Cardigan, Ceredigion

Cardigan

High Street, Cardigan
Cardigan
Cardigan shown within Ceredigion
Population 4,184 (2011)[1]
OS grid reference SN175465
Principal area
Ceremonial county
Country Wales
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town CARDIGAN
Postcode district SA43
Dialling code 01239
Police Dyfed-Powys
Fire Mid and West Wales
Ambulance Welsh
EU Parliament Wales
UK Parliament
Welsh Assembly

Cardigan (Welsh: Aberteifi, pronounced [abɛrˈtəivɪ])[2] is a town in the county of Ceredigion – formerly Cardiganshire – in Wales.[3] The town lies on a tidal reach of the River Teifi at the point where Ceredigion meets Pembrokeshire. It was the county town of the historic county of Cardiganshire and is the second largest town in present-day Ceredigion. The largest town, Aberystwyth, is now one of the two administrative centres; the other being Aberaeron.

The settlement at Cardigan was developed around the Norman castle built in the late 11th or early 12th century. The castle was the location of the first National Eisteddfod in 1176. The town became an important port in the 18th century, but declined by the early 20th century owing to its shallow harbour.[3] The castle underwent restoration in 2014.

The population in 2001 was 4,203, reducing slightly to 4,184 at the 2011 census. Modern Cardigan is a compact and busy town having most of the facilities for retail, education, health, worship and sport.

Names

Cardigan is an anglicisation of the Welsh Ceredigion ("Ceredig's land"), the surrounding territory its Norman castle once controlled. Ceredig was supposedly one of the sons of Cunedda Wledig, who Welsh legend records invaded from the north to recover lands in Roman Britain from invading Irishmen in late antiquity.[3]

The Welsh name Aberteifi simply refers to its position by the mouth (aber) of the River Teifi

On December 16, 2016, the town was temporarily renamed Jumper to commemorate Save the Children's Christmas Jumper Day.

History

Parish Church of St Mary

The nearest known Roman forts were at Loventium and Bremia at the gold mines near Llanio above the River Teifi on the Sarn Helen road. The present town grew up near the medieval forts established to control the access of the Teifi and its confluents to Cardigan Bay on the Irish Sea.[3] A castle was built by Roger de Montgomery in 1093 after a Norman army conquered Ceredigion. Its hinterland was regained by Owain Gwynedd, Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd, and Gruffydd ap Rhys in October 1136 after their victory at Crug Mawr over an English army led by Roberts fitz Martin and fitz Stephen and Maurice FitzGerald. The town itself held out until 1164. Rhys ap Gruffydd fortified the town and was credited with the establishment of the castle near the bridge over the Teifi.[3] In 1176, he instituted the first eisteddfod. Contestants came from all over the British Isles to compete for chairs in music and poetry. Lord Rhys' grandson Maelgwn razed the castle and sacked the town.[3]

In 1199 the town received its first charter and became an important trade centre. In 1227 a weekly market was established which continues to this day.[4][5] Welsh rule over Cardigan continued, for some periods under royal lordship, until it was annexed to the English crown in 1283 when the country of Cardiganshire was created. The town wall was built in the 1240s and the castle was rebuilt. St Mary's Church was established as a Benedictine Priory and parish church in mediaeval times and survived the Dissolution of the Monasteries. The castle ceased being the administrative centre of the county with the Act of Union in 1536 and by the early 17th century was already falling into ruins.[5]

Until the 16th century, Cardigan had been a small, walled town with some river traffic. A small Benedictine priory operated until the Reformation and the more important abbey of St Dogmael's was also nearby.[3] With Wales formally annexed by England through the Laws in Wales Acts, political and domestic stability boosted economic prosperity through the increase in maritime trade.[4] At the end of the 16th century the port's principal trade was fishing, but over the next century trade expanded to include a range of imports and exports, and a Customs House was established to collect revenues.[6] During the Civil War, the town's castle was held for a time by the Royalists. In the 17th century, the residence erected around the old priory was famed as the home of Orinda (Catherine Philips), the friend of Jeremy Taylor.[3]

