Captain general (Spain)

Shoulder insignia consisting of crossed golden command sticks under five golden four-pointed stars, topped with Royal Crown.
The insignia of a captain general as worn on epaulettes

Captain General (Capitán General in Spanish) has been the highest rank in the Spanish Army (Ejército de Tierra) since the 18th century. A five-star rank with NATO code OF-10, it is equivalent to a field marshal of the armies of numerous countries, a general of the Army of the United States, a captain general of the Spanish Navy (Armada Española) or an Air captain general in the Spanish Air Force (Ejército del Aire). A Captain General's insignia consists of two command sticks under five four-pointed stars below the Royal Crown.

A personal rank of captain general was created in the Spanish Army (and Navy) as the highest rank in the hierarchy, not unlike the Marechal de France. Since King Charles IV's reign (1788-1808), the monarchs used captain general insignia when wearing uniform. Briefly abolished by the Second Spanish Republic (except one honorary promotion), it was restored during the regime of Francisco Franco in 1938; Franco himself was the only officer of this rank. The effective rank was reserved to the reigning monarch. A few posthumous honorary promotions and honorary promotions of retired officers to this rank were also made, such as José Moscardó Ituarte (1956), Agustín Muñoz Grandes (1957), Camilo Alonso Vega (1969) or Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado (1994). Some members of the Spanish Royal Family were promoted to the rank after periods of service and Queen Isabella II appointed her consort, Francis of Assisi (1846). Two foreign monarchs, Edward VII of the United Kingdom and William II of Germany, and four distinguished foreign military officers also held the honour.

Date of promotion
Image
 Name and style
 Dead/Annulled
 Notes
? Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda † 1798
? Pedro Antonio de Cevallos Cortés y Calderón † 1778
? Louis des Balbes de Berton de Crillon 4th Duke of Crillon and 1st Duke of Mahon † 1796
? Antonio Ricardos y Carrillo de Albornoz † March 13, 1794
December 14, 1788 King Charles IV March 19, 1808
(Abdication) 		Ex officio
May 25, 1793Manuel Godoy y Álvarez de Faria, Prince of the Peace March 19, 1808 Generalissimo (1801-1808)
1794 Honorato Ignacio de Glimes de Brabante, Count Glimes de Brabante † 1804
1794 José Carlos Álvarez de Bohórquez y Molina, Marquis of Ruchena † ?
1794 Martín Antonio Álvarez de Sotomayor y Flores, Count of Colomera † 1819
1795 Manuel de Negrete y de la Torre,Count of Campo de Alange † 1818
1795
José Ramón de Urrutia y de las Casas † 1803
1799
Miguel de la Grúa Talamanca, 1st Marquis of Branciforte† 1812
1806 Ventura Caro y Fortes † 1809
March 19, 1808 King Ferdinand VII † September 29, 1833[note 1] Ex officio
1808 Vicente María de Vera de Aragón y Enríquez de Navarra, Duke of La Roca and Marquis of Sofraga † 1813
1808 Francisco Javier Castaños, 1st Duke of Bailén † September 24, 1852
1808 Vicente María de Acevedo y Pola-Navia † November, 1808
1808 Joaquín de Navia-Osorio y Miranda, Marquis of Santa Cruz de Marcenado and Viscount of Puerto † 1816
1809 Rafael Vasco y del Campo, Count of la Conquista de las Islas Batanes † 1810
1809 Gregorio García de Cuesta y Fernández de Celis † November 26, 1811
1809 José Rebolledo de Palafox y Melci, 1st Duke of Zaragoza † February 15, 1847
1809 Ventura Escalante y Bruen † 1811
1810 Pedro Caro, 3rd Marquis of La Romana † January 23, 1811
1811 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington † September 14, 1852 Ad honorem
1811 William Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford † January 8, 1854Ad honorem
1811 Joaquín Blake y Joyes † April 27, 1827
1811 Claude-Anne de Rouvroy de Saint Simon, Marquis of Saint Simon and Montblerú † February 27, 1819

Émigré and Spanish Grandee.

