Cirsium arvense

Cirsium arvense
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Tribe: Cynareae
Genus: Cirsium
Species: C. arvense
Binomial name
Cirsium arvense
(L.) Scop.
Synonyms[1]

Cirsium arvense is a species of flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae, native throughout Europe and northern Asia, and widely introduced elsewhere. The standard English name in its native area is creeping thistle.[2][3][4][5][6][7]

Alternative names

A number of other names are used in other areas or have been used in the past, including: Canada thistle,[8] Canadian thistle, lettuce from hell thistle, California thistle,[9] corn thistle, cursed thistle, field thistle, green thistle, hard thistle, perennial thistle, prickly thistle, small-flowered thistle, way thistle and stinger-needles. The first two names are in wide use in the United States, despite being a misleading designation (it is not of Canadian origin) and the last name a common term used in Newfoundland, Canada.[10]

Physical characteristics

Flowering creeping thistle

As a subclassification of the "Eudicot" monophyletic group, Cirsium is a "true dicotyledon". The number of Pollen grain furrows or pores helps classify the flowering plants, with eudicots having three colpi (tricolpate).[11][12]

C. arvense is a C3 carbon fixation plant.[13] The C3 plants, originated during Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras, and tend to thrive in areas where sunlight intensity is moderate, temperatures are moderate, and ground water is plentiful. C3 plants lose 97% of the water taken up through their roots to transpiration.[14]

Creeping thistle is a herbaceous perennial plant growing up to 150 cm, forming extensive clonal colonies from thickened roots that send up numerous erect shoots during the growing season.[15] It is a ruderal species.[16]

Underground network

Consists of four types of structures, 1) long thick horizontal roots, 2) long thick vertical roots, 3) short fine shoots, and 4) vertical underground stems.[17] Though asserted in some literature, creeping thistle does not form rhizomes.[18] Root buds form adventitiously on the thickened roots of creeping thistle, and give rise to new shoots. Shoots can also arise from the lateral buds on the underground portion of regular shoots; particularly if the shoots are cut off through e.g. mowing or when stem segments are buried.[18]

Shoots and leaves

Stems 30–150 cm, slender green and freely branched,[18] smooth and glabrous (having no trichomes or glaucousness), mostly without spiny wings. Leaves alternate on the stem with their base sessile and clasping or shortly decurrent. The leaves are very spiny, lobed, up to 15–20 cm long and 2–3 cm broad (smaller on the upper part of the flower stem).

Flowers and seeds

The inflorescence is 10–22 mm diameter, pink-purple, with all the florets of similar form (no division into disc and ray florets). The flowers are usually dioecious, but not invariably so, with some plants bearing hermaphrodite flowers.[18] The seeds are 4–5 mm long, with a feathery pappus which assists in wind dispersal.[4][19][20] 1–5 flower heads per branch, with plants in very favourable conditions producing up 100 heads per shoot.[15] Each head contains an average of 100 florets. Average seed production per plant has been estimated to 1530. More seeds are produced when male and female plants are closer together as flowers are primarily insect-pollinated.[15]

Varieties

Variation in leaf characters (texture, vestiture, segmentation, spininess) is the basis for determining creeping thistle varieties.[15] According to Flora of Northwest Europe[4] there are two varieties:

The Biology of Canadian Weeds: Cirsium arvense[15] list four varieties:

Ecology

The seeds are an important food for goldfinch and linnet, and to a lesser extent for other finches.[21] Creeping thistle foliage is used as a food by over 20 species of Lepidoptera, including the painted lady butterfly and the engrailed, a species of moth, and several species of aphids.[22][23][24]

The flowers are visited by a wide variety of insects (the generalised pollination syndrome).[25]

Status as a weed

The species is widely considered a weed even where it is native, for example being designated an "injurious weed" in the United Kingdom under the Weeds Act 1959.[26] It is also a serious invasive species in many additional regions where it has been introduced, usually accidentally as a contaminant in cereal crop seeds. It is cited as a noxious weed in several countries; for example Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United States. Many countries regulate this plant, or its parts (i.e., seed) as a contaminant of other imported products such as grains for consumption or seeds for propagation. In Canada, Cirsium arvense is classified as a primary noxious weed seed in the Weed Seeds Order 2005 which applies to Canada's Seeds Regulations.[27]

Control

Control methods include:

Organic

Cutting at flower stem extension before the flower buds open to prevent seed spread. Repeated cutting at the same growth stage over several years may "wear down" the plant.

Growing forages such as alfalfa can help control the species as a weed by frequently cutting the alfalfa to add nutrients to the soil, the weeds also get cut, and have a harder time re-establishing themselves, which reduces the shoot density.[28]

Orellia ruficauda feeds on Canada thistle and has been reported to be the most effective biological control agent for that plant.[29] Its larvae parasitize the seed heads, feeding solely upon fertile seed heads.[30]

The rust species Puccinia obtegens has shown some promise for controlling Canada thistle, but it must be used in conjunction with other control measures to be effective.[31] Also Puccinia punctiformis is used in North America and New Zealand in biological control.[32] In 2013 it was demonstrated in four countries in three continents that epidemics of systemic disease caused by this rust fungus could be routinely and easily established.[33] The procedure for establishing this control agent involves three simple steps and is a long-term sustainable control solution that is free and does not involve herbicides. A tutorial for this procedure can be found at http://www.canadathistlecontrol.com/. Plants systemically diseased with the rust gradually but surely die. Reductions in thistle density were estimated, in 10 sites in the U.S., Greece, and Russia, to average 43%, 64%, and 81% by 18, 30, and 42 months, respectively, after a single application of spores of the fungus.[34]

Aceria anthocoptes feeds on this species and is considered to be a good potential biological control agent.

