Carl Shipp Marvel

Carl Shipp Marvel
Born (1894-09-11)September 11, 1894
Waynesville, IL
Died January 4, 1988(1988-01-04) (aged 93)
Tucson, AZ
Citizenship United States
Fields Organic chemistry
Institutions University of Illinois, University of Arizona
Alma mater Illinois Wesleyan University, University of Illinois
Doctoral advisor William A. Noyes
Doctoral students H. E. Carter
Known for Polymer Chemistry
Notable awards Willard Gibbs Award (1950)
Priestley Medal (1956)
Perkin Medal (1965)
National Medal of Science (1986)

Carl Shipp "Speed" Marvel (September 11, 1894 – January 4, 1988) has been considered "one of the world's outstanding organic chemists."[1] Throughout his career, almost no area of polymer chemistry escaped his interest. He made important contributions to U.S. synthetic rubber program during World War II, and later worked at developing polybenzimidazoles, temperature-resistant polymers that are used in the aerospace industry, in fire-fighting equipment, and as a replacement for asbestos.[2] He received numerous awards, including the 1956 Priestley Medal and the 1986 National Medal of Science, presented by President Ronald Reagan.

Early life and education

Carl Shipp Marvel was born on September 11, 1894, in Waynesville, Illinois, U.S., to farmers John Thomas Marvel and Mary Lucy Wasson Marvel. An uncle urged him to study chemistry. Marvel attended Illinois Wesleyan University from 1911 to 1915. He graduated with an A.B. and M.S. in chemistry.[3] On the recommendation of his advisor, Alfred W. Homberger, Marvel obtained a $250 scholarship to the University of Illinois.[2]

Marvel had to take extra classes to "catch up" during his first year at University of Illinois. He obtained the nickname "Speed" early on in his career as a chemist from his habit of rushing to breakfast after studying all night. While at Illinois, Marvel became a friend of fellow student Wallace Carothers.[4] Marvel received his M.A. in Chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1916.[3]

Marvel's studies were interrupted by World War I. As the war cut off previous sources of supply, it became difficult to obtain many of the chemicals used in synthetic organic chemistry and related industrial processes. Clarence Derick set up the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit at Illinois to make and sell chemicals that had previously been imported from Germany. From 1916 to 1919 Marvel worked at the production unit under Roger Adams. His work in the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit gave him extensive experience in chemical preparation.[2][5] Students were required to take careful notebook records of each preparation, including the cost of chemicals, apparatus, and the time needed. Marvel was known for his ability to modify poor procedures to make them more effective, and to describe procedures so that others could follow them. Many of these laboratory procedures were later published, first as pamphlets on Organic Chemical Reagents, by Roger Adams, O. Kamm, and C. S. Marvel, and later in the journal Organic Syntheses.[2][6]

Marvel was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon.[7] He was initiated into Alpha Chi Sigma at the Zeta Chapter, University of Illinois, in 1918.[8]

In 1919, Marvel returned to graduate study full-time, supported by a fellowship from DuPont.[2] Marvel received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1920,[3] working with department head William Albert Noyes.[5] His thesis was A Study of the Possible Asymmetry of Aliphatic Diazo Compounds.[2]

University of Illinois

Marvel joined the Department of Chemistry at the University of Illinois as an instructor, in 1920.[3] He was promoted to associate in 1921, an assistant professor in 1923, an associate professor in 1927, and to Professor of Organic Chemistry in 1930.[3] Until 1940, he also supervised the Organic Chemical Manufactures unit, which became a summer program in which students synthesized difficult-to-obtain specialty chemicals.[6] From 1953 to 1961, Marvel was a research professor in the Department of Chemistry.[3]

Marvel's early research was in classical organic chemistry. He was an enthusiastic contributor to Organic Syntheses.[6] Approximately 20% of the 264 preparations in Collective Volume I of Organic Synthesis were either written or checked by Marvel.[2]

Marvel worked with a wide variety of compounds, including dialkyl mercury, hexa-substituted ethanes, dienynes, alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents, quaternary phosphonium, and ammonium compounds, preparing them and investigating their reactions. He developed organic chemical reagents to be used in the characterization, identification, and analysis of chemical compounds. Much of this research was carried out before techniques such as Infrared spectroscopy or Mass spectrometry were developed: for example, Marvel's exploration of intermolecular hydrogen bonding relied on studying solubilities and heats of mixing.[2][9]

He soon moved into polymer chemistry, again working on synthesis methods and structure determination. Using techniques such as determinations of elemental analysis, average molecular weight, end-group analysis, and examination of products, Marvel demonstrated a chemical methodology for establishing the principal structural features of polymers.[2] With his ability to improvise and refine new techniques, he made "major fundamental contributions" to the field of polymer science[2] for which he has been recognized as the "father" of synthetic polymer chemistry.[5]

