Carol Smart

Carol Smart
Born	(1948-12-20) 20 December 1948
Residence	United Kingdom
Fields	Sociology, criminology
Institutions	University of Manchester
Known for	The study of relationships and personal lives

Family law
Family
Marriage and other equivalent or similar unions and status
Marriage Types of marriages Prenuptial agreement Cohabitation Concubinage Common-law marriage Civil union Domestic partnership
Validity of marriages
Void and Voidable marriages Annulment
Dissolution of marriages
Divorce Adultery Grounds for divorce No-fault divorce Matrimonial Causes Act Legal separation Alimony Parenting plan Residence [UK (E.W. and NI)] Parental rights Custody Evaluator (U.S.) Parenting coordinator (U.S.)
Other issues
Paternity Legitimacy Child custody Legal guardian Adoption Child support Contact & visitation CAFCASS [UK (E.W.)] Grandparent visitation U.N. Rights of the Child Children's rights Emancipation Foster care Ward Parental child abduction
Private international law
Private international law Divorce Marriage Hague Convention (adoption) International child abduction Hague Convention (child abduction) Hague Convention (maintenance)
Family and criminal code (or criminal law)
Paternity fraud Bigamy CPS (U.S.) Child abuse Domestic violence Incest Child-selling

Carol Christine Smart^[1] CBE (born 20 December 1948^[2]) is a feminist sociologist and academic at the University of Manchester.^[3]^[4] She has also conducted research about divorce and children of divorced couples.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Smart is an important figure within the feminist criminology world. Her book titled Women, Crime and Criminology,^[8] written in 1976, remains a key feminist critique of criminology. Smart is also the co-director of the Morgan Centre for the Study of Relationships and Personal Life at Manchester.

Career

Smart began her academic career by studying sociology at Portsmouth Polytechnic, which is now Portsmouth University. After completing her BA, she moved on to complete her masters in criminology from the University of Sheffield. She also completed her PhD in Socio-Legal studies also from Sheffield in 1983.

Smart began her teaching career at the then, Trent Polytechnic, (as a lecturer and senior lecturer). After that, she became a professor at the University of Leeds. In 2005, she moved to the Morgan Centre for the Study of Relationships and Personal Life in the Arthur Lewis Building of the University of Manchester, where she is co-director.

Smart has published works in the areas of criminology, family law and social policy. Her main interests over the last few years have been family life and intimacy and how people conduct their personal lives. Smart has done much research on divorce and separation and how this affects children, the couple and other kin, and on gay and lesbian civil partnerships and their commitment ceremonies. More recently she has been working on 'Relative Strangers',^[9] a project which explores the experiences of families with donor-conceived children.

She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to the social sciences.^[10]

Bibliography

Radio

Presenters: Laurie Taylor (26 September 2011). "Understanding suicide – families, secrets and memories.". Thinking Allowed. London. BBC. BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 11 July 2013.