Guildhall, built in a Gothic design, and opened in 1860

The herring fishery developed and by the beginning of the 18th century there was a large merchant fleet. Exports included herring and salmon, slate, bark for tanning, corn and ale. Imports included oranges, manufactured goods, building materials and coal. Industries that developed included shipbuilding, brickworks, a foundry, ropemakers and sailmakers.[4] A county jail was erected in 1793.[3]

In the 18th and early 19th century, Cardigan was the commercial centre of its county[3] and the most important port in South Wales, exporting slate, oats, barley, and butter. In 1815, it possessed 314 ships totaling 12,554 long tons (12,755 t). This was seven times as many vessels as Cardiff and three times as many as Swansea.[7] It had a thriving shipbuilding industry, with over 200 vessels being built both in Cardigan and downstream in the village of Llandudoch (St Dogmaels).[4] In conjunction with Aberystwyth, Lampeter, and Adpar, it was established as Carmarthenshire's second parliamentary constituency amid the 1832 reforms. By mid-century, it was connected with the Welsh rail network but its harbour was obstructed by a sand bar that made it dangerous for vessels over 300 tons burden except during the high spring tides.[3]

Rural industries and craftsmen were an important part of life in a country town. Information recorded in Trade Directories show that in 1830 there were Thirteen boot makers, three bakers, one miller, four blacksmiths, seven carpenters, two coopers, six tailors, five dressmakers and milliners, two straw hat makers, two weavers, three curriers, three saddlers, two whitesmiths, four glaziers, five maltsters, two printers, two tanners and one stonemason.[4] The houses were mostly of slate and the streets narrow, steep, and irregular, with a grammar school erected in 1804 and a national school in 1848.[3] The town also had a public library.

The Guildhall with open ground behind was built during 1858–60; erected on the site of the old grammar school, a house and a coach-house owned by Abraham Morgan. The cost of building was £1,880 5s for the front buildings, and £2,174 15s for the markets.[8] By the mid 19th century there were more than 60 taverns in the town. The decline of the port was hastened by the coming of the railway in 1886.[6] The river silted up and larger vessels could no longer reach the port, which had largely become inactive by the early part of the 20th century. Plans for dredging came to nothing.

Cardigan Castle

Cardigan looking north across the River Teifi with the castle on the right

In 1176, Cardigan Castle became the site of the first competitive Eisteddfod. Cardigan also hosted the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 1942 and 1976. The castle was for many years privately owned and became run down and derelict. The town council itself showed little interest in saving it. However, a group of volunteers and the local Catholic priest, Seamus Cunane, working separately, did raise its profile. Ceredigion County Council bought it in 2003. The castle underwent restoration in 2014.

The castle is open to the public.[9] There is luxury accommodation for hire, a heritage centre with education facilities, a restaurant, an events and open-air concert area, and there are rooms for hire for classes.[10]

Welsh language

Cardigan is predominantly a Welsh language speaking community. At the 2001 census more than 69% of the residents were recorded as being able to speak or understand spoken Welsh, with 45% able to speak, read and write in the language.[11] In 1176, and again 800 years later, the National Eisteddfod was held in the town (also in 1942). In 2003 the community, together with the Welsh Language Board, set up a language action plan designed to provide opportunities for people of all ages to get together to speak Welsh. The county council, Twf, Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin, the Urdd, Cardigan town council, the local Young Farmers, Menter Aberteifi and the Board are now working together in pursuit of this objective.

Population

Cardigan is the second largest town in Ceredigion with 4,203 inhabitants (2001),[12] reducing slightly to 4,184 at the 2011 census.

Local government

Cardigan is an ancient borough which had its own municipal council from the early nineteenth century. In 1889, Cardiganshire County Council was formed although the former county town was rarely the venue for its meetings. Levi James, one of the town's two inaugural county councillors, was immediately made an alderman and became the second chairman of the Council. Cardigan is a significant regional administrative centre for West Wales.

