Canadian Rail Operating Rules

The Canadian Rail Operating Rules (CROR) is a set of operating rules for railways in Canada. The CROR is used by every Canadian railway.

Overview

The CROR rules are intended to enhance railway safety. The rules cover employee responsibilities, signalling equipment, procedures for safe train movement, dealing with accidents and other topics that directly and indirectly affect railway safety.

Signal Aspects

Flashing yellow
Flashing green
Flashing red
Solid red
Solid green
Solid white
Solid yellow

Canada uses a signal system similar to the United States' signalling system, in that signals are either one-, two- or three-headed, and each one can show any of the aspects described above. There are different signal systems for rapid transit and other urban rail systems in Canada. There are also various types of signs that can be placed on a signal mast, which can modify a signal. An "L" plate upgrades any medium-speed signal to limited speed. An "A" plate is indicative of an absolute signal: you cannot pass that signal at all red signals. An "R" plate upgrades a regular all-red signal from a stop and proceed signal to a restricting signal. A "DV" plate makes a slow-speed signal into diverging speed. Note Canadian railways use miles per hour not kilometres per hour, even though road speed limits are in kilometres per hour.

Speed limits

Track speed: This means whatever the pre-approved speed limit for the track. (Note that track speed can be as low as 15 MPH or less, but still show a signal for track speed)
Limited speed: This means 45 mph.
Medium speed: This means 30 mph.
Diverging speed: This means 25 mph.
Slow speed: This means 15 mph in interlocking areas, and 20 mph in non-interlocking areas.
Restricted speed: This means an absolute maximum of 15 mph, and the crew must be extra cautious as well as being able to stop in half the distance of vision.

The signal system explained here assumes the signal displaying has three heads. Any signal indication that has a solid red on the third head down can also be indicated with just two heads. Any indication with solid red lights on the second and third heads down can be indicated with just one head. For example a green light on the top head still means proceed at track speed, no speed restrictions or stops within the next three signals, regardless of if the signal has only one head or not. A flashing yellow on the second head down with red on top and bottom would still mean limited to stop even if there was no bottom head. This article will also indicate a signal indication by stating the colour of the signal over another colour of the signal over the next colour of the signal, for example red over flashing green over flashing yellow. A signal can indicate some sort of restriction two signals in advance by flashing a yellow on the top head. If the signal heads are staggered, as in, one light is on the left side of the mast, then the next one down to the right side of the mast, etc., then that means signals are controlled by the automated CTC signal system, and that stop signals are not absolute. If all the heads are on one side or the other side of the mast, then a stop signal is absolute. If the signal is absolute, then the stop indication means stop and do not go until the signal improves or the crew gets written permission from RTC to proceed. If they are not absolute, the signal is controlled by CTC, and the crew may go at restricted speed after a complete stop.^[1]^[2] Any signal that is ambiguous or otherwise unclear or if any of the lights are not showing, then the signal must be read as if they are showing the most restrictive aspects they can display (that is, red) unless a solid yellow is on the bottom head, in which case the signal is interpreted as a restricting signal, because if the other signals are extinguished, they must be interpreted as if they are solid red, and a red over red over yellow does in fact mean restricting.^[3]

Signal meanings

Clear: Green over red over red.
Clear to Limited: Yellow over flashing green over red.
Clear to Medium: Yellow over green over red.
Clear to Slow: Yellow over Yellow over red.
Clear to Restricting: Yellow over red over flashing red/white.
Clear to Stop: Yellow over red over red.
Limited to Clear: Red over flashing green.
Limited to Limited: Red over flashing green over flashing green.
Limited to Medium: Red over flashing green over green.
Limited to Slow: Red over flashing green over flashing yellow.
Limited to Restricting: Red over flashing green over flashing red/white.
Limited to Stop: Red over flashing yellow over red.
Medium to Clear: Red over green over red
Medium to Limited: Red over green over flashing green.
Medium to Medium: Red over green over green.
Medium to Slow: Red over green over yellow.
Medium to Restricting: Red over green over flashing red/white.
Medium to Stop: Red over yellow over red.

(Any L plate on the signal mast makes any medium speed indication a limited speed upgrade)

Slow to Clear: Red over red over green.
Slow to Limited: Red over flashing yellow over flashing green.
Slow to Medium: Red over flashing yellow over green.
Slow to Slow: Red over flashing yellow over flashing yellow.
Slow to Restricting Red over flashing yellow over flashing red/white.
Slow to Stop: Red over red over flashing yellow.

(Note that any slow speed indication can become diverging speed instead of the standard low speed)

Advance Warning: If top light is flashing yellow; signal includes information about sector two signals ahead.

Advance Clear to Limited: Flashing yellow over flashing green over red.
Advance Clear to Medium: Flashing yellow over green over red.
Advance Clear to Slow: Flashing yellow over yellow over red.
Advance Clear to Stop: Flashing yellow over red over red.
Take or Leave the next Switch to go to another Track: Red over Red over flashing red.

External links

References

Railway signalling
Block systems	Absolute block signalling Automatic block signaling Centralized traffic control Communications-based train control Direct traffic control European Train Control System Moving block Radio Electronic Token Block Token Track warrant Train order operation
Signalling control	Block post Integrated Electronic Control Centre Interlocking Lever frame Rail operating centre Solid State Interlocking Westlock Interlocking
Signals	Application of railway signals Cab signalling North American railroad signals Railway semaphore signal
Train detection	Axle counter Track circuit Track circuit interrupter Treadle
Train protection	Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System ALSN ASFA Automatic train control Automatic train protection Automatic train stop Automatic Warning System Automatische treinbeïnvloeding Balise Catch points Chinese Train Control System Continuous Automatic Warning System Contrôle de vitesse par balises EBICAB IIATS Integra-Signum Interoperable Communications Based Signaling Crocodile Linienzugbeeinflussung Positive Train Control Pulse code cab signaling Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung RS4 Codici SelTrac Sistema Controllo Marcia Treno Système d'aide à la conduite, à l'exploitation et à la maintenance Slide fence Train Automatic Stopping Controller Train Protection & Warning System Train stop Transmission balise-locomotive Transmission Voie-Machine
Organisations	AAR AREMA FRA HMRI IRSE Transport Canada UIC
By country	Australia Bavaria Belgium Canada Finland France Germany Greece Italy Japan Netherlands North America Norway Poland Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom

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