Books

Smart, Carol (1977). Women, crime, and criminology: a feminist critique. London Boston: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 9780710088338.
- Gorman, Eleanor Miller (September 1978). "Women, crime and criminology: a feminist critique. by Carol Smart (Book review)". American Journal of Sociology. The University of Chicago Press; JSTOR. 84 (2): 501–503. doi:10.1086/226810.
- Simon, Rita J. (Spring 1979). "Women, crime and criminology: a feminist critique. by Carol Smart (Book review)". Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology. Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. 70 (1 article 10): 143–144. doi:10.2307/1142979.
- Book review (November 1977). "Women, crime and criminology: a feminist critique. by Carol Smart (Book review)". Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews. Sage Journals. 6 (6): 672–673. doi:10.2307/2066333.
- Book review (March 1979). "Women, crime and criminology: a feminist critique. by Carol Smart (Book review)". Social Forces. Johns Hopkins University: Project MUSE. 57 (3): 1027–1028. doi:10.2307/2577401.
Smart, Carol; Smart, Barry (eds) (1978). Women, sexuality, and social control. London Boston: Routledge and K. Paul. ISBN 9780710087232. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
- Delamont, Sara (September 1979). "Women, sexuality, and social control. edited by Carol Smart and Barry Smart (Book review)". British Journal of Sociology. London School of Economics. 30 (3): 386–387. doi:10.2307/589927.
Smart, Carol (1984). The ties that bind: law, marriage, and the reproduction of patriarchal relations. London Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. ISBN 9780710098320.
- Book review (February 1985). "The ties that bind: law, marriage, and the reproduction of patriarchal relations. by Carol Smart (Book review)". Journal of Marriage and the Family. Wiley Online Library. 47 (1): 240–241. doi:10.2307/352090.
- Book review (November 1985). "The ties that bind: law, marriage, and the reproduction of patriarchal relations. by Carol Smart (Book review)". Contemporary Sociology. Sage Journals. 14 (6): 746–747. doi:10.2307/2071458.
Smart, Carol; Sevenhuijsen, Selma (1989). Child custody and the politics of gender. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415026697.
- Luxton, Meg (November 1990). "Child Custody and the Politics of Gender. by Carol Smart and Selma Sevenhuijsen (Book review)". Journal of Marriage and the Family. 52 (4): 1153–1154. JSTOR 353327. doi:10.2307/353327.
Smart, Carol (1989). Feminism and the power of law. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780203206164.
Smart, Carol (1992). Regulating womanhood: historical essays on marriage, motherhood, and sexuality. London New York: Routledge. ISBN 9780415074056.
- Yeatman, Anna (September 1993). "Regulating womanhood: historical essays on marriage, motherhood, and sexuality. by Carol Smart (Book review)". American Journal of Sociology. 99 (2): 538–540. JSTOR 2781720. doi:10.1086/230306.
Smart, Carol (1995). Law, crime and sexuality: essays in feminism. London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub. ISBN 9780803989603.
Smart, Carol; Neale, Bren; Wade, Amanda (2001). The changing experience of childhood: families and divorce. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 9780745624006.
- Book review (May 2003). "The changing experience of childhood: families and divorce. by Carol Smart; Bren Neale and Amanda Wade (Book review)". Contemporary Sociology. Sage Journals. 32 (3): 307–308. doi:10.2307/3089162.
- Morrow, Virginia (June 2002). "The changing experience of childhood: families and divorce. by Carol Smart; Bren Neale and Amanda Wade (Book review)" (PDF). Acta Sociologica. Sage Journals. 45 (2): 166–168.
Neale, Bren; Smart, Carol (2001). Good to talk?: conversations with children after divorce. London: Young Voice. ISBN 9781903456026.
Smart, Carol; Wade, Amanda (2002). Facing family change: children's circumstances, strategies and resources. York: York Publishing Services for Joseph Rowntree Foundation. ISBN 9781842630778.
Smart, Carol (2007). Personal life: new directions in sociological thinking. Cambridge, UK Malden, MA: Polity. ISBN 9780745639178.
Smart, Carol; Heaphy, Brian; Einarsdottir, Anna (2013). Same sex marriages: new generations, new relationships. Genders and sexualities in the social sciences. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230300231.

