas coercitivas para impedir el referéndum". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Madrid. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  6. ↑ Agencia EFE (26 March 2017). "Rajoy ofrece diálogo, pero no admitirá ni el referéndum ni pactos para "violar la ley"". Expansión (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  7. ↑ Reino, Cristian (4 March 2017). "El principal órgano consultivo catalán confirma que el referendo sería ilegal". La Voz de Galicia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Catalonia plans to hold an independence vote whether Spain lets it or not". economist.com. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  9. ↑ Agencia EFE (14 December 2016). "El Tribunal Constitucional suspende el referéndum soberanista en Cataluña previsto para 2017". RTVE (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  10. ↑ "Catalan Parliament Votes Yes to Independence Referendum Next September". 6 October 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  11. ↑ Prim, Sara (28 September 2016). "Puigdemont to call a referendum next September if Spain doesn’t allow Catalans to vote". Catalan News Agency. Retrieved 2 October 2016.
  12. ↑ "Parliament approves calling a referendum with or without Spain’s consent". Catalan News Agency. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  13. ↑ Calvo, Amanda (6 October 2016). "Catalan parliament votes yes to independence referendum next September". Reuters. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  14. ↑ Barcelona, Europa Press. "Puigdemont y Junqueras viajan a Bruselas este martes para defender un referéndum pactado". heraldo.es. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  15. ↑ "Puigdemont: “Europe cannot look the other way”". Catalan News Agency. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  16. ↑ "Puigdemont on the referendum: ‘Europe cannot look the other way and should be part of the solution’". VilaWeb. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  17. ↑ "MEPs from fourteen countries and all political groups attend hearing with Puigdemont, Junqueras and Romeva in Brussels". VilaWeb. 25 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  18. ↑ "The Catalan Referendum conference". YouTube. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  19. ↑ Barrena, Xabi; Albalat, J.G. (24 March 2017). "La fiscalía investiga si el Govern está preparando el referéndum". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  20. ↑ G. Sastre, Daniel (22 March 2017). "El Parlament aprueba los Presupuestos del referéndum al borde del motín". El Mundo (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  21. ↑ Cordero, Dani (23 March 2017). "Puigdemont prepara la maquinaria electoral para unas autonómicas". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  22. ↑ Barrena, Xabi; Masreal, Fidel (23 March 2017). "El Govern activa los trámites para poder hacer el referéndum". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 27 March 2017.
  23. 1 2 Aroca, Jaume. "Se buscan los datos de 5,5 millones de catalanes para el Referéndum". lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  24. ↑ Casqueiro, Javier; Cordero, Dani. "Catalan government fails to mobilize region's expats in run-up to referendum". elpais.com. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  25. ↑ Cordero, Dani; Rios, Pere. "Puigdemont cessa Baiget pels seus dubtes sobre el referèndum". elpais.com (in Catalan). Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  26. ↑ Piñol, Àngels. "Junqueras liderarà el referèndum després d'imposar un Govern de fidels". elpais.com (in Catalan). Retrieved 14 July 2017.
  27. ↑ Duarte, Esteban. "Catalan Police Chief Resigns as Referendum on Secession Looms". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  28. ↑ "El director del 112 Fede Adan también dimite tras la renuncia de Jané y Batlle". lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  29. ↑ "La 'número dos' de Enseñanza dimite a una semana del relevo de la consellera". elmundo.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  30. ↑ Masreal, Fidel. "Tercera baja en la Conselleria d'Ensenyament por el Referéndum del 1-O". elperiodico.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 21 July 2017.
  31. ↑ "Referéndum: Dimite Ángel Xifré, el primer alto cargo de ERC". lavanguardia.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  32. 1 2 Duarte, Esteban. "Catalans Think Twice About Risks of Rupture as Jobs Return". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
  33. ↑ "Tensions grow in Spain as Catalonia independence referendum confirmed". The Daily Telegraph. 9 June 2017. Retrieved 10 July 2017..

See also

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