Beginning in 1933, Marvel began studying olefin/sulfur dioxide polymers, determining their structure and examining the effects of initiators such as peroxide or ultraviolet light on polymerization reactions.[2] Examining vinyl polymers in 1937, Marvel was able to demonstrate that polymers prepared from polyvinyl chloride tended to form a head-to-tail structure with chlorine atoms on alternate carbon atoms, confirming the structural ideas of Hermann Staudinger, rather than a head-to-head structure which chlorine atoms on adjacent carbon atoms.[5] This work led in turn to the preparation and polymerization of new monomers.[10] For his work on SO
2, α-olefins and vinyl polymers, Marvel received the William H. Nichols Medal from the American Chemical Society in 1944.[11] In the early forties he was one of the first scientists to use optically active monomers and optically active initiators to examine properties of stereoregular polymers.[2][12]

DuPont Central Research

In 1928, Marvel was recommended by Roger Adams as a consultant for DuPont Central Research.[2] In the course of nearly 60 years, Marvel gave 19,000 individual consultations.[10] When asked to test the finding of English chemist F. E. Matthews that polysulfones could be formed by the reaction of sulfur dioxide and ethylene, Marvel confirmed the finding, using cyclohexene rather than ethylene.[13] He was a close friend as well as a consultant to Wallace Carothers, who was carrying out groundbreaking work on nylon and neoprene at Dupont.[14] Marvel also consulted with Ray C. Houtz, when Houtz was developing a synthetic fiber made from polyacrylonitrile, Orlon.[15]

United States Rubber Reserve

Marvel participated heavily in the U.S. synthetic rubber program when supplies of natural rubber were disrupted during World War II. The availability of rubber was essential to the war effort. Beginning in September 1940, Marvel worked with Section C-2, Synthetic Problems, of Division B of the National Defense Research Committee.[2] In 1941 and 1942 he was chairman of Section B–3, Synthetic, Analytical, and Inorganic Problems, of the National Defense Research Committee.[11] Between 1942 and 1945 he headed a group of up to 100 chemists at different institutions across the United States for the U.S. Rubber Reserve Corporation.[10][16] His work at Illinois on the low-temperature copolymerization of butadiene and styrene was important to the successful commercial production of synthetic rubber.[2] His group identified thiol as a key to the polymerization process, and targeted polyunsaturated fatty acids, present in soaps used as emulsifiers, as an ingredient that was interfering with polymerization reactions.[13]

In 1946 Marvel went to Germany as one of a technical intelligence team, to report on the state of German rubber technology. They found that German scientists were using a redox polymerization process[17] at 5 °C (41 °F), considerably lower than previous processes. Marvel and his group developed this idea further, creating a cold rubber process for American industry.[2][18] With their new process, polymerization could be completed in only seven hours.[17]

As a result of his wartime work, Marvel received the President's Certificate of Merit for Civilians in World War II.[2][19]

Teaching

Marvel is credited, with Roger Adams and Reynold C. Fuson, with making the organic chemistry program at Illinois "preeminent in the United States".[20] As an instructor, Marvel saw the importance of working on essential problems.[21] He also emphasized "that the essential product of academic research was the students."[21] Marvel supervised 176 successful doctoral students, and at least 150 postdoctoral students during his career.[10] His students included H. E. Carter, Wallace Carothers, George Graves, William J. Sparks,[2] Samuel M. McElvain,[2] Arnold Beckman,[22] and future Nobel Laureates Vincent du Vigneaud[2] and Edwin G. Krebs.[23]

In 1961 Marvel formally "retired" from Illinois, but continued to be a research professor Emeritus from 1961 to 1988. In 1963, he was awarded an Honorary D. Sc. degree from the University of Illinois.[3]

University of Arizona

From 1961 to 1988 Marvel also held the position of Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the University of Arizona.[3][24] At Arizona, Marvel continued work which he had begun at Illinois, the study of high temperature polymers.

High temperature polymers

Marvel made important advances in the development of high temperature polymers, including polybenzimidazoles and ladder polymers, using techniques of polyaddition and cyclopolymerization.[13][25]

Marvel was contacted by Wright Patterson Air Force Base in the 1950s, because the U.S. Air Force needed a material suitable for drogue parachutes. They needed a material that would retain its strength when subjected to extremely high temperatures. Researching high-temperature stable polymers, Marvel was the first to synthesize Polybenzimidazole (PBI), a condensation polymer with aromatic and heteroaromatic repeating units. He then worked with Herward Vogel, first at the University of Illinois and later at the University of Arizona, to improve the quality of the polymer and develop Polybenzimidazole fiber.[2] Their best PBI was both nonflammable and stable at temperatures of up to 600 °C.[13] They registered patents for high molecular weight condensation polymers in the 1960s.[26] Because of its thermal and oxidative stability PBI was adopted by NASA in the 1960s for use in aerospace and defense applications.[27] In 1978, PBI began to be used in United States fire service equipment.[28]

