Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh

The Cameron Prize of the University of Edinburgh may be awarded biennially to a person who, in the course of the five years immediately preceding, has made any highly important and valuable addition to Practical Therapeutics. The prize was founded in 1878 by the late Dr Andrew Robertson Cameron of Richmond, New South Wales, with a sum of £2,000. It is in the power of the Senatus to require the person to whom the Prize is awarded to deliver a lecture or course of lectures on the addition to Practical Therapeutics so made by him or to publish an account of such addition in such manner as the Senatus may prescribe.[1] A list of recipients of the prize dates back to 1879.

History

The founder of the Prize was the son of Colin Cameron, a farmer in Tarland, Aberdeenshire. Dr Cameron studied for two years in Arts at King's College, Aberdeen during the period 1835-1855. He also studied medicine at Marischal College, Aberdeen from 1855–1858. He came to Edinburgh in 1859 and attended classes in the Faculty of Medicine until the year 1861 when he graduated with the degree of MD; the subject of his thesis was "On the corporeal sympathies of certain mental conditions". Amongst those who graduated with him were Professor Crum Brown, Dr T S Clouston, and Dr James Pettigrew.

In about 1855, Andrew Cameron married Mary Bowman the younger daughter of George Bowman of Richmond New South Wales. Two of her brothers had studied for higher medical degrees in Edinburgh. Indeed Robert (1830–1873) had obtained a MRCS from UCL in 1862 and a MD from Edinburgh in 1852 and was appointed to the staff of the Sydney Infirmary. Robert and Andrew must have been quite close since Andrew added a bequest of £1000 to an original bequest of Robert to the University of Sydney to establish the Bowman-Cameron scholarship.[2] It is of interest to note that Sir Joseph Banks, Cook's colleague on the Endeavor and Resolution, had sponsored Robert's Grandparents as suitable settlers for the new colony. By marrying Mary Bowman, Andrew Cameron became a member of a well established Richmond medical family and practiced in Richmond for some years and died in the year 1878.[3]