Chemical

Applying herbicide: Herbicides dominated by phenoxy compounds (especially MCPA) saw drastic declines in thistle infestation in Sweden in the 1950s.[13] MCPA and Clopyralid are approved in some regions.

Crop tolerance and weed control ratings were conducted in the spring of 2012, and it was found that the Prepass herbicide by DOW AgroSciences was most effective at controlling the species as a weed problem in alfalfa fields.[35]

Uses

Like other Cirsium species, the roots are edible, though rarely used, not least because of their propensity to induce flatulence in some people. The taproot is considered the most nutritious. The leaves are also edible, though the spines make their preparation for food too tedious to be worthwhile. The stalks, however, are also edible and more easily de-spined.[36] Bruichladdich distillery on Isle of Islay lists creeping thistle as one of the 22 botanical foraged for use in their gin, The Botanist.[37]

The feathery pappus is also used by the Cherokee to fletch blowgun darts.[38]

References

  1. ↑ The Plant List Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.
  2. ↑ Joint Nature Conservation Committee: Cirsium arvense
  3. ↑ Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland Database Archived 2007-08-08 at the Wayback Machine.
  4. 1 2 3 Flora of Northwest Europe: Cirsium arvense Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine.
  5. ↑ Flora of North America, Canada or creeping or field thistle, chardon du Canada ou des champs, cirse des champs, Cirsium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli
  6. ↑ Flora of China, 丝路蓟 si lu ji, Cirsium arvense (Linnaeus) Scopoli
  7. ↑ Altervista Flora Italiana, Cardo dei campi comune, Acker-Kratzdistel, åkertistel, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. includes photos and distribution maps
  8. ↑ Nebraska Department of Agriculture Noxious Weed Program
  9. ↑ Californian Thistle (Cirsium arvense), Landcare Research, New Zealand Archived May 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine.
  10. ↑ Invasive and Problem Plants of the United States: Cirsium arvense
  11. ↑ Kenneth R. Sporne (1972). "Some Observations on the Evolution of Pollen Types in Dicotyledons". New Phytologist. 71 (1): 181–185. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1972.tb04826.x.
  12. ↑ Walter S. Judd and Richard G. Olmstead (2004). "A survey of tricolpate (eudicot) phylogenetic relationships". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1627–1644. PMID 21652313. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1627. (full text)
  13. 1 2 Weeds and weed management on arable land: an ecological approach Sigurd Håkansson CABI Publishing Series, 2003, ISBN 0-85199-651-5
  14. ↑ Raven, J.A.; Edwards, D. (2001). "Roots: evolutionary origins and biogeochemical significance". Journal of Experimental Botany. 52 (90001): 381–401. PMID 11326045. doi:10.1093/jexbot/52.suppl_1.381.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 MOORE, R. J. (1975-10-01). "THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 13. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.". Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 55 (4): 1033–1048. ISSN 0008-4220. doi:10.4141/cjps75-163.
  16. ↑ p80
  17. ↑ Hamdoun, A. M. (1970-09-01). "The Anatomy of Subterranean Structures of Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.". Weed Research. 10 (3): 284–287. ISSN 1365-3180. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1970.tb00952.x.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Donald, William (1994). "The Biology of Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)" (PDF). Weed Science. 6. Retrieved 2016-07-14.
  19. ↑ Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
  20. ↑ Kay, Q. O. N. (1985). Hermaphrodites and subhermaphrodites in a reputedly dioecious plant, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. New Phytol. 100: 457-472. Available online (pdf file).
  21. ↑ Cramp, S., & Perrins, C. M. (1994). The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Vol. VIII: Crows to Finches. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  22. ↑ Finnish Lepidoptera Cirsium arvense
  23. ↑ The Ecology of Commanster: Cirsium arvense
  24. ↑ Ecological Flora of the British Isles: Phytophagous Insects for Cirsium arvense
  25. ↑ Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers" (PDF). Plant Biology. doi:10.1111/plb.12328.
  26. ↑ DEFRA: Identification of injurious weeds Archived 2007-06-26 at the Wayback Machine.
  27. ↑ Weed Seeds Order 2005 Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine., Canada Gazette Part I, Vol. 139, No. 9
  28. ↑ "Forages in Rotation" (PDF). Saskatchewan Soil Conservation Association. 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
  29. ↑ Moore 1975, Maw 1976
  30. ↑ Lalonde
  31. ↑ Turner et al. 1980
  32. ↑ R. C. French, A. R. Lightfield: Induction of Systemic Aecial Infection in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense) by Teliospores of Puccinia punctiformis. In: Phytopathology. Band 80, Nr. 8, 1990, S. 872–877, DOI:10.1094/Phyto-80-872
  33. ↑ Berner, D. K., et al. (2013) Successful establishment of epiphytotics of Puccinia punctiformis for biological control of Cirsium arvense. Biological Control 67:350-360.
  34. ↑ Berner, D. K., et al. (2015) Asymptomatic systemic disease of Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) caused by Puccinia punctiformis and changes in shoot density following inoculation. Biological Control 86:28-35.
  35. ↑ Administrator. "2011/12 Fall Alfalfa Herbicide Trials for Control of Canada Thistle". www.forageseed.net. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
  36. ↑ Plants for a Future: Cirsium arvense
  37. ↑ http://www.thebotanist.com/distilled/the-22
  38. ↑ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ySjOxBJ0AEQ
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