Journal articles

Smart, Carol (March 1977). "Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.". The British Journal of Sociology. Wiley via JSTOR. 28 (1): 89–100. JSTOR 589710. doi:10.2307/589710.
- Reproduced as:
  - Smart, Carol (1995), "Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.", in Smart, Carol, Law, crime and sexuality : essays in feminism, London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub, pp. 16–31, ISBN 9780803989603
  - Smart, Carol (2008), "Chapter 1.1 Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.", in Evans, Karen; Jamieson, Janet, Gender and crime: a reader, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England New York: Open University Press, pp. 5–15, ISBN 9780335225231 (Available online.)
Smart, Carol (1982). "Regulating families or legitimising patriarchy? – family law in Britain.". International Journal of the Sociology of Law. SciVerse. 10 (2): 129–147.
Smart, Carol (March 1984). "Social policy and drug addiction: a critical study of policy development.". British Journal of Addiction. Wiley online library. 79 (1): 31–39. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1984.tb00245.x.
Smart, Carol (1986). "Feminism and law: some problems of analysis and strategy.". International Journal of the Sociology of Law. SciVerse. 14 (2): 109–123.
Smart, Carol (1991). "The legal and moral ordering of child custody.". Journal of Law and Society. Wiley online library. 18 (4): 485–500. doi:10.2307/1410322.
Smart, Carol (March 1992). "The woman of legal discourse.". Social and Legal Studies. Sage Pub. 1 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1177/096466399200100103.
- Reproduced as:
  - Smart, Carol (1995), "The woman of legal discourse.", in Smart, Carol, Law, crime and sexuality : essays in feminism, London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub, pp. 186–202, ISBN 9780803989603
Smart, Carol (9 March 2006). "Children's narratives of post-divorce family life: from individual experience to an ethical disposition.". The Sociological Review. Wiley online library. 54 (1): 155–170. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2006.00606.x.
Smart, Carol; Neale, Bren (1997). "'Good' and 'bad' lawyers? Struggling in the shadow of the new law.". Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law. Taylor & Francis Online. 19 (4): 377–402. doi:10.1080/09649069708410207.
Smart, Carol (July 2002). "From children's shoes to children's voices?". Family Court Review. Wiley Online. 40 (3): 305–319. doi:10.1111/j.174-1617.2002.tb00842.x.
Smart, Carol (May 2003). "New Perspectives on Childhood and Divorce: an introduction?". Childhood: a global journal of child research. Sage Publishing. 10 (2): 123–129. doi:10.1177/0907568203010002001.
Smart, Carol (2003). "Towards an understanding of family change: gender conflict and children's citizenship?". Australian Journal of Family Law. Lexis Nexis. 17: 1–17. ISSN 0817-623X.
Smart, Carol; May, Vanessa (2004). "Why can't they agree: the underlying complexity of contact and residence disputes.". Journal of Social Welfare and Family Law. Taylor and Francis Online. 26 (4): 347–360. doi:10.1080/0964906042000334046.
Smart, Carol; Shipman, Beccy (December 2004). "Vision in monochrome: families, marriage and the individualization thesis.". British Journal of Sociology. Wiley Online. 55 (4): 491–509. PMID 15663421. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2004.00034.x.
Smart, Carol; May, Vanessa (2004). "Silence in court?: Hearing children in residence and contact disputes?". Child and Family Law Quarterly. Jordan Publishing. 16 (3): 305–315.
Smart, Carol (2004). "Changing landscapes of family life: rethinking divorce?". Social Policy and Society. Cambridge Journals Online. 3 (4): 401–408. doi:10.1017/S1474746404002040.
Smart, Carol (November 2004). "Equal Shares: Rights for Fathers or Recognition for Children?". Critical Social Policy. Sage Publishing. 24 (4): 484–50. doi:10.1177/0261018304046673.
Smart, Carol (October 2005). "Textures of family life: further thoughts on change and commitment.". Journal of Social Policy. Cambridge Journals Online. 34 (4): 541–556. doi:10.1017/S0047279405009141.
Smart, Carol (February 2006). "Shifting Horizons: reflections on qualitative methods.". Feminist Theory. Sage Publishers. 10 (3): 295–308. doi:10.1177/1464700109343253.
Smart, Carol (November 2007). "Same sex couples and marriage: negotiating relational landscapes with families and friends.". The Sociological Review. Wiley Online. 55 (4): 671–686. doi:10.1111/j.1467-954X.2007.00747.x.
Smart, Carol (January 2007). ""It's made a huge difference": Recognition, rights and the personal significance of civil partnership.". Sociological Research Online. 22 (1): 1360–7804. doi:10.5153/sro.1340.
Smart, Carol (December 2008). ""Can I be bridesmaid?": Combining the personal and political in same-sex weddings.". Sexualities. Sage Publishers. 11 (6): 761–776. doi:10.1177/1363460708096917.
Smart, Carol (October 2009). "Family secrets: law and understandings of openness in everyday relationships.". Journal of Social Policy. Cambridge Journals Online. 38 (4): 551–567. doi:10.1017/S0047279409003237.
Smart, Carol (October 2010). "Law and the regulation of family secrets.". International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family. Oxford Journals. 24 (3): 397–413. doi:10.1093/lawfam/ebq007.