Marvel also proposed the development of "ladder molecules" (ladder polymers), next generation polymers that would be even more stable than polybenzimidazoles.[29][30] Marvel had taken the first steps towards a process for creating ladder-type polymers as early as 1938, when he attempted the cyclization of poly(methyl vinyl ketone).[31] In the 1950s, he outlined a precursor approach to the creation of Poly(para-phenylene) (PPP), a particularly difficult process. Marvel's approach contained the key elements of solutions which would not be developed for another thirty years: chain-growth polymerization of a cyclohexadiene monomer, and its subsequent aromatization. His work is therefore considered "an important milestone in the history of PPP synthesis."[32]

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s he continued to work as a principal contributor to the U.S. Air Force program on high temperature polymer synthesis, including the synthesis of thermally stable ladder or partial ladder polypyrrolones.[33] For his work Marvel was awarded a Distinguished Service Award (1966) by the U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory and an Award for Outstanding Achievement (1966) by the Air Force Systems Command.[2]

He officially "retired" as a research professor at the University of Arizona in 1978, but still carried on some research, with the help of postdoctoral students, until his death in 1988.[13] The University of Arizona named the "Carl S. Marvel Laboratories of Chemistry" at 1213 E South Campus, Tucson, AZ, in his honor.[34] Marvel Hall, a conference room in the American Chemical Society Building in Washington, D.C., is also named for him.

Publications

Dr. Marvel published nearly 500 articles in scientific journals worldwide, and four books including Introduction to the Organic Chemistry of High Polymers.[35] He served on the editorial board of journals including Macromoleeules, the Journal of Organic Chemistry, the Journal of the American Chemical Society, and the Journal of Polymer Science.[35] He also held 52 patents.[10]

An avid birdwatcher throughout his life, Marvel's publications include papers on bird-watching,[4] such as "The Unusual Feeding Habits of the Cape May Warbler" (1948) and "The Blue Grosbeck in Western Ontario" (1950).[35]

Honors and awards

Family

Carl Marvel married Alberta Hughes on December 26, 1933. They had two children, Mary Catharine and John Thomas Marvel (1938 -2010).[35] He died on January 4, 1988, in Tucson, Arizona. John Thomas Marvel had three sons, Scott Thomas, Chris Andrew and Carl Randall Marvel. Scott Thomas Marvel had one son, John Marvel. Carl Randall Marvel had two children, Christian Reed and Brooke Marie Marvel.[46]

