Catalan independence

Supporters of Catalan independence in 2010
"L'Estelada Blava" (The Blue Starred Flag), the blue version of the pro-independence flag.
"L'Estelada Vermella" (The Red Starred Flag), the red version of the pro-independence flag.

The Catalan independence movement (Catalan: independentisme català;[lower-alpha 1] Spanish: independentismo catalán or secesionismo catalán) is a political and popular movement, derived from Catalan nationalism, which seeks the independence of Catalonia from Spain. The Estelada flag, in its blue and red versions, has become its main symbol.

The political movement began in 1922 when Francesc Macià founded Estat Català (Catalan State). In 1931, Estat Català and other parties formed Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia; ERC), which won a dramatic victory in the municipal elections of that year. Macià proclaimed a Catalan Republic, but after negotiations with the leaders of the new Spanish Republic, he instead accepted autonomy within the Spanish state. In the Spanish Civil War, General Francisco Franco abolished Catalan autonomy in 1938. Following Franco's death in 1975, Catalan political parties concentrated on autonomy rather than independence.

The modern independence movement began when the 2006 Statute of Autonomy, which had been agreed with the Spanish government and passed by a referendum in Catalonia, was challenged in the Spanish High Court of Justice, which ruled that a large number of articles were unconstitutional, or were to be interpreted restrictively. Popular protest against the decision quickly turned into demands for independence. Starting with the town of Arenys de Munt, over 550 municipalities in Catalonia held symbolic referendums on independence between 2009 and 2011, all of them returning a high "yes" vote, with a turnout of around 30% of those eligible to vote. A 2010 protest demonstration against the court's decision, organised by the cultural organisation Òmnium Cultural, was attended by over a million people. The popular movement fed upwards to the politicians; a second mass protest on 11 September 2012 (the National Day of Catalonia) explicitly called on the Catalan government to begin the process towards independence. Catalan president Artur Mas called a snap general election, which resulted in a pro-independence majority for the first time in the region's history. The new parliament adopted the Catalan Sovereignty Declaration in early 2013, asserting that the Catalan people had the right to decide their own political future.

The Catalan government announced a referendum, to be held in November 2014, on the question of statehood. The referendum was to ask two questions: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and (if yes) "Do you want this State to be independent?" The Spanish government referred the proposed referendum to the Spanish Constitutional Court, which ruled it unconstitutional. The Catalan government then changed it from a binding referendum to a non-binding "consultation". Despite the Spanish court also banning the non-binding vote, the Catalan self-determination referendum went ahead on 9 November 2014. The result was an 81% vote for "yes-yes", but the turnout was only 35%. Mas called another election for September 2015, which he said would be a plebiscite on independence. Pro-independence parties fell just short of a majority of votes in the September election, although they won a majority of seats. The new parliament passed a resolution declaring the start of the independence process in November 2015, and the following year, new president Carles Puigdemont announced a binding referendum on independence, to be held in September 2017. The Spanish government continues to oppose any move in the direction of Catalan independence.

In the Parliament of Catalonia, parties explicitly supporting independence are Partit Demòcrata Europeu Català (Catalan European Democratic Party; PDeCAT), formerly named Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia; CDC); Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia; ERC), and Candidatura d'Unitat Popular (Popular Unity Candidacy; CUP). The PDeCAT and ERC currently form the coalition Junts pel Sí (Together for "Yes"). Parties opposed to any change in Catalonia's position are Ciutadans (Citizens) and the Catalan branch of the Partido Popular (People's Party). The Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya (Socialists' Party of Catalonia; PSC), the Catalan referent of the Partido Socialista Obrero Español (Spanish Socialist Workers' Party; PSOE), officially favours a federalist option, although some of its members support self-determination. Other parties favour an intermediate form of self-determination, or at least support a referendum on the question.

