De Candolle system
The De Candolle system is a system of plant taxonomy by French (Swiss) botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle (1778−1841).
History
The first taxonomic system by de Candolle, who introduced the term taxonomy, appeared in his description of the plants of France, his Flore française (1805–1815), in 5 volumes dealing with plant species found in France.
The De Candolle system is a subsequent taxonomic system.
- It was originally published by de Candolle in the Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l’art de décrire et d’etudier les végétaux (1813).[1]
- It was further developed and published in editions of the very extensive but unfinished Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis (Prodromus) (1824–1873), dealing only with dicotyledons.[2]
The abbreviation Syst. in de Candolle's work and subsequent literature refers to his Regni vegetabilis systema naturale.
Systems
The De Candolle system recognises the following groups of vascular plants (references to Prodromus). Within the Prodromus he cross references his earlier Regni vegetabilis systema naturale.
A general schema is laid out in the Regnii vegetabilis pp. 117–122, as follows:[3]
Plantae Vasculares seu Cotyledoneae DC.[4]
- classis I. DICOTYLEDONEÆ seu Exogenae [Part 1 p. 1]
- subclassis 1. THALAMIFLORÆ [Part I]
- subclassis 2. CALYCIFLORÆ [Parts II - VII]
- subclassis 3. COROLLIFLORÆ [Parts VIII - XIII(1)]
- subclassis 4. MONOCHLAMYDEÆ [Parts XIII(2) - XVI]
- classis II. MONOCOTYLEDONEÆ
Flore française
- Vol I
- Table of genera p. 57
- Introduction (also published separately): Principes élémentaires de botanique p. 61ff.[5]
- Vol II
- Class I: Acotylédones p. 1
11 families
- Family 11: Nayades
- Vol III[6]
- Class II: Monocotylédonés Phanérogames p. 1
- Family 12: Gramineae p. 1
- Family 13: Cyperaceae p. 99
- Family 14: Typhaceae p. 147
- Family 15: Aroideae p. 150
- Family 16: Junceae p. 155
- Family 17: Asparageae p. 172
- Family 18: Alismaceae p. 181
- Family 19: Colchicaceae p. 192
- Family 20: Liliaceae p. 198[7]
- Ordre I: Liliacées p. 199
- Ordre II: Asphodèles p. 204
- Ordre III: Narcisses p. 229
- Family 21: Irideae p. 235
- Family 22: Orchideae p. 243
- Family 23: Hydrocharideae p. 265
- Class III: Dicotylédonés p. 269
- Class II: Monocotylédonés Phanérogames p. 1
Vol IV - 2 parts Vol V[8]
Théorie élémentaire de la botanique
List of De Candolle system families recognized in the Théorie élémentaire de la botanique (1813), on page 213:[1]
- I. VÉGÉTAUX VASCULAIRES OU COTYLÉDONÉS p. 213 (113 families)
- 1. Exogènes ou dicotylédones p. 213
- 2. Endogènes ou monocotylédonés p. 219
- A. Phanérogames p. 219 (21 families)
- 114. Cycadées p. 219
- 124. Amaryllidées
- 128. Liliacées
- 1. Asparagées
- 2. Trilliacées
- 3. Asphodelées
- 4. Bromeliées
- 5. Tulipacées
- 135. Graminées
- B. Cryptogames p. 220 (4 families)
- A. Phanérogames p. 219 (21 families)
- II. VÉGÉTAUX CELLULAIRES OU ACOTYLÉDONÉS p. 220 (6 families)
Prodromus
The De Candolle system families were further developed in the Prodromus (1824–1873).[2]
Note that this system was published well before there were internationally accepted rules for botanical nomenclature. Here, a family is indicated as "ordo". Terminations for families were not what they are now. Neither of these phenomena is a problem from a nomenclatural perspective, the present day ICBN provides for this.