Business associations

Until 2011, traders in Cardigan were represented by the Chamber of Commerce. Cardigan Traders' Group was set up in that year, attracting half of the members of the Chamber of Commerce.[13]

Regeneration

Prince Charles Quay, Cardigan

In 2006 and 2008, the town undertook a coordinated programme of building works sympathetically restoring many of the shop facades in the town centre. The quayside has been rebuilt with a new civic area and landing stage.

Cardigan was named one of the best places to live in Wales in 2017.[14]

Amenities

The town has a hospital, college, modern arts centre (with three-screen cinema), theatre and recently refurbished 19th century guildhall housing market stalls; for shopping there are supermarkets and town centre shops and several trading estates.

Education

Cardigan's college, Coleg Ceredigion, is located north of the town centre and educates 700 full-time and 2,000 part-time students in both Welsh and English languages, and is Ceredigion's only further education college.[15] The college became a constituent college of the University of Wales Trinity Saint David. In a special ceremony at the Guildhall, the university’s vice-chancellor, Prof Medwin Hughes, chair of the university council, Ven Randolph Thomas and Dr. Brinley Jones, president of UWTSD officially welcomed Coleg Ceredigion to the UWTSD group.[16]

The college and Cardigan Secondary School, Ysgol Uwchradd Aberteifi share the same site.[17] Ysgol Gynradd Gymunedol Aberteifi was established in 2008 when the former Cardigan Infant and Cardigan Junior schools were combined. The school educates more than 300 pupils.[18]

Worship

The parish church is dedicated to St Mary.

Cardigan is the site of Our Lady of Cardigan, a Roman Catholic shrine, also known as the shrine to Our Lady of the Taper.

Other churches include:

Leisure activities

There is a leisure centre in the grounds of the college offering sport and fitness facilities, and a swimming pool and leisure complex (a registered charity opened in 1977)[22] in Napier Street. There is also a very well equipped public library that stocks new books, magazines and newspapers in various formats. It has free wifi and access to computers. The library is situated in 'Canolfan Teifi' near the guild hall and corn exchange.[23] There are many outdoor activities on offer in local area including coasteering and sea kayaking in which you may be able to spot the local grey seal family in nearby Moylgrove.

Sport

Cardigan Rugby Football Club was founded in 1876 and plays in WRU Division Two West.[24] It is a feeder club for the Llanelli Scarlets.

Cardigan Golf Club is a 6,500-yard 18 hole clifftop course at Gwbert, north of the town. The current clubhouse was opened in 1977 but the links course originated with 9 holes in 1895.[25]

River

Kayaks by the Teifi

Moorings in the River Teifi are under the control of Afon Teifi Fairways[26] and there is some deepwater mooring on the south bank downstream of the old bridge. Other midstream moorings exist from Cardigan downstream to the estuary and there are occasional slipways on both sides of the river. There is an activity centre by the old bridge for kayaking in the river when tide and river conditions permit.

Cardigan Lifeboat Station is situated on Poppit Sands in the Teifi estuary, having been operational since 1849 apart from the period 1872-1931. Its boathouse and shop are open to the public during the summer months.[27]

Annual events

Barley Saturday, an agricultural event, has been held in the town on the Saturday following the last Friday in April since the 19th century. Historically the farmers from the surrounding area would come to the town to hire workers and to inspect stallions that are put out to stud. In modern times the horses have become the centre of attention. After judging, the horses are paraded through the town followed by vintage tractors, cars and motorbikes.

In August there is a wine and food festival.

Transport

Roads

The old Cardigan Bridge

The A487, provides links to the north-east and south-west; the A478 to Narberth and Tenby and the A484 south-east to Swansea. A bypass was constructed to the south-east of the town in 1989–90, including a new concrete bridge (Priory Bridge) over the River Teifi.