History

Beginnings

The Principality of Catalonia was a territory of the Crown of Aragon at the time of the union of Aragon and the Kingdom of Castile in the late 15th century, which led to what would become the Kingdom of Spain. Initially, the various territories of Aragon, including Catalonia, kept their own fueros (laws and customs) and political institutions.[1] Catalans revolted against the Spanish crown in the Reaper's War of 1640–1652, which ended in defeat.[2] The War of Spanish Succession marked the end of Catalan autonomy; the surrender of Barcelona to a Franco-Spanish army on 11 September 1714, at the end of that war, was followed by the loss of the fueros and the imposition of the Nueva Planta decrees, a centralised Spanish rule.[2] 11 September is still observed as National Day of Catalonia.

The beginnings of separatism in Catalonia can be traced back to the mid–19th century. The Renaixença (cultural renaissance), which aimed at the revival of the Catalan language and Catalan traditions, led to the development of Catalan nationalism and a desire for independence.[3][4] Between the 1850s and the 1910s, some individuals,[5] organisations[6] and political parties[7] started demanding full independence of Catalonia from Spain.

Twentieth century

On the left, Colonel Francesc Macià, leader of ERC and President of Catalonia between 1931 and 1933

The first pro-independence political party in Catalonia was Estat Català (Catalan State), founded in 1922 by Francesc Macià.[8] Estat Català went into exile in France during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera (1923–1930), launching an unsuccessful uprising from Prats de Molló in 1926.[9] In March 1931, following the overthrow of Primo de Rivera, Estat Català joined with the Partit Republicà Català (Catalan Republican Party) and the political group L'Opinió (Opinion) to form Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (Republican Left of Catalonia; ERC), with Macià as its first leader.[10] The following month, the ERC achieved a spectacular victory in the municipal elections that preceded the 14 April proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic.[11] Macià proclaimed a Catalan Republic on 14 April, but after negotiations with the provisional government he was obliged to settle for autonomy, under a revived Generalitat of Catalonia.[12] Catalonia was granted a statute of autonomy in 1932, which lasted until the Spanish Civil War. In 1938 General Franco abolished both the Statute of Autonomy and the Generalitat.[2]

A section of Estat Català which had broken away from the ERC in 1936 joined with other groups to found the Front Nacional de Catalunya (National Front of Catalonia; FNC) in Paris in 1940.[8][13] The FNC declared its aim to be "an energetic protest against Franco and an affirmation of Catalan nationalism".[13] Its impact, however, was on Catalan exiles in France rather than in Catalonia itself.[14] The FNC in turn gave rise to the Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional (Socialist Party of National Liberation; PSAN), which combined a pro-independence agenda with a left-wing stance.[15] A split in the PSAN led to the formation of the Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional - Provisional (Socialist Party of National Liberation - Provisional; PSAN-P) in 1974.[16]

Following Franco's death in 1975, Spain moved to restore democracy. A new constitution was adopted in 1978, which asserted the "indivisible unity of the Spanish Nation", but acknowledged "the right to autonomy of the nationalities and regions which form it".[17] Independence parties objected to it on the basis that it was incompatible with Catalan self-determination, and formed the Comité Català Contra la Constitució Espanyola (Catalan Committee Against the Constitution) to oppose it.[16] The constitution was approved in a referendum by 88% of voters in Spain overall, and just over 90% in Catalonia.[18] It was followed by the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1979, which was approved in a referendum, with 88% of voters supporting it.[19] This led to the marginalisation or disappearance of pro-independence political groups, and for a time the gap was filled by militant groups such as Terra Lliure.[20]

In 1981, a manifesto issued by intellectuals in Catalonia claiming discrimination against the Castilian language drew a response in the form of published letter, Crida a la Solidaritat en Defensa de la Llengua, la Cultura i la Nació Catalanes (Call for solidarity in defence of the Catalan language, culture and nation), which called for a mass meeting at the University of Barcelona, out of which a popular movement arose. The Crida organised a series of protests that culminated in a massive demonstration in the Camp Nou on 24 June 1981.[21] Beginning as a cultural organisation, the Crida soon began to demand independence.[22] In 1982, at a time of political uncertainty in Spain, the Ley Orgánica de Armonización del Proceso Autonómico (LOAPA) was introduced in the Spanish parliament, supposedly to "harmonise" the autonomy process, but in reality to curb the power of Catalonia and the Basque region. There was a surge of popular protest against it. The Crida and others organised a huge rally against LOAPA in Barcelona on 14 March 1982. In March 1983, it was held to be ultra vires by the Spanish Constitutional Court.[22] During the 1980s, the Crida was involved in nonviolent direct action, among other things campaigning for labelling in Catalan only, and targeting big companies.[21] In 1983, the Crida's leader, Àngel Colom, left to join the ERC, "giving an impulse to the independentist refounding" of that party.[23]