Within the dicotyledons ("classis prima DICOTYLEDONEÆ") the De Candolle system recognises (Pagination from Prodromus, 17 Parts) the list:[2]
Subclassis I. THALAMIFLORÆ [Part I]
- ordo I. RANUNCULACEÆ (Page 1)
- ordo II. DILLENIACEÆ (Page 67)
- ordo III. MAGNOLIACEÆ (Page 77)
- ordo IV. ANONACEÆ [sic] (Page 83)
- ordo V. MENISPERMACEÆ (Page 95)
- ordo VI. BERBERIDEÆ
- ordo VII. PODOPHYLLACEÆ
- ordo VIII. NYMPHÆACEÆ
- ordo VIIIbis. SARRACENIACEÆ
- ordo IX. PAPAVERACEÆ
- ordo X. FUMARIACEÆ
- ordo XIbis. RESEDACEÆ
- ordo XI. CRUCIFERÆ
- ordo XII. CAPPARIDEÆ
- ordo XIII. FLACOURTIANEÆ
- ordo XIV. BIXINEÆ
- ordo XIVbis. LACISTEMACEÆ
- ordo XV. CISTINEÆ
- ordo XVI. VIOLARIEÆ
- ordo XVII. DROSERACEÆ
- ordo XVIII. POLYGALACEÆ
- ordo XIX. TREMANDREÆ
- ordo XX. PITTOSPOREÆ
- ordo XXI. FRANKENIACEÆ
- ordo XXII. CARYOPHYLLEÆ
- ordo XXIII. LINEÆ
- ordo XXIV. MALVACEÆ
- ordo XXV. BOMBACEÆ [sic]
- ordo XXVI. BYTTNERIACEÆ
- ordo XXVII. TILIACEÆ
- ordo XXVIII. ELÆOCARPEÆ
- ordo XXIX. CHLENACEÆ
- ordo XXIXbis. ANCISTROCLADEÆ
- ordo XXIXter. DIPTEROCARPEÆ
- ordo XXIXter.[sic] LOPHIRACEÆ
- ordo XXX. TERNSTROEMIACEÆ
- ordo XXXI. CAMELLIEÆ
- ordo XXXII. OLACINEÆ
- ordo XXXIII. AURANTIACEÆ
- ordo XXXIV. HYPERICINEÆ
- ordo XXXV. GUTTIFERÆ
- ordo XXXVI. MARCGRAVIACEÆ
- ordo XXXVII. HIPPOCRATEACEÆ
- ordo XXXVIII. ERYTHROXYLEÆ
- ordo XXXIX. MALPIGHIACEÆ
- ordo XL. ACERINEÆ
- ordo XLI. HIPPOCASTANEÆ
- ordo XLII. RHIZOBOLEÆ
- ordo XLIII. SAPINDACEÆ
- ordo XLIV. MELIACEÆ
- ordo XLV. AMPELIDEÆ
- ordo XLVI. GERANIACEÆ
- ordo XLVII. TROPÆOLEÆ
- ordo XLVIII. BALSAMINEÆ
- ordo XLIX. OXALIDEÆ
- ordo L. ZYGOPHYLLEÆ
- ordo LI. RUTACEÆ
- ordo LII. SIMARUBEÆ [sic]
- ordo LIII. OCHNACEÆ
- ordo LIV. CORIARIEÆ (Page 739)
(Index to Part I p. 741)
Subclassis II. CALYCIFLORÆ [Parts II - VII]
- ordo LV. CELASTRINEÆ [Part II],(Page 2)
- ordo LVI. RHAMNEÆ
- ordo LVII. BRUNIACEÆ
- ordo LVIII. SAMYDEÆ
- ordo LIX. HOMALINEÆ
- ordo LX. CHAILLETIACEÆ
- ordo LXI. AQUILARINEÆ
- ordo LXII. TEREBINTHACEÆ
- ordo LXIII. LEGUMINOSÆ
- ordo LXIV. ROSACEÆ (Page 525)
- ordo LXV. CALYCANTHEÆ [Part III], (Page 1)
- ordo LXVbis. MONIMIACEÆ
- ordo LXVI. GRANATEÆ
- ordo LXVII. MEMECYLEÆ
- ordo LXVIII. COMBRETACEÆ
- ordo LXIX. VOCHYSIEÆ
- ordo LXX RHIZOPHOREÆ
- ordo LXXI. ONAGRARIEÆ
- ordo LXXII. HALORAGEÆ
- ordo LXXIII. CERATOPHYLLEÆ
- ordo LXXIV. LYTHRARIEÆ
- ordo LXXIVbis. CRYPTERONIACEÆ
- ordo LXXV. TAMARISCINEÆ
- ordo LXXVI. MELASTOMACEÆ
- ordo LXXVII. ALANGIEÆ
- ordo LXXVIII. PHILADELPEÆ
- ordo LXXIX. MYRTACEÆ
- ordo LXXX. CUCURBITACEÆ
- ordo LXXXI. PASSIFLOREÆ
- ordo LXXXII. LOASEÆ
- ordo LXXXIII. TURNERACEÆ
- ordo LXXXIV. FOUQUIERACEÆ
- ordo LXXXV. PORTULACEÆ
- ordo LXXXVI. PARONYCHIEÆ
- ordo LXXXVII. CRASSULACEÆ
- ordo LXXXVIII. FICOIDEÆ (Page 415)
- ordo LXXXIX. CACTEÆ
- ordo XC. GROSSULARIEÆ
- ordo XCI. SAXIFRAGACEÆ [Part IV], (Page 1)
- ordo XCII. UMBELLIFERÆ
- ordo XCIII. ARALIACEÆ
- ordo XCIV. HAMAMELIDEÆ
- ordo XCV. CORNEÆ
- ordo XCVbis. HELWINGIACEÆ
- ordo XCVI. LORANTHACEÆ
