Card sharp

The Cardsharps (ca. 1594) by Caravaggio.
Le Tricheur à l'as de carreau (1635) by Georges de La Tour.
Card-sharpers by Candlelight (1845) by Feliks Pęczarski, National Museum in Warsaw.

A card sharp (also cardsharp, card shark or cardshark, sometimes hyphenated) is a person who uses skill and/or deception to win at poker or other card games. "Sharp" and "shark" spellings have varied over time and by region.

The label is not always intended as pejorative, and is sometimes used to refer to practitioners of card tricks for entertainment purposes. In general usage, principally in American English and more commonly with the "shark" spelling, the term has also taken on the meaning of an expert card gambler who takes advantage of less-skilled players, also called an advantage player, without any implication of actual cheating at cards, in much the same way that "pool shark" or "pool hustler" can (especially when used by non-players) be intended to refer to a skilled player rather than a cheater or swindler.

A card sharp or shark (by either of the gambling-related definitions) may be a "rounder" who travels, seeking out high-stakes games in which to gamble.

Etymology and usage

According to the prevailing etymological theory, the term "shark", originally meaning "parasite" or "one who preys upon others" (cf. loan shark), derives from German Schorke or Schurke ('rogue' or 'rascal'), as did the English word "shirk[er]". "Sharp" developed in the 17th century from this meaning of "shark" (as apparently did the use of "shark" as a name for the fish), but the phrase "card sharp" predates the variant "card shark".[1][2][3][4][5] The original connotation was negative, meaning "swindler" or "cheat", regardless of spelling, with the more positive connotations of "expert" or "skilled player" arising later, and not supplanting the negative ones.[1][3][6][7] "Card sharp" and "card shark" are synonymous,[2][3][5][8][9] although American English is somewhat, but informally, beginning to favor "shark" as a positive term versus "sharp" as a negative one.[5][10][11] (However, not all American dictionaries agree with this,[3] and some suggest the opposite.)[12]

Methods

Card sharps who cheat or perform tricks use methods to keep control of the order of the cards or sometimes to control one specific card. Many of these methods employ sleight of hand. Essential skills are false shuffles and false cuts that appear to mix the deck but actually leave the cards in the same order. More advanced techniques include culling (manipulating desired cards to the top or bottom of the deck), and stacking (putting desired cards in position to be dealt).

Dealing the cards can also be manipulated. Once a desired card or cards are located they can be controlled and dealt as the cheater wishes. This is called a false dealing, if a card is dealt from the bottom it is called bottom dealing and if it is second from the top it is called second dealing. Two cards could be dealt as one or the second card from the bottom could be dealt, hence the Greek deal and double deals. Dealing may also be done from the middle of the deck, known as the middle deal or center deal, but is almost always performed as a display of skill rather than actual cheating.[13][14]

Comics

Film

Card sharps are common characters in caper films, since the questionable legality of their hobby also plays well with that of their occupation. Notable examples films featuring card sharps are:

Television

Video games

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Harper, Douglas (2001). "Online Etymology Dictionary search results". EtymOnline.com. pp. entries "shark" & "sharp". Retrieved 2007-07-08. – gives the negative meaning only, for both
  2. 1 2 Hawkins, Joyce M.; Allen, Robert, eds. (1991). The Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary (hardback ed.). New York: Clarendon Press. p. 1334. ISBN 0-19-861248-6. – gives only the negative meaning for both; labels negative verb "to sharp" archaic.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Chapman, Robert L. (ed.) (1983). New Dictionary of American Slang. New York: Harper & Row. p. 380. – gives both positive and negative meanings for both "shark" and "sharp", labels them synonymous in this context, and indicates that positive sense of "shark" arose much later than the negative meaning, and later than it did for "sharp"
  4. ↑ Partridge, Eric (1983). Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. New York: Greenwich House. p. 614. ISBN 0-517-41425-2. – gives only negative meaning for "shark", and gives "sharper" as synonymous, without addressing the shorter form "sharp"
  5. 1 2 3 McKechnie, Jean L. (ed.) (1971). Webster's New Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 274, 1668. ISBN 0-671-41819-X. – gives both meanings for both terms and even for the obsolete "sharker", but provides only the swindler definition for "card sharp" and both definitions for the "card shark" version, thus contradicting itself at the "sharp" entry
  6. ↑ Onions, C.T. (ed.) (1994). The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (hardback ed.). New York: Oxford at the Clarendon Press. p. 817. ISBN 0-19-861112-9. – gives only the negative meaning for both "shark" and "sharp"
  7. ↑ Weekley, Ernest; Scott, Anne, eds. (1911). New Gem Dictionary of the English Language. London: Collins. p. 418. – current around time that "shark" gained a positive sense, gives only negative meaning for both
  8. ↑ Kipfer, Barabara Ann; Princeton Language Institute, eds. (1999). Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus in Dictionary Form (Second Ed. (paperback ver.) ed.). New York: Dell Publishing. pp. 306, 786. ISBN 0-440-23513-8. – gives both meanings for both
  9. ↑ "Dictionary.Reference.com search results". Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Lexico Publishing Group. 2007. pp. "sharp" dfn. 36 & 37, "shark" dfn. 2–1 & 2–2. Retrieved 2007-07-08. – gives both meanings for both, with negative meaning being primary for both, positive meanings informal
  10. ↑ Soukhanov, Anne H. (sr. ed.) (1994). Webster's II: New Riverside Dictionary (hardback ed.). Boston: Riverside Pub. Co. p. 1072. ISBN 0-395-33957-X. – gives both for "shark", only negative for "sharp" and "sharper"
  11. ↑ Guralnik, David B. (ed.) (1982). Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language (Revised) (Revised Ed. (paperback ver.) ed.). New York: Warner Books. p. 547. ISBN 0-446-31450-1. – gives both for "shark", only negative for "sharp"
  12. ↑ "American Heritage Dictionary of the English language (online Fourth Ed.)". Bartleby.com. Houghton Mifflin. 2000–2006. pp. "sharp" dfn. noun 3 & "shark" dfn. noun 2. Retrieved 2007-07-08. – gives both meanings for both, with positive being primary for "sharp" but negative for "shark"
  13. ↑ Maskelyne, John Nevil (1983). Sharps and Flats. Casino Press. ISBN 0-87019-049-0.
  14. ↑ Johnson, Karl (2005). The Magician and the Cardsharp: The Search for America's Greatest Sleight-of-Hand Artist. Henry Holt and Co. ISBN 0-8050-7406-6.
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