Second Statute of Autonomy and after

The 2010 Catalan autonomy protest in the intersection of Passeig de Gràcia and Aragó Avenues, in Barcelona

Following elections in 2003, the moderate nationalist Convergència i Unió (CiU), which had governed Catalonia since 1980, lost power to a coalition of left-wing parties composed of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC), the pro-independence Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC) and a far-left/Green coalition (ICV-EUiA), headed by Pasqual Maragall. The government produced a draft for a new Statute of Autonomy, which was supported by the CiU and was approved by the parliament by a large majority.[24] The draft statute then had to be approved by the Spanish parliament, which could make changes; it did so, removing clauses on finance and the language, and an article stating that Catalonia was a nation.[25] When the amended statute was put to a referendum on 18 June 2006, the ERC, in protest, called for a "no" vote. The statute was approved, but turnout was only 48.9%.[26] At the subsequent election, the left-wing coalition was returned to power, this time under the leadership of José Montilla.[24]

Municipalities supporting the Association of Municipalities for Independence

The Partido Popular, which had opposed the statute in the Spanish parliament, challenged its constitutionality in the Spanish High Court of Justice. The case lasted four years.[27] In its judgement, issued on 18 June 2010, the court ruled that fourteen articles in the statute were unconstitutional, and that 27 others were to be interpreted restrictively. The affected articles included those that gave preference to the Catalan language, freed Catalonia from responsibility for the finances of other autonomous communities, and recognised Catalonia as a nation.[27][28] The full text of the judgement was released on 9 July 2010, and the following day a protest demonstration organised by the cultural organisation Òmnium Cultural was attended by over a million people, and led by José Montilla.[27][28]

During and after the court case, a series of symbolic referendums on independence were held in municipalities throughout Catalonia. The first of these was in the town of Arenys de Munt on 13 September 2009. About 40% of eligible voters participated, of whom 96% voted for independence.[29] In all, 552 towns held independence referendums between 2009 and 2011.[30] These, together with demonstrations organised by Òmnium Cultural and the Assemblea Nacional Catalana (ANC), represented a "bottom-up" process by which society influenced the political movement for independence.[30] At an institutional level, several municipalities of Catalonia came together to create the Association of Municipalities for Independence, an organisation officially established on 14 December 2011 in Vic which brought local organisations together to further the national rights of Catalonia and promote its right to self-determination.[31] The demonstration of 11 September 2012 explicitly called on the Catalan government to begin the process of secession.[32] Immediately after it, Artur Mas, whose CiU had regained power in 2010, called a snap election for 25 November 2012, and the parliament resolved that a referendum on independence would be held in the life of the next legislature.[33] Although the CiU lost seats to the ERC, Mas remained in power.[33]

2014 referendum

Artur Mas and Oriol Junqueras, signing the 2012–2016 governability agreement on 19 December 2012.