Bus services

Bus services link Cardigan with most nearby towns and villages in Ceredigion, Pembrokeshire and Carmarthenshire.

Former railway

Cardigan railway station (arrowed), located south of the River Teifi, with the line curving in from the south, as shown on a 1930s map.
View eastward, towards Whitland in 1962

Cardigan railway station was the terminus of the Whitland and Cardigan Railway, opened on 31 August 1886. The line, previously known as the Whitland and Taff Vale Railway, and later familiarly as the Cardi Bach, was built between 1869 and 1873. With the extension to Cardigan opening in 1886, operations were taken over by the Great Western Railway.[28]

The railway station closed to passengers prior to the Beeching Axe on 10 September 1962 but remained open to goods traffic until 27 May 1963. After that, the station remained open as a coal depot until April 1965, staffed by British Railways staff until November 1964. Final closure came on 6 September 1965.[29] The old goods shed marks the site of the former station.

The section of old trackbed between Cardigan and Cilgerran is now a footpath and cycle track through Teifi Marshes and Wildlife Park.

Television reception

Much of the town can receive the standard six multiplexes of DVB-T digital television from the transmitter at Preseli, about 12 miles (19 km) to the south. For those areas of the town close to the river where Preseli is shadowed by hills, the three main multiplexes can alternatively be received from the repeater at St.Dogmaels, 2⁄3 mile (1 km) or so to the west.

Climate

As with the rest of the British Isles, Cardigan experiences a maritime climate with comfortable summers and cold winters. The nearest official Met Office weather station for which online records are available is at Aberporth,[30] about 6 miles east north east.

Typically, less than 3 days[31] of the year will reach a value above 25.0 °C (77.0 °F), the warmest of which should rise to 26.85 °C (80.33 °F)[32] - The highest temperature recorded at Aberporth was 32.7 °C (90.9 °F), on 19 July 2006.[33] On average 18.3 nights will report air frost and the coldest night of the year should fall to −4.45 °C (23.99 °F).[34] The coldest month was January 1963, with a mean minimum temperature of −9.9 °C (14.2 °F).[35]

Rainfall averages around 890 mm (35 in) per year, with at least 1 mm (0.04 in) falling on 146.4 days.