1816 José Manuel de Ezpeleta, 1st Count of Ezpeleta de Beire † 1823
1816 Pedro Mendinueta y Múzquiz † 1825
1816 Ramón de Osorio y Patiño, 4th Marquis of Castelar † 1817
1816 José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, 1st Marquis of La Concordia † July 31, 1821
1823 Francisco Javier de Elio y Olondriz † 1822
1823 Francisco de Eguía, 1st Count of the Real Aprecio † January 6, 1827President of the Provisional Board of Spain and the Indies
1824 Pedro de Alcántara Álvarez de Toledo, 13th Duke of the Infantado † November 27, 1841
1824 Joaquín Ibáñez, Baron de Eroles † August 22, 1825
1825 Juan de Henestrosa y Orcasitas † 1831
1827 José Miguel de Carvajal-Vargas, 2nd Duke of San Carlos † 1828

Secretary of state (1814)

1831 Francisco Fernández de Córdoba, 1st Duke of Alagón † 1841
May 1, 1838Baldomero Espartero, Prince of Vergara † January 8, 1879
  • Regent of Spain (1840-1843)
  • Minister of War
    (29 July-30 August 1837 and 16 December 1837-1838)
  • Prime Minister
    (18 August-18 October 1837, 1840-1841 and 1854-1856)
October 9, 1841José Ramón Rodil, 1st Marquis of Rodil † February 20, 1853
  • Viceroy of Navarre
    (1 July-2 October 1834)
  • Minister of War
    (27 April-15 May and 20 August-26 November 1836, and 1842-1843)
  • Prime Minister (1842-1843)
August 19, 1843Juan José Nieto y Aguilar, 2nd Marquis of Monsalud † February 28, 1851
January 5, 1844Prudencio de Guadalfajara y Aguilera, duque de Castroterreño † June 16, 1855
  • Minister of War (August–September 1835)
January 5, 1844Ramón María Narváez, 1st Duke of Valencia † April 23, 1868
  • Minister of State (1844, 1846 and 1847)
  • Minister of War (1844-1846, 1846, 1847 and 1866-1868)
  • Prime Minister
    (1844-1846, 1846, 1847-1849, 1849-1851, 1856-1857, 1864-1865 and 1866-1868)
October 10, 1846 Francis, King Consort September 19, 1868
(Abolition of monarchy)
† April 17, 1902
May 21, 1849Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha e Irigoyen, 1st Marquis of Duero † June 27, 1874
November 19, 1852Pedro Villacampa y Maza de Lizana † December 27, 1854
July 30, 1854Evaristo Fernández de San Miguel y Valledor, 1st Duke of San Miguel † May 29, 1862
July 30, 1854Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuan † November 5, 1867
  • Prime Minister
    (14 July-12 October 1856, 1858-1863 and 1865-1866)
  • Minister of War (30 July-29 November 1854, 1858-1863 and 1865-1868)
  • Minister of State (30 June-2 de July 1858)
  • Minister of the Navy (25-27 November 1858)
  • Minister of Overseas (17 January-2 March 1863)
July 18, 1856Francisco Serrano, 1st Duke of la Torre † November 25, 1885
January 5, 1858Antoine, Duke of Montpensier December 1870[note 2]
October 10, 1867Juan de la Pezuela y Cevallos, 1st Count of Cheste † November 1, 1906
April 24, 1868Manuel Pavía y Lacy, 1st Marquis de Novaliches † October 22, 1896
April 24, 1868 José Gutiérrez de la Concha, 1st Marquis of Havana † November 5, 1895
  • Minister of Overseas (20 May-6 August 1863 and 29 November 1863-1864)
  • Minister of the Navy (19 June-16 July 1863 and 19–21 September 1868)
  • Minister of War (1863-1864 and 19 September-8 October 1868)
  • Prime Minister (19 September-8 October 1868)
September 30, 1868Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos † December 30, 1870
  • Minister of War (1868-1870)
  • Prime Minister (1869-1870)
November 16, 1870
King Amadeo February 11, 1873
(Abdication) 		Ex officio
May 1, 1874 Juan de Zavala, 1st Marquis of Sierra Bullones † December 29, 1879
  • Minister of state (1855-1856)
  • Minister of the Navy (1860-1863)
  • Minister of War (8 April-26 May 1872 and 3 January-29 June 1874)
  • Prime Minister (26 February-3 September 1874)
December 29, 1874
King Alfonso XII † November 25, 1885
  • Ex officio
  • Captain General of the Navy (1874-1885)
August 21, 1875[2] Ramón Cabrera y Griñó, 1st duke of the Maestrazgo † May 24, 1877
March 27, 1876 Jenaro Quesada, 1st Marquis of Miravalles † January 19, 1889