Mas and ERC leader Oriol Junqueras signed an agreement by which the ERC would support the CiU on sovereignty issues while on other matters it might oppose it. The two leaders drafted the Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People, which was adopted by the parliament at its first sitting in January 2013. The declaration stated that "the Catalan people have, for reasons of democratic legitimacy, the nature of a sovereign political and legal subject", and that the people had the right to decide their own political future.[33] The Spanish government referred the declaration to the Spanish Constitutional Court, which ruled in March 2014 that the declaration of sovereignty was unconstitutional; it did, however, allow that there existed a right to decide.[34] On 11 September 2013, an estimated 1.6 million demonstrators formed a human chain, the Catalan Way, from the French border to the regional border with Valencia.[35] The following month, the CiU, the ERC, the ICV-EUiA and Candidatura d'Unitat Popular (CUP) agreed to hold the independence referendum on 9 November 2014, and that it would ask two questions: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and (if yes) "Do you want this State to be independent?".[36] A further mass demonstration, the Catalan Way 2014, took place on 11 September 2014, when protesters wearing the Catalan colours of yellow and red filled two of Barcelona’s avenues to form a giant "V", to call for a vote.[37] Following the Constitutional Court’s ruling, the Catalan government changed the vote to a "process of citizen participation" and announced that it would be supervised by volunteers.[36] The Spanish government again appealed to the Constitutional Court, which suspended the process pending the appeal, but the vote went ahead.[38] The result was an 81% vote for yes-yes, but the turnout was only 42%, which could be seen as a majority opposed to both independence and the referendum.[39] Criminal charges were subsequently preferred against Mas and others for defying the court order.[38]

Parliamentary process of independence

In June 2015 the CiU broke up as a result of disagreement between its constituent parties – Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya (CDC) and Unió Democràtica de Catalunya (UDC) – over the independence process. Mas’s CDC joined with the ERC and other groups to form Junts pel Sí (Together for "Yes"), which announced that it would declare independence if it won the election scheduled for September.[40] In the September election, Junts pel Sí and the CUP between them won a majority of seats, but fell short of a majority of votes, with just under 48%.[41] On 9 November 2015, the parliament passed a resolution declaring the start of the independence process, proposed by Junts pel Sí and the CUP.[42] In response, Spanish premier Mariano Rajoy said that the state might "use any available judicial and political mechanism contained in the constitution and in the laws to defend the sovereignty of the Spanish people and of the general interest of Spain", a hint that he would not stop at military intervention.[43] Following prolonged negotiations between Junts pel Sí and the CUP, Mas was replaced as president by Carles Puigdemont in January 2016. Puigdemont, on taking the oath of office, omitted the oath of loyalty to the king and the Spanish constitution, the first Catalan president to do so.[43]

Further pro-independence demonstrations took place in Barcelona in September 2015, and in Barcelona, Berga, Lleida, Salt and Tarragona in September 2016. In late September 2016, Puigdemont told the parliament that a binding referendum on independence would be held in the second half of September 2017, with or without the consent of the Spanish institutions.[44] Puigdemont announced in June 2017 that the referendum would take place on 1 October, and that the question would be, "Do you want Catalonia to become an independent state in the form of a republic?" The Spanish government said in response, "that referendum will not take place because it is illegal." It was not thought likely that take measures such as sending in police or suspending the authority of the Catalan party, except as a last resort.[45][45]

Support for independence

Political parties

Catalonia is not Spain painted on a wall in Catalonia

The parties explicitly campaigning for independence currently represented in the Catalan Parliament are the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), Catalan European Democratic Party (PDEC) and the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP). They have 72 seats of 135 after the Catalan 2015 election and gained 39.6% and 8.2% of the popular vote respectively.

Other smaller pro-independence parties or coalitions, without present representation in any parliament, are Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Estat Català, Endavant, PSAN, Poble Lliure and Reagrupament. There are also youth organisations such as Young Republican Left of Catalonia, Arran, and the student unions SEPC and FNEC.

Others

In recent years, support for Catalan independence has broadened from being the preserve of traditional left or far-left Catalan nationalism. Relevant examples are the liberal economists Xavier Sala i Martín[46] and Ramon Tremosa Balcells (elected deputy for CiU in the European parliament in the 2009 election), the lawyer and former FC Barcelona president Joan Laporta[47] or the jurist and former member of the Consejo General del Poder Judicial Alfons López Tena.[48]

The think tank Cercle d'Estudis Sobiranistes, led by the jurists Alfons López Tena and Hèctor López Bofill was founded in 2007. Since then it has mobilised a number of lawmakers, professors, businessmen, professionals, economists, journalists and intellectuals for the cause of Catalonia's independence.