- ordo XCVII. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ
- ordo XCVIII. RUBIACEÆ
- ordo XCIX. VALERIANEÆ
- ordo C. DIPSACEÆ (Page 643)
- ordo CI. CALYCEREÆ [Part V], (Page 1)
- ordo CII. COMPOSITÆ (Page 4); [Part VI], (Page 1); [Part VII], (Page 1)
- ordo CIII. STYLIDIEÆ [Part VII]
- ordo CIV. LOBELIACEÆ
- ordo CV. CAMPANULACEÆ
- ordo CVI. CYPHIACEÆ
- ordo CVII. GOODENOVIEÆ
- ordo CVIII. ROUSSÆACEÆ
- ordo CIX. GESNERIACEÆ
- ordo CX. SPHENOCLEACEÆ
- ordo CXI. COLUMELLIACEÆ
- ordo CXII. NAPOLEONEÆ
- ordo CXIII. VACCINIEÆ
- ordo CXIV. ERICACEÆ (Page 580) (Four tribes)
- Arbuteae (Page 580)
- Andromedae (Page 588)
- Ericeae (Page 612)
- Rhodoreae (Page 712) (Two subtribes)
- Rhododendreae (712) (Nine genera)
- Rhododendron (719) (Six sections)
- Buramia (720)
- Hymenanthes (721)
- Eurhododendron (721)
- Pogonanthum (725)
- Chamaecistus (725)
- Tsutsusi (726)
- Kalmia (728)
- Ledeae (729)
- ordo CXV. EPACRIDEÆ (Page 734)
- ordo CXVI. PYROLACEÆ
- ordo CXVII. FRANCOACEÆ
- ordo CXVIII. MONOTROPEÆ (Page 779)
Subclassis III. COROLLIFLORÆ [Parts VIII - XIII(1)]
- ordo CXIX. LENTIBULARIEÆ (Page 1)
- ordo CXX. PRIMULACEÆ
- ordo CXXI. MYRSINEACEÆ
- ordo CXXII. ÆGICERACEÆ
- ordo CXXIII. THEOPHRASTACEÆ
- ordo CXXIV. SAPOTACEÆ
- ordo CXXV. EBENACEÆ
- ordo CXXVI. STYRACACEÆ
- ordo CXXVII. OLEACEÆ
- ordo CXXVIIbis. SALVADORACEÆ
- ordo CXXVIII. JASMINEÆ
- ordo CXXIX. APOCYNACEÆ
- ordo CXXX. ASCLEPIADEÆ (Page 460)
- ordo CXXX[a?] LEONIACEÆ
- ordo CXXXI. LOGANIACEÆ [Part IX], (Page 1)
- ordo CXXXII. GENTIANACEÆ
- ordo CXXXIII. BIGNONIACEÆ
- ordo CXXXIV. SESAMEÆ
- ordo CXXXV. CYRTANDRACEÆ
- ordo CXXXVI. HYDROPHYLLACEÆ
- ordo CXXXVII. POLEMONIACEÆ
- ordo CXXXVII. [sic] CONVOLVULACEÆ
- ordo CXXXVIII. ERICYBEÆ
- ordo CXXXIX. BORRAGINEÆ [sic] (Page 466); [Part X], (Page 1)
- ordo CXL. HYDROLEACEÆ
- ordo CXLII. SCROPHULARIACEÆ (Page 186)
- ordo CXLII(I).[sic] SOLANACEÆ [Part XIII (1)], (Pages 1 – 692) out of sequence
- ordo CXLIV. OROBRANCHACEÆ [Part XI], (Page 1)
- ordo CXLV. ACANTHACEÆ
- ordo CXLVI. PHRYMACEÆ
- ordo CXLVII VERBENACEÆ
- ordo CXLVIII MYOPORACEÆ (Page 701)
- ordo CXLIX SELAGINACEÆ [Part XII], (Page 1)
- ordo CL. LABIATÆ
- ordo CLI. STILBACEÆ
- ordo CLII. GLOBULARIACEÆ
- ordo CLIII. BRUNONIACEÆ
- ordo CLIV. PLUMBAGINEÆ (Page 617)
- ordo CLV.[?] PLANTAGINACEÆ [Part XIII], (Page 693)
Subclassis IV. MONOCHLAMYDEÆ [Parts XIII(2) - XVI]
- ordo CLVI. PHYTOLACCACEÆ (Page 2)
- ordo CLVII. SALSOLACEÆ
- ordo CLVIII. BASELLACEÆ
- ordo CLIX. AMARANTACEÆ [sic]
- ordo CLX. NYCTAGINACEÆ (Page 425)
- ordo CLXI. POLYGONACEÆ [Part XIV], (Pages 1 – 186)
- ordo CLXII. LAURACEÆ [Part XIV], (Page 186); [Part XV(1)], (Pages 1 – 260) out of sequence
- ordo CLXIII. MYRISTICACEÆ (Page 187)
- ordo CLXIV. PROTEACEÆ (Page 209)
- ordo CLXV. PENÆACEÆ
- ordo CLXVI. GEISSOLOMACEÆ (Page 491)
- ordo CLXVII. THYMELÆACEÆ
- ordo CLXVIII. ELÆAGNACEÆ
- ordo CLXIX. GRUBBIACEÆ
- ordo CLXX. SANTALACEÆ (Page 619)
- ordo CLXXI. HERNANDIACEÆ [Part XV(1)], (Page 1)
- ordo CLXXII. BEGONIACEÆ
- ordo CLXXIII. DATISCACEÆ