Climate data for Aberporth 133 m (436 ft) amsl, 1981–2010. Extremes 1960–present (weather station 6 mi (9.7 km) ENE of Cardigan 10 m (33 ft) amsl)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 13.4
(56.1)		 15.2
(59.4)		 21.0
(69.8)		 25.6
(78.1)		 26.6
(79.9)		 31.5
(88.7)		 32.7
(90.9)		 31.5
(88.7)		 25.2
(77.4)		 22.0
(71.6)		 17.0
(62.6)		 14.1
(57.4)		 32.7
(90.9)
Average high °C (°F) 7.6
(45.7)		 7.4
(45.3)		 9.1
(48.4)		 11.1
(52)		 14
(57)		 16.4
(61.5)		 18.2
(64.8)		 18.2
(64.8)		 16.4
(61.5)		 13.4
(56.1)		 10.2
(50.4)		 8.1
(46.6)		 12.51
(54.51)
Average low °C (°F) 3.1
(37.6)		 2.7
(36.9)		 4.1
(39.4)		 5.3
(41.5)		 7.9
(46.2)		 10.4
(50.7)		 12.3
(54.1)		 12.5
(54.5)		 11
(52)		 8.6
(47.5)		 5.8
(42.4)		 3.6
(38.5)		 7.27
(45.11)
Record low °C (°F) −13
(9)		 −7.5
(18.5)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −2.0
(28.4)		 0.1
(32.2)		 1.7
(35.1)		 5.6
(42.1)		 5.5
(41.9)		 3.3
(37.9)		 −0.9
(30.4)		 −5.0
(23)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 −13
(9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 83.7
(3.295)		 57.7
(2.272)		 62.4
(2.457)		 52.9
(2.083)		 54.1
(2.13)		 58.3
(2.295)		 61.4
(2.417)		 68.5
(2.697)		 71.4
(2.811)		 112.1
(4.413)		 108.8
(4.283)		 96.4
(3.795)		 887.7
(34.948)
Average rainy days 15 10.7 12.2 10.6 10.5 9.2 9.8 10.6 11.9 15.6 15.6 14.7 146.4
Average relative humidity (%) 84 83 82 81 80 82 83 83 82 82 84 83 82.4
Mean monthly sunshine hours 63.1 83 120 177.6 217.4 206.4 199.1 184.1 146.8 105.6 64.4 53.2 1,620.7
Source #1: Met Office[36]
Source #2: weather 2 (January record low and humidity)[37]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Town population 2011". Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  2. ↑  Baynes, T.S., ed. (1878), "County of Cardigan#Cardigan", Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 (9th ed.), New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 95
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 EB (1878).
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Jenkins, J. Geraint. Ceredigion: Interpreting an Ancient County. Gwasg Careg Gwalch (2005).
  5. 1 2 "Dyfed Archaeological Trust - Cardigan". Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  6. 1 2 "Maritime History Project - Over the Waves". Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  7. ↑ Cardigan Port Archived 5 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. at Gathering the Jewels.
  8. ↑ Cardigan Guildhall Retrieved 14 February 2012
  9. ↑ "Restoration works start inside Cardigan Castle". Tivyside Advertiser. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  10. ↑ Cardigan Castle - When we open Archived 21 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ↑ 2001 Census. Neighbourhood Statistics: Cardigan Speak or Understand spoken Welsh: 3125 out of a population of 4497; Speak, read, write: 2031 out of a population of 4497
  12. ↑ Office for National Statistics : Census 2001 : Parish Headcounts : Ceredigion
  13. ↑ "Cardigan traders split into two associations". BBC. 25 January 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
  14. ↑ "These towns have been named as the best places to live in Wales". Wales Online.
  15. ↑ "Welcome to Coleg Ceredigion". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  16. ↑ http://www.cambrian-news.co.uk/article.cfm?id=103233&headline=Cardigan%20now%20a%20university%20town%20following%20merger&sectionIs=news&searchyear=2016
  17. ↑ "Ysgol Uwchradd Aberteifi". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  18. ↑ "Ysgol Gynradd Gymunedol Aberteifi". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  19. ↑ RCAHMW Inventory online site, accessed on 27 April 2016
  20. ↑ RCAHMW Inventory online site, accessed on 27 April 2016
  21. ↑ RCAHMW Inventory online site, accessed on 27 April 2016
  22. ↑ "Cardigan Swimming Pool". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  23. ↑ "WELCOME to the newly refurbished Cardigan Library". Ceredigion County Council. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  24. ↑ "New campaign for Cardigan". Tivyside Advertiser. 13 July 2014. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  25. ↑ "Cardigan Golf Club". Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  26. ↑ "Afon Teifi Fairways". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  27. ↑ "Cardigan Lifeboat Station". Retrieved 6 June 2014.
  28. ↑ Cardigan railway station Retrieved 14 February 2012
  29. ↑ "Disused Stations:Cardigan Station". disused-stations.org.uk. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
  30. ↑ "Station Locations". MetOffice.
  31. ↑ ">1971-2000 average >25c days". Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  32. ↑ ">1971-2000 average warmest day". Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  33. ↑ ">2006 Maximum". Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  34. ↑ ">1971-2000 average coldest night". Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  35. ↑ ">1963 Minimum". Retrieved 2011-09-26.
  36. ↑ "Aberporth 1971-2000 averages". Met Office. Retrieved 21 Jun 2015.
  37. ↑ "Cardigan January record low and humidity". Weather 2. Retrieved 22 Jun 2015.
  38. ↑ http://reganmanagement.co.uk/project/gareth-milton/
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