Other individuals include:

Opposition to independence

Political parties

All of the Spanish National Political Parties in Catalonia reject the idea of independence. Of these, only Podemos is prepared to hold a referendum on the issue in Catalonia;[56] others such as Ciutadans[57] and the People's Party of Catalonia,[58] which had 17.9% and 8.5% of the vote respectively in the 2015 Catalan parliamentary election, have always opposed the notion of Catalan self-determination. The Socialists' Party (12.7% of vote) opposes independence as well. While some of its members supported the idea of a self-determination referendum up until 2012,[59] the official position as of 2015 is that the Spanish Constitution should be reformed in order to better accommodate Catalonia.[60] A majority of voters of left-wing platform Catalonia Yes We Can (8.94%) reject independence although the party favours a referendum in which it would campaign for Catalonia remaining part of Spain. CDC's former Catalanist partner Unió came out against independence and fared badly in the 2015 elections, although polls show a rebound in voter support as the institutional crisis deepens.

Other organizations and individuals

The list of organizations and individual Catalans who have publicly opposed independence includes:

Public opinion

One study found that support for independence is a function of grievances rooted in the desire for Catalonia to assume responsibility for taxation and spending policy. This suggests that Spain might be able to stave off Catalonia's separatist bid through some form of political and taxation policy reconfiguration.[65]

Polling institutions

Several institutions have performed polls which also include questions on the independence issue in Catalonia. The following are the most prominent ones are the Center for Opinion Studies (Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió; CEO), the Spanish government-run Social Research Centre (Centro de Investigaciones Sociales; CIS) and the Social and Political Sciencies Institute of Barcelona (Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials; ICPS) belonging to the Autonomous University of Barcelona and Diputation of Barcelona.

Centre for Opinion Studies

The CEO was depending on the Economy Department of the Generalitat of Catalonia until early 2011. Since then it has been placed under direct control of the Presidency of the Generalitat and is currently headed by Jordi Argelaguet i Argemí. Since the second quarter of 2011, CEO has conducted polls regarding public sentiments toward independence.

Date In favor (%) Against (%) Others (%) Abstain (%) Do not know (%) Did not reply (%)
2011 2nd series[66] 42.9 28.2 0.5 23.3 4.4 0.8
2011 3rd series[67] 45.4 24.7 0.6 23.8 4.6 1.0
2012 1st series[68] 44.6 24.7 1.0 24.2 4.6 0.9
2012 2nd series[69] 51.1 21.1 1.0 21.1 4.7 1.1
2012 3rd series[70] 57.0 20.5 0.6 14.3 6.2 1.5
2013 1st series[71] 54.7 20.7 1.1 17.0 5.4 1.0
2013 2nd series[72] 55.6 23.4 0.6 15.3 3.8 1.3
2014 1st series[73]a – – - - – –
2014 2nd series[74] 44.5 45.3 - - 7.5 2.8
2015 1st series[75] 44.1 48.0 - - 6.0 1.8
2015 2nd series[76] 42.9 50.0 - - 5.8 1.3
2015 3rd series[77] 46.7 47.8 - - 3.9 1.7
2016 1st series[78] 45.3 45.5 - - 7.1 2.1
2016 2nd series[79] 47.7 42.4 - - 8.3 1.7
2016 3rd series[80] 45.3 46.8 - - 4.6 3.2

a The question was not asked in this survey; instead the two part question was asked (see below).

CEO likewise conducted polls in the 1st and 2nd series of 2014 based on the 9N independence referendum format. The questions and choices involved were:

Date Yes + Yes (%) Yes + No (%) No (%) Abstain (%) Others (%) Do not know/Did not reply (%)
2014 1st series[81] 47.1 8.6 19.3 11.1 2.7 11.2
2014 2nd series[82] 49.4 12.6 19.7 6.9 6.2 3.3

In addition, CEO performs regular polls studying opinion of Catalan citizens regarding Catalonia's political status within Spain. The following table contains the answers to the question "Which kind of political entity should Catalonia be with respect to Spain?":[83]