- ordo CLXXIV. PAPAYACEÆ
- ordo CLXXV. ARISTOLOCHIACEÆ
- ordo CLXXVbis. NEPENTHACEÆ
- ordo CLXXVI. STACKHOUSIACEÆ (Page 419)
- [sic]
- ordo CLXXVIII. EUPHORBIACEÆ [Part XV(2)], (Page 1)
- ordo CLXXIX. DAPHNIPHYLLACEÆ [Part XVI(1)], (Page 1)
- ordo CLXXX. BUXACEÆ
- ordo CLXXXbis. BATIDACEÆ
- ordo CLXXXI. EMPETRACEÆ
- ordo CLXXXII. CANNABINEÆ
- ordo CLXXXIII. ULMACEÆ
- ordo CLXXXIIIbis. MORACEÆ
- ordo CLXXXIV. ARTOCARPEÆ
- ordo CLXXXV. URTICACEÆ
- ordo CLXXXVI. PIPERACEÆ
- [sic]
- ordo CLXXXVIII. CHLORANTHACEÆ
- ordo CLXXXIX. GARRYACEÆ (Page 486)
- ordo CXC. CUPULIFERÆ [Part XVI(2)], (Page 1)
- ordo CXCI. CORYLACEÆ (Page 124)
- ordo CXCII. JUGLANDEÆ (Page 134)
- ordo CXCIII. MYRICACEÆ (Page 147)
- ordo CXCIV. PLATANACEÆ
- ordo CXCV. BETULACEÆ (Page 161)
- ordo CXCVI. SALICINEÆ (Page 190)
- ordo CXCVII CASUARINEÆ (Page 332)
Other
Somewhat inconsistently the Prodromus also treats:
- GYMNOSPERMÆ [Part XVI(2)], (Page 345)
- ordo CXCVIII. GNETACEÆ (Page 347)
- ordo CXCIX. CONIFERÆ (Page 361)
- ordo CC. CYCADACEÆ (Pages 522 - 547)
- incertæ sedis
- ordo (dubiæ affin.) LENNOACEÆ
- ordo (affin. dubiæ) PODOSTEMACEÆ
- ordo num.? CYTINACEÆ
- ordo incertae sedis BALANOPHORACEÆ
(Overall Index Part XVII Page 323)
References
Bibliography
- Buek, H.W. (1840–1874). Genera, species et synonyma Candolleana: alphabetico ordine disposita, seu Index generalis et specialis ad A.P. Decandolle, Prodromum systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Berlin: Sumptibus librariae Nauckianae.
- de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1818–1821). Regni vegetabilis systema naturale, sive Ordines, genera et species plantarum secundum methodi naturalis normas digestarum et descriptarum 2 vols. Paris: Treuttel et Würtz.
- de Candolle, AP (1819) [1813]. Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l’art de décrire et d’etudier les végétaux (2nd ed.).
- de Candolle, AP (1824–1873). Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta. (also available online at Gallica)
- de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815a). Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique (vol. III) (3 ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
- de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1805). Principes élémentaires de botanique et de physique végétale (extract) (3 ed.). Paris: Desray.
- de Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste; de Candolle, Augustin Pyramus (1815b). Flore française ou descriptions succinctes de toutes les plantes qui croissent naturellement en France disposées selon une nouvelle méthode d'analyse ; et précédées par un exposé des principes élémentaires de la botanique (vol. V) (3 ed.). Paris: Desray. Retrieved 29 October 2014.
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| See also | Plantae at Wikispecies | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Note: This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Batsch and Grisebach.
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