Cameron Prize Winners

Date Winner Institution Interest
1879 Professor Paul Bert Faculty of Sciences, Paris The Sorbonne Decompression sickness, toxicity of high concentrations of oxygen
1880 Sir William Roberts, MS, FRS Owens College, Manchester Discovered the antibacterial effects of penicillium moulds, coined the word "enzyme"
1889 Professor Louis Pasteur Pasteur Institute Principles of vaccination, first vaccines for rabies and anthrax, microbial fermentation, pasteurization first resolution of optical isomers
1890 Sir Joseph Lister, Bart, OM, PC, PRS King's College Hospital, London Pioneer of antiseptic surgery
1891 Professor Sir David Ferrier FRS King's College Hospital, London Cortical localisation[4]
1893 Sir Victor Alexander Haden Horsley, FRS National Hospital for Paralysis and Epilepsy Developed the Horsley–Clarke apparatus, stereotactic neurosurgery, epilepsy,
1894 Professor Emil Adolf von Behring, Nobel Prize 1901 Marburg University, Marburg, Germany Serum for diphtheria
1896 Professor Sir William Macewen University of Glasgow Aseptic procedures in the operating theatre, a pioneer of brain surgery and for the development of a number of successful operating techniques and procedures in bone surgery
1897 Professor Sir Thomas R Fraser FRS Department of Materia Medica Edinburgh Introduced strophanthus and physostigmine
1898 Sir Sydney Arthur Monckton Copeman K.St.J FRS Ministry of Health. UK Authority on vaccination
1899 Major-General Sir David Bruce KCB FRS Army Medical School at Netley, UK Investigated brucellosis and trypanosomes, identifying the cause of sleeping sickness
1900 Sir Waldemar Mordechai Wolff Haffkine, CIE Pasteur Institute in Paris Vaccines against cholera and bubonic plague
1901 Sir Patrick Manson, CMG, FRS The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Discoveries in parasitology and a founder of the field of tropical medicine
1902 Professor Ronald Ross, CB, FRS, Nobel Prize 1902 University College, Liverpool, United Kingdom Malaria, by which he showed how it enters the organism
1904 Professor Niels Ryberg Finsen Nobel Prize 1903 Copenhagen University Hospital Treatment of lupus vulgaris with concentrated light radiation
1910 Professor August Karl Gustav Beir Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin Spinal anesthesia using cocaine and intravenous regional anesthesia
1911 Professor Simon Flexner, ForMemRS Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research Studies into poliomyelitis and the development of serum treatment for meningitis
1914 Professor Paul Ehrlich, Nobel Prize 1908 Frankfurt University, Germany Hematology, immunology, and antimicrobial chemotherapy, discovered arsphenamine (Salvarsan), the first effective medicinal treatment for syphilis, concept of a silver bullet
1915 Sir Thomas Lauder Brunton, 1st Baronet, FRS St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London Use of amyl nitrite to treat angina pectoris, dissertation on digitalis
1920 Sir Robert Jones, 1st Baronet Kt KBE CB TD Military orthopaedic hospital at Liverpool Radiography in orthopaedics, described the Jones fracture
1921 J.J.B.V. Bordet ForMemRS Nobel Prize 1921 Université Libre de Bruxelles Development of serological tests for syphilis, isolated Bordetella pertussis in pure culture in 1906 and posited it as the cause of whooping cough
1922 Professor F G Hopkins, OM, FRS Nobel Prize 1929 University of Cambridge Discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins, the amino acid tryptophan and the discovery and characterization of glutathione
1923 Professor J J R Macleod, MB, FRS, Nobel Prize 1923 University of Toronto Isolation of insulin
1924 Professor Harvey Cushing, MD, LLD Harvard Medical School Cushing's disease
1925 Professor Rudolf Magnus University Medical Center Utrecht Diuretic effect of the excretions of the pituitary gland, the reflexes involved in mammal posture, studied the effects of narcotics and poison gasses on the lungs
1926 Sir Henry Hallett Dale, OM, GBE, PRS, Nobel Prize 1936 National Institute for Medical Research Study of acetylcholine as agent in the chemical transmission of nerve impulses
1927 Professor Frederick G Banting, LLD, Nobel Prize 1923 University of Toronto Treated dogs so that they no longer produced trypsin, insulin could then be extracted and used to treat diabetes
1928 Professor Constantin Levaditi Romanian University of Medicine and Pharmacy Discovered in the presence of the polio virus in tissues other than nervous and this was the basis for the development of vaccine (by Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin)
1929 Sir Leonard Rogers, CIE, MD, FRS Hospital for Tropical Diseases Effects of hæmostatic and other drugs on the intravascular coagulability of the blood and treatment of cholera with hypertonic saline, worked on Entamoeba histolytica, which he correctly associated with both dysentery and hepatic abscess
1930 George R Minot, AB, MD, SC, Nobel Prize 1934 shared with Murphy Harvard University Discovered an effective treatment for pernicious anemia
1930 W P Murphy, Nobel Prize 1934 shared with George H. Whipple and George R. Minot Brigham Hospital, Boston, Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 with George Richards Minot and George Hoyt Whipple combined work in devising and treating macrocytic anemia (specifically, pernicious anemia). liver had been tried on people with pernicious anemia and later were able to isolate vitamin B12
1931 Madame Marie Curie, Nobel Prizes 1903 and 1911 École Normale Supérieure First woman to win a Nobel Prize with her husband, coined the word "radioactivity," and isolated radium chloride and pure radium
1932 Sir Edward Mellanby, GBE, KCB, FRS Professor of Pharmacology at the University of Sheffield, Fullerian Professor of Physiology University of Cambridge Cause of rickets is lack of vitamin, secretary of the Medical Research Council from 1933 to 1949
1933 Gladys Rowena Henry Dick and George Frederick Dick University of Chicago, Evanston Hospital, John R. McCormick Institute for Infectious Diseases, St. Luke's Hospital Isolated hemolytic streptococcus, co-developed a vaccine for scarlet fever, and introduced the Dick Test
1935 Professor Emeritus Sir Edward Albert Sharpey Schafer, MD, LLD, FRCP, FRS University of Edinburgh Founder of endocrinology, coined the word "insulin" after theorising that a single substance from the pancreas was responsible for diabetes mellitus. Schafer's method of artificial respiration, introduced the use of suprarenal extract (containing adrenaline as well as other active substances)
1936 Professor Emeritus Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Nobel Prize 1927 Clinic for Psychiatry and Nervous Diseases in Vienna Introduced malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica (neurosyphilis) and research on goiter, cretinism, and iodine
1937 Professor Carl Hamilton Browning, LLD, FRS University of Glasgow Worked in Germany with Paul Ehrlich, discovered the therapeutic qualities of acridine dyes
1938 Professor James B Collip, FRS, Nobel Prize 1923 McGill University in Montreal Working with the Toronto group that isolated insulin he prepared a pancreatic extract pure enough to be used in clinical trials, pioneering work with parathyroid hormone
1938 Karl Landsteiner ForMemRS, Nobel Prize 1930 University of Vienna

Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research

 Discovered three human blood groups (O, A, and B), the Rhesus factor, and isolated the polio virus
1939 Gerhard Johannes Paul Domagk ForMemRS Nobel Prize 1939, lectured in 1954 (forced until then to decline Nobel Prize) Bayer laboratories at Wuppertal Discoverer of sulfonamidochrysoidine (Prontosil) effective against streptococci, eventually led to the development of the antituberculosis drugs thiosemicarbazone and isoniazid
1940 Professor Sir Edward Charles Dodds, 1st Baronet MVO FRS Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry Pentose phosphate pathway which generates NADPH, the discovery of stilboestrol, a synthetic and powerfully active non-steroid analogue of the naturally occurring oestrogenic hormone
1944 Professor Otto Loewi, Nobel Prize 1936 New York University College of Medicine Showed Acetylcholine to be release by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve and augmentation of adrenaline release by cocaine, a connection between digitalis and the action of calcium. Invented the mydriatic test in which an experimental form of diabetes in dogs led a change in the response of the eye to adrenaline
1945 Professor Sir Alexander Fleming, FRS Nobel Prize 1945 with Florey St Mary's Hospital, London Discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance benzylpenicillin (penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium notatum in 1928
1945 Professor Sir Howard Florey, FRS Nobel Prize 1945 shared with Fleming University of Oxford Carried out the first clinical trials of penicillin in 1941
1946 Professor Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, Nobel Prize 1937 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland Discovering vitamin C and the components and reactions of the citric acid cycle, identifying fumaric acid and other steps in what became known as the Krebs cycle
1947 Brigadier Sir Neil Hamilton Fairley KBE CStJ FRS London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Saved thousands of Allied lives from malaria and other diseases during WW II, researched quinine, sulphonamides, atebrin, plasmoquine, and paludrine
1948 Professor Edwin B Astwood New England Medical Center, Boston Hormonal control of the mammary gland, the initial rise in uterine weight in response to estrogen could be suppressed by progesterone and the basic mechanisms of thyroid physiology and assessment of relative potency of antithyroid drugs in man, established rational therapeutic regimens for most thyroid diseases, identification of a third pituitary gonadotropin, which he named luteotrophin
1949 Dr Daniel Bovet, ForMemRS Nobel Prize 1957 University of Rome La Sapienza. Antihistamines discovered succinylcholine to be a depolarizing muscle relaxant. He also synthesized gallamine, the first completely artificial curariform drug to be clinically useful, work on synthetic analogs of bioactive amines and antihistamines
1950 Professor Rudolf Albert Peters Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham British Anti-Lewisite (BAL) and treatment of post-arsphenamine jaundice researched pyruvate metabolism, focussing particularly on the toxicity of fluoroacetate
1951 Professor Tadeus Reichstein, ForMemRS, Nobel Prize 1950 Jointly with Kendall Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Basel Synthesized vitamin C (ascorbic acid) by what is now called the Reichstein process, isolated aldosterone, a hormone of the adrenal cortex
Professor E C Kendall, Nobel Prize 1950 (shared) Princeton University Isolation of thyroxine, the active principle of the thyroid gland, the crystallization of glutathione, the hormones of the cortex of the adrenal glands and the anti-inflammatory effect of cortisone
1954 Sir Russell Claude Brock, Baron Guy's and the Brompton hospitals Cardiac surgeon, operated 0n Fallot’s Tetralogy patients with pulmonary stenosis and mitral stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever, introduced new developments, notably hypothermia and the heart-lung machine
1956 Professor Sir William D M Paton, FRS (Jointly with Zaimis) University of Oxford Interest in hyperbaric physiology, cholinergic transmission in particular decamethonium and hexamethonium, histamine release by licheniform and other basic substances, mechanism of action of gaseous anaesthetic agents, pharmacology of cannabis, the rate theory of drug action
Professor Eleanor J Zaimis, (Jointly with Paton) The Royal Free Hospital, London muscle relaxants and ganglionic blockers, the structure-activity relationships of methonium compounds
1958 Professor Charles B Huggins, Nobel Prize 1966 University of Chicago Discovered in 1941 that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers, specializing in prostate cancer, castration or estrogen administration led to glandular atrophy, androgen ablation of metastases, development of biomarker based on serum phosphatase
1960 Professor John F Enders, ForMemRS, Nobel Prize 1954 Children's Hospital Boston In vitro culture of poliovirus, isolated measles virus and began development of measles vaccine and conducted trials on 1,500 mentally retarded children in New York City and 4,000 children in Nigeria
1962 Professor Alan S Parkes, CBE FRS University College, London Reproductive biology, research in low-temperature biology leading to the discovery that glycerol protected spermatozoa against damage during freezing and storage at very low temperatures
1964 Dr Willem J Kolff University of Utah Pioneer of hemodialysis for kidney failure and the development of artificial organs, in particular the artificial heart