Date Independent state (%) Federal state (%) Autonomous community (%) Region (%) Do not know (%) Did not reply (%)
June 2005 13.6 31.3 40.8 7.0 6.2 1.1
November 2005 12.9 35.8 37.6 5.6 6.9 1.2
March 2006 13.9 33.4 38.2 8.1 5.1 1.2
July 2006 14.9 34.1 37.3 6.9 6.1 0.7
October 2006 14.0 32.9 38.9 8.3 5.1 0.8
November 2006 15.9 32.8 40.0 6.8 3.7 0.8
March 2007 14.5 35.3 37.0 6.1 4.9 2.2
July 2007 16.9 34.0 37.3 5.5 5.4 1.0
October 2007 18.5 34.2 35.0 4.7 6.0 1.5
December 2007 17.3 33.8 37.8 5.1 5.0 1.0
January 2008 19.4 36.4 34.8 3.8 4.1 1.6
May 2008 17.6 33.4 38.9 5.1 4.3 0.7
July 2008 16.1 34.7 37.0 6.1 5.2 0.9
November 2008 17.4 31.8 38.3 7.1 4.2 1.2
February 2009[84] 16.1 35.2 38.6 4.5 3.6 2.0
May 2009[85] 20.9 35.0 34.9 4.4 3.0 1.7
July 2009[86] 19.0 32.2 36.8 6.2 4.2 1.6
December 2009[87] 21.6 29.9 36.9 5.9 4.1 1.6
2010 1st series[88] 19.4 29.5 38.2 6.9 4.4 1.6
2010 2nd series[89] 21.5 31.2 35.2 7.3 4.0 0.7
2010 3rd series[90] 24.3 31.0 33.3 5.4 4.9 1.0
2010 4th series[91] 25.2 30.9 34.7 5.9 2.7 0.7
2011 1st series[92] 24.5 31.9 33.2 5.6 3.5 1.3
2011 2nd series[66] 25.5 33.0 31.8 5.6 3.4 0.8
2011 3rd series[67] 28.2 30.4 30.3 5.7 3.9 1.5
2012 1st series[68] 29.0 30.8 27.8 5.2 5.4 1.8
2012 2nd series[69] 34.0 28.7 25.4 5.7 5.0 1.3
2012 3rd series[70] 44.3 25.5 19.1 4.0 4.9 2.2
2013 1st series[71] 46.4 22.4 20.7 4.4 4.9 1.2
2013 2nd series[93] 47.0 21.2 22.8 4.6 3.5 0.9
2013 3rd series[94] 48.5 21.3 18.6 5.4 4.0 2.2
2014 1st series[81] 45.2 20.0 23.3 2.6 6.9 2.0
2014 2nd series[82] 45.3 22.2 23.4 1.8 6.5 0.9
2015 1st series[95] 39.1 26.1 24.0 3.4 5.3 2.0
2015 2nd series[96] 37.6 24.0 29.3 4.0 3.9 1.1
2015 3rd series[97] 41.1 22.2 27.4 3.7 4.2 1.4
2016 1st series[98] 38.5 26.3 25.1 4.1 4.5 1.5
2016 2nd series[99] 41.6 20.9 26.5 4.0 5.6 1.3

CIS performed a poll in Catalonia in 2001, including an explicit question on independence with the following results: 35.9% supporting it, 48.1% opposing it, 13.3% indifferent, 2.8% did not reply.

Social and Political Sciencies Institute of Barcelona

ICPS performs an opinion poll annually since 1989, which sometimes includes a section on independence. The results are in the following table:[100]

Year Support (%) Against (%) Indifferent (%) Did not reply (%)
1991 35 50 11 4
1992 31 53 11 5
1993 37 50 9 5
1994 35 49 14 3
1995 36 52 10 3
1996 29 56 11 4
1997 32 52 11 5
1998 32 55 10 3
1999 32 55 10 3
2000 32 53 13 3
2001 33 55 11 1
2002 34 52 12 1
2003[a] 43 43 12 1
2004[a] 39 44 13 3
2005 36 44 15 6
2006 33 48 17 2
2007 31.7 51.3 14.1 2.9
2011 41.4 22.9 26.5 9.2

a telephonic instead of door-to-door interview

Newspaper polls

Catalan newspapers El Periódico and La Vanguardia have also been publishing their own surveys in recent times.