Book chapters

Smart, Carol (1995), "Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.", in Smart, Carol, Law, crime and sexuality : essays in feminism, London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub, pp. 16–31, ISBN 9780803989603
Smart, Carol (1995), "The woman of legal discourse.", in Smart, Carol, Law, crime and sexuality : essays in feminism, London Thousand Oaks Calif: Sage Pub, pp. 186–202, ISBN 9780803989603
Smart, Carol (1998), "Chapter 2: the woman of legal discourse", in Daly, Kathleen; Maher, Lisa, Criminology at the crossroads: feminist readings in crime and justice, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 21–36, ISBN 9780195113433
Smart, Carol (2000), "New dimensions to gendered power relations in families.", in Cook, Joanne; Roberts, Jennifer; Waylen, Georgina, Towards a gendered political economy, New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Political Economy Research Centre, the University of Sheffield, pp. 188–204, ISBN 9780333748718
Smart, Carol (2000), "Divorce in England 1950–2000: a moral tale?", in Katz, Sanford N.; Eekelaar, John; Maclean, Mavis, Cross currents: family law and policy in the United States and England, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 363–387, ISBN 9780198299448
Smart, Carol; Neale, Bren (2002), "Caring, earning and changing: parenthood and employment after divorce.", in Carling, Alan; Duncan, Simon; Edwards, Rosalind, Analysing families : morality and rationality in policy and practice, London New York: Routledge, pp. 183–198, ISBN 9780415250405
Smart, Carol (2003), "Chapter 10: Children and the transformation of family law.", in Dewar, John; Parker, Stephen, Family law processes, practices, and pressures: proceedings of the Tenth World Conference of the International Society of Family Law, July 2000, Brisbane, Australia, Oxford: Hart Publishing, pp. 719–720, ISBN 9781841133089
Smart, Carol; Wade, Amanda (2003), "As fair as it can be? childhood after divorce.", in Jensen, An-Magritt; McKee, Lorna, Children and the changing family: between transformation and negotiation, London New York: RoutledgeFalmer, pp. 105–119, ISBN 9780415277747
Smart, Carol (2005), "Changing commitments: a study of close kin after divorce.", in Maclean, Mavis, Family law and family values, Oxford Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing Ltd, pp. 137–153, ISBN 9781841135489
Smart, Carol (2006), "The ethic of justice strikes back: changing narratives of fatherhood.", in Diduck, Alison; O'Donovan, Katherine, Feminist perspectives on family law, Abingdon England New York: Glass House Publications, Routledge-Cavendish, pp. 123–138, ISBN 9780415420365
Smart, Carol (2006), "Parenting disputes, gender conflict and the courts.", in Thorpe, Mathew; Budden, Rosemary, Durable solutions: The collected papers of the Family Justice Councils' Interdisciplinary Conference (and associated plenary sessions), held at Dartington Hall Conference Centre, Bristol: Family Law, Jordan Publishers, pp. 103–111, ISBN 9781846610035
Smart, Carol (2006), "Preface", in Sheldon, Sally; Collier, Richard, Fathers' rights activism and law reform in comparative perspective, Oxford Portland, Oregon: Hart, pp. vii–xii, ISBN 9781847312808
May, Vanessa; Smart, Carol (2007), "The parenting contest: problems of ongoing conflict over children.", in Maclean, Mavis, Parenting after partnering : containing conflict after separation, Oxford Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, pp. 65–80, ISBN 9781841137827
Smart, Carol (2008), "Chapter 1.1 Criminological theory: its ideology and implications concerning women.", in Evans, Karen; Jamieson, Janet, Gender and crime: a reader, Maidenhead, Berkshire, England New York: Open University Press, pp. 5–15, ISBN 9780335225231 (Available online.)
Smart, Carol (2009), "Making kin: relationality and law", in Bottomley, Anne; Wong, Simone, Changing contours of domestic life, family and law : caring and sharing., Oxford Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing, pp. 7–24, ISBN 9781841139043
Smart, Carol (2010), "Resensando el derecho de familia. (Rethinking family law.)", in Heim, Daniela; Bodelón González, Encarna, Derecho, género e igualdad : cambios en las estructuras jurídicas androcéntricas, 1, Bellaterra: Grupo Antígona, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, pp. 355–372, ISBN 9788469291900
Smart, Carol (2011), "Close relationships and personal life.", in May, Vanessa, Sociology of personal life, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 35–47, ISBN 9780230278974
Smart, Carol (2011), "Children's personal lives.", in May, Vanessa, Sociology of personal life, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 98–108, ISBN 9780230278974
Smart, Carol (2011), "Relationality and socio-cultural theories of family life", in Jallinoja, Riitta; Widmer, Eric, Families and kinship in contemporary Europe : rules and practices of relatedness, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 13–30, ISBN 9780230284289

