Carol W. Greider

Carolyn Widney "Carol" Greider (born April 15, 1961) is an American molecular biologist. She is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, Daniel Nathans Professor, and Director of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University.^[1] She discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984, while she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres, the ends of the chromosomes. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, along with Blackburn and Jack W. Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.^[2]

Early life and education

Greider was born in San Diego, California.^[3] Her father, Kenneth Greider, was a physics professor.^[4] Her family moved from San Diego to Davis, California, where she spent many of her early years and graduated from Davis Senior High School in 1979. She graduated from the College of Creative Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara, with a B.A. in biology in 1983. During this time she also studied at the University of Göttingen and made significant discoveries there.^[5]

Greider is dyslexic and states that her "compensatory skills also played a role in my success as a scientist because one has to intuit many different things that are going on at the same time and apply those to a particular problem"^[6]

Discovery of telomerase

She completed her Ph.D. in molecular biology in 1987 at the University of California, Berkeley, under Elizabeth Blackburn. While at UC Berkeley, Greider co-discovered telomerase, a key enzyme in cancer and anemia research, along with Blackburn.

Greider joined Blackburn's laboratory in April 1984 looking for the enzyme that was hypothesized to add extra DNA bases to the ends of chromosomes. Without the extra bases, which are added as repeats of a six base pair motif, chromosomes are shortened during DNA replication, eventually resulting in chromosome deterioration and senescence or cancer-causing chromosome fusion. Blackburn and Greider looked for the enzyme in the model organism Tetrahymena thermophila, a fresh-water protozoan with a large number of telomeres.^[7]

On December 25, 1984, Greider first obtained results indicating that a particular enzyme was likely responsible. After six months of additional research Greider and Blackburn concluded that it was the enzyme responsible for telomere addition. They published their findings in the journal Cell in December, 1985.^[8] The enzyme, originally called "telomere terminal transferase," is now known as telomerase. Telomerase rebuilds the tips of chromosomes and determines the life span of cells.^[9]

Subsequent career

Greider then completed her postdoctoral work, and also held a faculty position, at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Long Island, New York. During this time, Greider, in collaboration with Ronald A. DePinho, produced the first telomerase knockout mouse, showing that although telomerase is dispensable for life, increasingly short telomeres result in various deleterious phenotypes, colloquially referred to as premature aging. In the mid-1990s, Greider was recruited by Michael D. West, founder of biotechnology company Geron (now CEO of BioTime) to join the company's Scientific Advisory Board.^[10]

Greider, Blackburn and Jack Szostak, Ph.D., of Harvard Medical School, shared the 2006 Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research for their work on telomeres.^[11]

In February 2014, Greider was named a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor at Johns Hopkins University.^[12]

Personal life

Greider married Nathaniel C. Comfort, a fellow academic, in 1992. She has two children. Greider is divorced.^[13] Before Greider's children were born, she competed in triathlons. She still bikes, runs, and swims for fitness.^[14]

Awards and honors

• Gairdner Foundation International Award (1998)
• Member of the American Society for Cell Biology (1999)
• Academy of Achievement Golden Plate Award (2000)
• Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2003)^[15]
• Member of the National Academy of Sciences (2003)^[16]
• Richard Lounsbery Award (2003), National Academy of Sciences^[17]
• Member of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (2004)
• Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (2006) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak)
• Dickson Prize in Medicine (2006)
• Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences (2006) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)
• Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University (2007) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and Joseph G. Gall)
• Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2009) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn and Jack Szostak)"^[18]
• Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (2009) (shared with Elizabeth Blackburn)
• Member of the Institute of Medicine (2010) ^[19][20]

Selected works

• Greider, C. W. & Blackburn, E. H. (1985). "Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts". Cell. 43 (2 Pt. 1): 405–413. PMID 3907856. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(85)90170-9. 
• Greider, C. W. & Blackburn, E. H. (1996). "Telomeres, Telomerase and Cancer". Scientific American: 92–97. 

See also

• List of female Nobel laureates
• List of RNA biologists
• History of RNA biology

References

Further reading

• Nuzzo, Regina (2005). "Biography of Carol W. Greider". PNAS. 102 (23): 8077–8079. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.8077N. PMC 1149435 . PMID 15928079. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503019102. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carol Greider.

• Greider Lab