Caring for people with dementia

As populations age, caring for people with dementia has become more common. Elderly caregiving may consist of formal care and informal care. Formal care involves the services of community and medical partners, while informal care involves the support of family, friends, and local communities, but more often from spouses, adult children and other relatives. In most mild to medium cases of dementia the primary caregiver is a family member, usually a spouse or adult child. Over time more and more professional care in the form of nursing and other supportive care may be required, whether at home or in a long term care facility. Esther Greenhouse says that it is important for architects in designs for Aging in Place to consider the relationship of the built environment to the functioning and well-being of seniors.[1][2]

Family Caregivers

The role of family caregivers has also become more prominent, as care in the familiar surroundings of home may delay onset of some symptoms and postpone or eliminate the need for more professional and costly levels of care. Home-based care may entail tremendous economic, emotional costs as well. Family caregivers often give up time from work and forego pay in order to spend an average of 47 hours per week with an affected loved one, who frequently cannot be left alone. In a survey of patients with long-term care insurance, the direct and indirect costs of caring for an Alzheimer's disease patient averaged $77,500 per year in the United States.[3] Caregivers are themselves subject to increased incidence of depression, anxiety, and, in some cases, physical health issues.[4][5][6]

Stressors

Schulz et al. concluded in a US study that "the transition to institutional care is particularly difficult for spouses, almost half of whom visit the patient daily and continue to provide help with physical care during their visits. Clinical interventions that better prepare the caregiver for a placement transition and treat their depression and anxiety following placement may be of great benefit to these individuals."[7] Thommessen et al. found in a Norwegian study that the most common stressors reported were "disorganization of household routines, difficulties with going away for holidays, restrictions on social life, and the disturbances of sleep..." and that this was common to carers for dementia, stroke and Parkinson's disease patients.[8] In a Japanese study, Hirono et al. assessed that "the patients' functional and neuropsychiatric impairments were the main patient factors which increased the caregiver's burden."[9] An Italian study by Marvardi et al. found "that patients' behavioral disturbances and disability were the major predictors of the time-dependent burden; the psychophysical burden was explained mainly by caregiver anxiety and depression."[10]

Anticipatory grief

Caregivers may experience anticipatory grief and ambiguous loss.[11][12][13]

Respite or day care

Caring for someone with dementia is accompanied by many emotional and physical challenges.[14] Respite care is designed to give rest or relief to caregivers. A 2014 did not report any benefits or detrimental effects from the use of these interventions.[14] However, these results may be due to the lack of high quality studies in this field.[14]

Early utilization of in-home help services may delay institutionalization.[15]

Environmental design

A 2010 review summarizes what is known about best practices for safe and stimulating environments for dementia.[16]

See also

Wikiversity has learning resources about Caregiving and dementia

References

  1. ↑ "Esther Greenhouse Universal Design Aging in Place CAPS | Esther Greenhouse". www.esthergreenhouse.com. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  2. ↑ Watch now: WCNY Series | Design For A Lifetime #101 | WCNY Public Media Video, retrieved 2017-03-30
  3. ↑ MetLife Mature Market Institute (August 2006). "The MetLife Study of Alzheimer’s Disease: The Caregiving Experience" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
  4. ↑ Schulz R, O'Brien AT, Bookwala J, Fleissner K (December 1995). "Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: prevalence, correlates, and causes". Gerontologist. 35 (6): 771–791. PMID 8557205. doi:10.1093/geront/35.6.771.
  5. ↑ Cooper C, Balamurali TB, Livingston G (28 September 2006). "A systematic review of the prevalence and covariates of anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia". International Psychogeriatrics. 19 (2): 175–195. PMID 17005068. doi:10.1017/S1041610206004297.
  6. ↑ Adams KB (June 2008). "Specific effects of caring for a spouse with dementia: differences in depressive symptoms between caregiver and non-caregiver spouses". Journal of International Psychogeriatrics. 20 (3): 508–20. PMID 17937825. doi:10.1017/S1041610207006278.
  7. ↑ Schulz R, Belle SH, Czaja SJ, McGinnis KA, Stevens A, Zhang S (2004-08-25). "Long-term care placement of dementia patients and caregiver health and well-being.". Journal of the American Medical Association. 292 (8): 961–967. PMID 15328328. doi:10.1001/jama.292.8.961.
  8. ↑ Thommessen B, Aarsland D, Braekhus A, Oksengaard AR, Engedal K, Laake K (January 2002). "The psychosocial burden on spouses of the elderly with stroke, dementia and Parkinson's disease". International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 17 (1): 78–84. PMID 11802235. doi:10.1002/gps.524.
  9. ↑ Hirono N, Kobayashi H, Mori E (June 1998). "Caregiver burden in dementia: Evaluation with a Japanese version of the Zarit caregiver burden interview". No to Shinkei (in Japanese). 50 (6): 561–567. PMID 9656252.
  10. ↑ Marvardi M, Mattioli P, Spazzafumo L, et al. (February 2005). "The Caregiver Burden Inventory in evaluating the burden of caregivers of elderly demented patients: results from a multicenter study.". Aging clinical and experimental research. 17 (1): 46–53. PMID 15847122. doi:10.1007/bf03337720.
  11. ↑ Meuser TM, Marwit SJ (October 2001). "A comprehensive, stage-sensitive model of grief in dementia caregiving.". Gerontologist. 41 (5): 658–670. PMID 11574711. doi:10.1093/geront/41.5.658.
  12. ↑ Frank JB (December 2007 – January 2008). "Evidence for grief as the major barrier faced by Alzheimer caregivers: a qualitative analysis". Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 22 (6): 516–527. PMID 18166611. doi:10.1177/1533317507307787.
  13. ↑ Timmermann Sandra (September 2004). "Ronald Reagan, grief and bereavement: what we need to know about the grieving process" (PDF). Journal of Financial Service Professionals. Retrieved 2008-03-02.
  14. 1 2 3 Maayan, Nicola; Soares-Weiser, Karla; Lee, Helen (2014-01-16). "Respite care for people with dementia and their carers". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD004396. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 24435941. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004396.pub3.
  15. ↑ Gaugler JE, Kane RL, Kane RA, Newcomer R (April 2005). "Early community-based service utilization and its effects on institutionalization in dementia caregiving.". Gerontologist. 45 (2): 177–185. PMID 15799982. doi:10.1093/geront/45.2.177.
  16. ↑ Fleming, R; Purandare, N (November 2010). "Long-term care for people with dementia: environmental design guidelines.". International psychogeriatrics / IPA. 22 (7): 1084–96. PMID 20478095. doi:10.1017/S1041610210000438.

Further reading

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