El Periódico

Date Yes (%) No (%) Others (%)
October 2007[101]33.943.922.3
December 2009[102]39.040.620.4
June 2010[103]48.135.516.6
January 2012[104]53.632.014.4
September 2012[105]46.422.025.7
November 2012[106]50.936.912.2
November 2012[a][106]40.147.812.1
May 2013[107]57.836.06.3

a The same poll, but asking what would be the case if a yes vote would imply leaving the EU

La Vanguardia

Date Yes (%) No (%) Others (%)
November 2009[108]354619
March 2010[109]364420
May 2010[110]374122
July 2010[111]473617
September 2010[112]404515
April 2011[113]343035
September 2012[114]54.833.510.16
December 2013[115]44.94510.1

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Pronunciation of independentisme català in Catalan:
    • Eastern Catalan: [indəpəndənˈtizmə kətəˈɫa]
    • Western Catalan: [independenˈtizme kataˈla]

References

  1. ↑ Herr, Richard (1974). An Historical Essay on Modern Spain. University of California Press. p. 41. ISBN 9780520025349. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 Guibernau, Montserrat (2004). Catalan Nationalism: Francoism, Transition and Democracy. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 113435326X. Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2016.
  3. ↑ Mar-Molinero, Clare; Smith, Angel (1996). Nationalism and the Nation in the Iberian Peninsula: Competing and Conflicting Identities. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 194. ISBN 1859731805. Retrieved 27 September 2016. ...which had started with a cultural renaissance (Renaixença) between 1833-1885...
  4. ↑ Holguin, Sandy Eleanor (2002). Creating Spaniards: Culture and National Identity in Republican Spain. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0299176347. Retrieved 27 September 2016. What began as a cultural renaissance in the 1840s, ended as a growing call for political autonomy and, eventually, independence
  5. ↑ "Spanish Affairs: The Republicans of Spain (letter)". The New York Times. 7 September 1854. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  6. ↑ "Current Foreign Topics". The New York Times. 3 August 1886. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  7. ↑ "Spanish Province Talks Secession: Catalonia, Aroused Against Madrid, Is Agitating for Complete Independence". The New York Times. 18 June 1917. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 2015-05-31.
  8. 1 2 Romero Salvadó, Francisco J. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 123. ISBN 0810857847. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  9. ↑ Harrington, Thomas (2005). "Rapping on the Cast(i)le Gates: Nationalism and Culture-planning in Contemporary Spain". In Moraña, Mabel. Ideologies of Hispanism. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 124. ISBN 0826514723. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  10. ↑ Lluch, Jaime (2014). Visions of Sovereignty: Nationalism and Accommodation in Multinational Democracies. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 50. ISBN 0812209613. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  11. ↑ Conversi, Daniele (2000). The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation. University of Nevada Press. pp. 38–9. ISBN 0874173620. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  12. ↑ Costa Carreras, Joan; Yates, Alan (2009). "The Catalan Language". In Costa Carreras, Joan. The Architect of Modern Catalan: Pompeu Fabra (1868-1948). John Benjamins Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 9027232644. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  13. 1 2 Güell Ampuero, Casilda (2006). The Failure of Catalanist Opposition to Franco (1939-1950). Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. pp. 71–2. ISBN 840008473X. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  14. ↑ Dowling, Andrew (2013). Catalonia Since the Spanish Civil War: Reconstructing the Nation. Sussex Academic Press. p. 152. ISBN 1782840176. Retrieved 12 October 2016.
  15. ↑ Lluch (2014), p. 51
  16. 1 2 Lluch (2014), p. 52
  17. ↑ Conversi, Daniele (2000). The Basques, the Catalans and Spain: Alternative Routes to Nationalist Mobilisation. University of Nevada Press. pp. 143–4. ISBN 0874173620. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  18. ↑ Stepan, Alfred C. (2001). Arguing Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press. p. 204. ISBN 0198299974. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Conversi (2000), p. 145
  20. ↑ Lluch (2014), p. 53
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