Reports

A set of reports funded by the Department for Constitutional Affairs using qualitative data, specifically, interviews with parents who had taken their disputes over residence and contact with their children to court. The 2003 reports relate to interviews conducted at the start of the legal process whilst the 2005 reports relate to interviews conducted as the cases were concluded.

Smart, Carol; May, Vanessa; Wade, Amanda; Furniss, Clare (2003). Residence and contact disputes in court: volume 1. DCA Research Series. London: Dept. for Constitutional Affairs, Research Unit (HMSO). ISBN 978-1-84099-052-2.
Smart, Carol; May, Vanessa; Wade, Amanda; Furniss, Clare (2003). Residence and contact disputes in court: volume 2. DCA Research Series. London: Dept. for Constitutional Affairs, Research Unit (HMSO). ISBN 978-1-84099-060-7.

The Cambridge dictionary of sociology

Smart has provided definitions for the following words in The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology :^[11]

Family (pages 189–195).
Lone-parent Family (pages 341–342).
Marriage and Divorce (pages 354–359).
Sexual Abuse (pages 547–548).
Siblings (page 550).

References

↑ "New Year's Honours list 2017" (PDF). Gov.uk. Government Digital Service. 30 December 2016. p. 19. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
↑ "Smart, Carol". Library of Congress. Retrieved 18 July 2014. CIP t.p. (Carol Smart) data sheet (b. 12-20-48)
↑ Lakhani, Nina (10 April 2010). "Why dumping a friend is hard". The Independent. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
↑ "Carol Smart". Morgan Centre for the Study of Relationships and Personal Life. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
↑ Phillips, Angela (17 October 2003). "Why a child is not a house". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 April 2010. New research from a longitudinal study by Carol Smart of the Care, Values and the Future of Welfare (Cava) research programme at the University of Leeds asked children what it actually feels like to be shared.
↑ "A new etiquette.". Youth Studies Australia. 1 June 2004. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
↑ Horin, Adele (27 March 2004). "New parental etiquette". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
↑ Smart, Carol (1977). Women, crime, and criminology: a feminist critique. London Boston: Routledge & K. Paul. ISBN 9780710088338.
↑ http://www.socialsciences.manchester.ac.uk/morgancentre/research/relative-strangers/index.html
↑ "No. 61803". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p. N10.
↑ Turner, Bryan (2006). The Cambridge dictionary of sociology. Cambridge England New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521832908.

External links

Official website

Authority control	WorldCat Identities VIAF: 109808882 LCCN: n83155723 ISNI: 0000 0001 2419 3415 GND: 170717801 SUDOC: 03172941X BNF: cb12289084g (data)

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