1966 Dr Gregory Pincus, BS, MS, ScD Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology in Shrewsbury, Massachusetts Confirmed earlier research that progesterone would act as an inhibitor to ovulation, co-inventor the combined oral contraceptive pill, in vitro fertilization in rabbits
1968 Professor Robert Gyn Macfarlane, CBE, FRS Oxford University Deciphered the enzymic cascade of blood coagulation and the treatment of haemophilia, studied the venom of many different snakes and isolated the poison of the Russell's Viper
1970 Professor Georges Mathe, MD Hôpital Paul-Brousse Performed the first bone marrow graft and first successful kidney grafts between unrelated donors, the development of several important immunosuppressant molecules such as acriflavine, bestatine, ellipticine, oxaliplatin, triptoreline and vinorelbine
1972 Dr George H Hitchings, ForMemRS Nobel Prize 1988 shared with Black Wellcome Research Laboratories,Tuckahoe, New York Work included 2,6-diaminopurine (a compound to treat leukemia) and p-chlorophenoxy-2,4-diaminopyrimidine (a folic acid antagonist), new drug therapies for malaria (pyrimethamine), leukemia (6-mercaptopurine and thioguanine), gout (allopurinol), organ transplantation (azathioprine) and bacterial infections (co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim) pointed the way that led to major antiviral drugs for herpes infections (acyclovir) and AIDS (zidovudine)
1974 Sir John Charnley, FRS Wrightington Hospital, Lancashire British orthopaedic surgeon pioneered hip replacement, development of the low friction arthroplasty concept, use of bone cement that acted as a grout rather than glue
1976 Professor Norman E Shumway, MD, PhD Stanford University Human heart transplant operation, pioneered the use of cyclosporine to prevent rejection
1978 Professor Sune K Bergstrom, Nobel Prize 1982 Shared with John Vane Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Succeeded in producing pure prostaglandins and determining the chemical structures of two important examples, PGE and PGF, showed that these are formed through the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids, used to trigger contractions during childbirth, induce abortions, or reduce the risk of gastric ulcer
1980 Sir James Black, MBChB, FRCP, FRS, Nobel Prize 1988 shared with Hitchings [[King's College London GKT School of Medical Education|King's College Hospital Medical School, London Developed propranolol, a beta-blocker that has a calming effect on the heart by blocking the receptor for adrenaline,[5] developed cimetidine that suppresses the formation of gastric acid and is used to fight ulcers
1988 Professor Hans W Kosterlitz, FRS, Hon LLD University of Aberdeen Endorphins, used electrically stimulated strip of guinea pig intestine to assy opiate activity in pig brain homogenates.[6]
1990 Professor Sir Roy Yorke Calne, FRS University of Cambridge organ transplantation pioneer, improvement of immunosuppression techniques
1993 Professor Virgil Craig Jordan, OBE, FMedSci. Georgetown University Discovered the breast cancer prevention properties of tamoxifen, the prevention of multiple diseases in women using his new discovery, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) raloxifene trial
1996 Professor Pat P A Humphrey OBE Glaxo Pharmacological profile of selective 5-HT 4 receptor agonists, TD-5108, tegaserod, adenosine A1 receptor agonists.migraine,[7] 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, triptans as the most important breakthrough in headache medicine – sumatriptan, naratriptan, alosetron, ondansetron, vapiprost and salmeterol
2002 Sir Ravinder Nath Maini FMedSci Jointly with Feldman Imperial College School of Medicine Identified TNF alpha as a key cytokine in rheumatoid arthritis and discoverer of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment
2002 Sir Marc Feldman, FRS, FMedSci Jointly with Maini Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford Discoverer of anti-TNF therapy as an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, infliximab and etanercept, treatments for Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis
2007 Professor Garret A. FitzGerald, FRS University of Pennsylvania Prostanoid research, pharmacological inhibition of COXs versus the microsomal PGE synthase– 1,[8] involved in the interdisciplinary PENTACON consortium, integration of basic and clinical research in yeast, mammalian cells, fish, mice and humans with the objective of predicting NSAID efficacy and cardiovascular hazard in patients

References

  1. ↑ "The Cameron Prize Lectures". Lancet. 206 (5332,): 979. 1925.
  2. ↑ Gray, Nancy (1969). ", 'Bowman, Robert (1830–1873)', published first in hardcopy 1969, accessed online 25 April 2017". Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University,. 3.
  3. ↑ "The Bowman Family". Windsor and Richmond Gazette (NSW 1888-1954). Retrieved 30 March 2017.
  4. ↑ Sandrone, S (2014). "David Ferrier (1843-1928)". J Neurol. 261: 1247–1248. doi:10.1007/s00415-013-7023-y.
  5. ↑ Hothersall, J (2011). "The design, synthesis and pharmacological characterization of novel beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonists". Br J Pharmacol. 164: 317–31. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01269.x.
  6. ↑ Hughes, J (1975). "Identification of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity.". Nature. 258: 577–580.
  7. ↑ Humphrey, P (2007). "The discovery of a new drug class for the acute treatment of migraine". Headache. 47 Suppl 1: S10–19.
  8. ↑ FitzGerald, Garret (2001). "COX-2 inhibitors and the cardiovascular system". Clin Exp Rheumatol. 19: S31–6.
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