  • Ad honorem
  • Prime Minister (7 March-9 December 1879)
March 27, 1876 Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón † September 23, 1892Ad honorem
July 7, 1878 Joaquín Jovellar y Soler † April 16, 1892Ad honorem
July 29, 1892 Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque † January 4, 1895Ad honorem
January 22, 1895 José López Domínguez † October 17, 1911
  • Ad honorem
  • Prime Minister (6 July-30 November 1906)
May 16, 1895 Ramón Blanco y Erenas, marqués de Peña Plata † April 4, 1906Ad honorem
November 14, 1895 Fernando Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte, 1st Marqués of Estella † May 23, 1921
  • Ad honorem
  • Minister of War (1907-1909 and June–October 1917)
May 17, 1902
King Alfonso XIII April 14, 1931
(Second Spanish Republic established)[note 3]
  • Ex officio
  • Captain General of the Navy (1902-1931)
April 7, 1907 Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom[3] † May 6, 1910
January 23, 1910 Camilo García de Polavieja y del Castillo-Negrete, 1st Marquis Polavieja † January 15, 1914 Ad honorem
January 23, 1910 Valeriano Weyler Nicolau, 1st Duke of Rubí and Marquis of Tenerife † October 20, 1930
  • Ad honorem
  • Minister of War (1901-1902, 23 June-1 December 1905 and 1906-1907)
  • Minister of the Navy (1 October-1 December 1905)
January 23, 1910 Wilhelm II, German Emperor † June 4, 1941
March 12, 1911 Marcelo de Azcárraga y Palmero † May 30, 1915
  • Ad honorem
  • Minister of War (1890-1892, 1895-1897 and 1899-1900)
  • Prime Minister (8 August-4 October 1897, 1900-1901 and 1904-1905)
  • Minister of the Navy (23-31 October 1900)
May 17, 1921 Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Infante of Spain April 14, 1931
† November 11, 1949
May 2, 1931Francisco Aguilera y Egea † May 19, 1931
  • Ad honorem
  • Minister of War (19 April-11 June 1917)
July 20, 1936José Sanjurjo y Sacanell, 1st Marquis of the Rif
—
 Posthumous promotion
July 18, 1938Francisco Franco Bahamonde † November 20, 1975
March 22, 1947 Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, 2nd Marquis of Estella
—
March 24, 1951 José Enrique Varela Iglesias, 1st Marquis of San Fernando de Varela
—
October 21, 1952 Juan Yagüe Blanco, 1st Marquis of San Leonardo de Yagüe
—
April 12, 1956 José Moscardó Ituarte, 1st Count of the Alcázar de Toledo
—
 Posthumous promotion
February 27, 1957 Agustín Muñoz Grandes † July 11, 1970
March 23, 1962 Fidel Dávila Arrondo † March 22, 1962
October 29, 1969 Camilo Alonso Vega † July 1, 1971
November 20, 1975[4][note 7] King Juan Carlos I Active until 19 June 2014.
(Abdication)
  • Ex officio
  • Retired since 19 June 2014
  • Captain General of the Navy and the Air Force
July 24, 1994 Manuel Gutiérrez Mellado, 1st Marquis Gutiérrez-Mellado † December 15, 1995
June 19, 2014 King Felipe VI Present

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ He abdicated on 6 May 1808 and kept under guard in France. Restored in 1814.
  2. ↑ Accession of King Amadeo.
  3. ↑ On 14 April 1931 Alfonso XIII renounced as head of state but did not formally abdicate.
  4. ↑ Named himself.
  5. 1 2 3 At Civil War until 1 April 1939.
  6. ↑ At Civil War.
  7. ↑ Monarch since 22 November 1975.

References

NATO code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF(D) Student officer
 Spain
(Edit)
Capitán general[1]
The King only		 General de Ejército Teniente general General de división General de brigada Coronel Teniente coronel Comandante Capitán Teniente Alférez Caballero Alférez Cadete Alumno repetidor Alumno 2º Alumno 1º
  • 1 Retained by His Majesty the King of Spain as his constitutional role.
NATO CodeOR-9OR-8OR-7OR-6OR-5OR-4OR-3OR-2OR-1
Spain Spain
(Edit)
Suboficial mayor Subteniente Brigada Sargento primero Sargento Cabo mayor Cabo primero Cabo Soldado de primera Soldado
  1. ↑ Title; Honorary or posthumous rank; war time rank; ceremonial rank
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