References

  1. ↑ Seymour, Raymond B. (1989). Pioneers in polymer science. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 175. ISBN 9780792303008. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Leonard, Nelson J. (1994). Carl Shipp Marvel 1894-1988 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gortler, Leon B.; Price, Charles C. (July 13, 1983). "Interview with Carl S. Marvel". Center for Oral History. Chemical Heritage Foundation.
  4. 1 2 "Carl S. Marvel Papers finding aid". Chemical Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Noyes Laboratory at the University of Illinois National Historic Chemical Landmark". ACS Chemistry for Life. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  6. 1 2 3 Shriner, Ralph L.; Shriner, Rachel H. (1975). "Part I. The Early History of Organic Syntheses". In Danheiser, R. L. Cumulative Indices, Organic Syntheses, Collective Volumes I-V. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  7. ↑ White, Russell S.; Winters, Lawrence M. (1917). "Tau Kappa Epsilon". The Illio: A yearbook produced by the junior class at the University of Illinois. MCMXIIX: 172.
  8. 1 2 "Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame". Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity. Retrieved 10 October 2013.
  9. ↑ Ulrich, Robert D. (1978). "C. S. Marvel". Macromolecular Science · Contemporary Topics in Polymer Science. 1: 133–141. doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-2853-7_9.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Gillispie, Charles Coulston (2008). Complete dictionary of scientific biography. Detroit, Mich.: Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 9780684315591. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  11. 1 2 3 "William H. Nichols Medal of the American Chemical Society : Award to Prof. C. S. Marvel". Nature. 153: 583. 13 May 1944. doi:10.1038/153583b0. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  12. ↑ Lenz, Robert W., ed. (1980). Preparation and properties of stereoregular polymers. Dordrecht: Reidel. ISBN 978-90-277-1055-0. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Morris, Peter J. T. (1990). Polymer pioneers : a popular history of the science and technology of large molecules (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Beckman center for the history of chemistry. pp. 61–63. ISBN 978-0941901031.
  14. ↑ Beal, Tom (July 6, 2012). "Chemist brought polymer technology to UA". UA Science Biosphere 2. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  15. ↑ Hounshell, David A.; Smith, Jr., John Kenly (2006). Science and corporate strategy : Du Pont R&D, 1902-1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521028523.
  16. ↑ "Collaboration". Rubber Matters: Solving the World War II Rubber Problem. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  17. 1 2 "Germany Trip: Post-war". Rubber Matters: Solving the World War II Rubber Problem. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  18. ↑ "Marvel Uncovers Rubber Formula In Germany". Daily Illini. 15 March 1946. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  19. ↑ "Glossary and Bibliography". Rubber Matters: Solving the World War II Rubber Problem. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  20. ↑ Kauffman, George B. "Carl Shipp Marvel American chemist". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  21. 1 2 Leonard, Nelson J. "Carl Shipp Marvel September 11, 1894 - January 4, 1988" (PDF). Organic Synthesis. 67. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  22. ↑ Arnold Thackray; Minor Myers, Jr. ; foreword by James D. Watson. (2000). Arnold O. Beckman : one hundred years of excellence. Philadelphia, Pa.: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-941901-23-9.
  23. ↑ "Edwin G. Krebs - Biographical". The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  24. ↑ Mangravite, Andrew (2002). "The Carl S. Marvel Papers Finding Aid" (PDF). Othmer Library. Chemical Heritage Foundation. This collection of material covers his second “retirement” career at the University of Arizona.
  25. ↑ Mark, H. (3 January 2007). "The Contribution of Carl (Speed) Marvel to Polymer Science". Journal of Macromolecular Science: Part A - Chemistry. 21 (13-14): 1567–1606. doi:10.1080/00222338408082079.
  26. ↑ "Appendix C: Patents Resulting From Activities Supported by the National Science Foundation" (PDF). National Science Foundation. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  27. ↑ Haertsch, Emilie; Meyer, Michal (2016). "Tough Stuff". Distillations. 2 (2): 12-13. Retrieved 17 February 2017.
  28. ↑ "Polymer Fabric Protects Firefighters, Military, and Civilians". NASA Spinoff. Retrieved April 23, 2009.
  29. ↑ Frazer, A. H. (July 1969). "High-Temperature Plastics". Scientific American. 221 (1): 96–105. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0769-96. In my view the most promising approach is one suggested by Carl S. Marvel of the University of Arizona. He proposes that the next generation of polymers be derived from 'ladder molecules.'
  30. ↑ Pezdirtz, George F.; Bell, Vernon L.; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Hampton, Virginia, Langley Research Center (1965). An Exploratory Study of a New Class of Stepladder and Ladder Polymers-Polyimidazopyrrolones (PDF).
  31. ↑ Scherf, Ullrich (1998). "Conjugated Ladder-type structures". In Skotheim, Terje A.; Elsenbaumer, Ronald L.; Reynolds, John R. Handbook of conducting polymers (2nd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 363–380. ISBN 9780824700508. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  32. ↑ Schlüter, A.-Dieter (1998). "Synthesis of Poly(para-phenylene)s". In Skotheim, Terje A.; Elsenbaumer, Ronald L.; Reynolds, John R. Handbook of conducting polymers (2nd ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 209–224. ISBN 9780824700508. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  33. ↑ Burks, Harold D. (1972). An annotated bibliography of Pyrrone and BBB publications (PDF). Hampton, Virginia, Langley Research Center: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
  34. ↑ "Carl S. Marvel Laboratories Of Chemistry". The University of Arizona. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Seymour, R. B. (1989). "Carl S. Marvel the Grand Old Gentleman of Polymer Science". Pioneers in polymer science. Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 173–176. ISBN 978-94-010-7584-8. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  36. ↑ "ACS Presidents, A Chronological List". ACS Chemistry for Life. American Chemical Society. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  37. ↑ "American Philosophical Society Member History". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  38. ↑ "The Willard Gibbs Medal" (PDF). ACS Chemistry for Life. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  39. ↑ "Gold Medal Award Winners". American Institute of Chemists. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  40. ↑ "Priestley Medal". ACS Chemistry for Life. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  41. ↑ "Members of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences: 1780-2014" (PDF). Book of Members. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. p. 368. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  42. ↑ "ACS Award in Polymer Chemistry". ACS Chemistry for Life. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  43. ↑ "1965 Perkin Medal Goes to Marvel". Chem. Eng. News. 43 (7): 82–87. February 15, 1965. doi:10.1021/cen-v043n007.p082.
  44. ↑ "Chemical Pioneer Award Winners". American Institute of Chemists. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  45. ↑ "Carl Marvel, A Founder of Polymer Chemistry". Chicago Tribune. January 7, 1988. p. 10. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  46. ↑ "Obituaries : Pioneering Chemist Carl Shipp Marvel". Los Angeles Times. January 6, 1988. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
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