Camera phone

Camera phone allows instant, automatic photo sharing. There is no need for a cable or removable media to connect to a personal computer.

A camera phone is a mobile phone which is able to capture photographs and often record video using one or more built-in digital cameras. The first camera phone was sold in 2000 in Japan, a Sharp J-SH04 J-Phone model, although some argue that the SCH-V200 and Kyocera VP-210 Visual Phone, both introduced months earlier in South Korea and Japan respectively, are the first camera phones.[1]

Most camera phones are simpler than separate digital cameras. Their usual fixed-focus lenses and smaller sensors limit their performance in poor lighting. Lacking a physical shutter, some have a long shutter lag. Photoflash is typically provided by an LED source which illuminates less intensely over a much longer exposure time than a bright and near-instantaneous flash strobe. Optical zoom[2] and tripod screws are rare and none has a hot shoe for attaching an external flash. Some also lack a USB connection or a removable memory card. Most have Bluetooth and WiFi, and can make geotagged photographs. Some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, but with bigger image sensors (a few are up to 1"), their capabilities approach those of low-end point-and-shoot cameras. In the smartphone era, the steady sales increase of camera phones caused point-and-shoot camera sales to peak about 2010 and decline thereafter. Most model lines improve their cameras every year or two.

Most smartphones only have a menu choice to start a camera application program and an on-screen button to activate the shutter.[3] Some also have a separate camera button, for quickness and convenience. A few camera phones are designed to resemble separate low-end digital compact cameras in appearance and to some degree in features and picture quality, and are branded as both mobile phones and cameras.

The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness; indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, the addition is negligible. Smartphones that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as geotagging and image stitching. Also smartphones can use their touch screen to direct their camera to focus on a particular object in the field of view, giving even an inexperienced user a degree of focus control exceeded only by seasoned photographers using manual focus. However, the touch screen, being a general purpose control, lacks the agility of a separate camera's dedicated buttons and dial(s).

Technology

Camera

Nearly all camera phones use CMOS image sensors, due to largely reduced power consumption compared to CCD type cameras, which are also used, but in few camera phones. Some of camera phones even use more expensive Back Side Illuminated CMOS which uses energy lesser than CMOS, although more expensive than CMOS and CCD.

Samsung Galaxy S5 camera, including the floating element group, suspended by ceramic bearings and a small rare earth magnet.
Image showing the six molded elements in the Samsung Galaxy S5

As camera phone technology has progressed over the years, the lens design has evolved from a simple double Gauss or Cooke triplet to many molded plastic aspheric lens elements made with varying dispersion and refractive indexes. The latest generation of phone cameras also apply distortion (optics), vignetting, and various optical aberration corrections to the image before it is compressed into a .jpeg format.'

Most camera phones have a digital zoom feature. A few have optical zoom. An external camera can be added, coupled wirelessly to the phone by Wi-Fi. They are compatible with most smartphones.[4]

Images

Images are usually saved in the JPEG file format, except for some high-end camera phones which have also RAW feature and the Android 5.0 Lollipop has facility of it.[5][6] Windows Phones can be configured to operate as a camera even if the phone is asleep. An external flash can be employed, to improve performance.

Phones usually store pictures and video in a directory called /DCIM in the internal memory. Some can store this media in external memory (Secure digital card or USB on the go pen drive).

Multimedia Messaging Service

Camera phones can share pictures almost instantly and automatically via a sharing infrastructure integrated with the carrier network. Early developers including Philippe Kahn envisioned a technology that would enable service providers to "collect a fee every time anyone snaps a photo".[7] The resulting technologies, Multimedia Messaging Service and Sha-Mail, were developed parallel to and in competition to open Internet-based mobile communication provided by GPRS and later 3G networks.

The first commercial camera phone complete with infrastructure was the J-SH04, made by Sharp Corporation; it had an integrated CCD sensor, with the Sha-Mail (Picture-Mail in Japanese) infrastructure developed in collaboration with Kahn's LightSurf venture, and marketed from 2001 by J-Phone in Japan today owned by Softbank. The first commercial deployment in North America of camera phones was in 2004. The Sprint wireless carriers deployed over one million camera phone manufactured by Sanyo and launched by the PictureMail infrastructure (Sha-Mail in English) developed and managed by LightSurf.

While early phones had Internet connectivity, working web browsers and email-programs, the phone menu offered no way of including a photo in an email or uploading it to a web site. Connecting cables or removable media that would enable the local transfer of pictures were also usually missing. Modern smartphones have almost unlimited connectivity and transfer options with photograph attachment features.

External camera

During 2003 as camera phones were gaining popularity in Europe some phones without cameras had support for MMS and external cameras that could be connected with a small cable or directly to the data port at the base of the phone. The external cameras were comparable in quality to those fitted on regular camera phones at the time, typically offering VGA resolution.

In 2013-2014 Sony and other manufacturers announced add-on camera modules for smartphones called lens-style cameras. They have larger sensors and lenses than those in a camera phone but lack a viewfinder, display and most controls. They can be mounted to an Android or iOS phone or tablet and use its display and controls. Lens-style cameras include:

External cameras for thermal imaging also became available in late 2014.[12]

History

The Nokia N8 smartphone is the first Nokia smartphone with a 12-megapixel autofocus lens, and is one of the few camera phones (the first was Nokia N82) to feature Carl Zeiss optics with xenon flash.

The camera phone, like many complex systems, is the result of converging and enabling technologies. There are dozens of relevant patents dating back as far as 1956. Compared to digital cameras, a consumer-viable camera in a mobile phone would require far less power and a higher level of camera electronics integration to permit the miniaturization.

The CMOS active pixel sensor "camera-on-a-chip" developed by Eric Fossum and his team in the early 1990s achieved the first step of realizing the modern camera phone as described in a March 1995 Business Week article. While the first camera phones (e.g. J-SH04), as successfully marketed by J-Phone in Japan, used charge-coupled device (CCD) sensors and not CMOS sensors, more than 90% of camera phones sold today use CMOS image sensor technology.

Over the years there have been many videophones and cameras that have included communication capability. Some devices experimented with integration of the device to communicate wirelessly with Internet, which would allow instant media sharing with anyone anywhere. For example, in 1995 Apple experimented with the Apple Videophone/PDA.[13] There were several digital cameras with cellular phone transmission capability shown by companies such as Kodak, Olympus in the early 1990s.[14] There was also a digital camera with cellular phone designed by Shosaku Kawashima of Canon in Japan in May 1997.[15] In Japan, two competing projects were run by Sharp and Kyocera in 1997. Both had cell phones with integrated cameras. However, the Kyocera system was designed as a peer-to-peer video-phone as opposed to the Sharp project which was initially focused on sharing instant pictures. That was made possible when the Sharp devices was coupled to the Sha-mail infrastructure designed in collaboration with American technologist Kahn. The Kyocera team was led by Kazumi Saburi.[16] In 1995, work by James Greenwold of Bureau Of Technical Services, in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, was developing a pocket video camera for surveillance purposes. By 1999, the Tardis[17] recorder was in prototype and being used by the government. Bureau Of Technical Services advanced further by the patent No. 6,845,215,B1 on "Body-Carryable, digital Storage medium, Audio/Video recording Assembly".[18]

June 11, 1997, Santa Cruz, California: Image taken by Philippe Kahn after his daughter's birth and instantly shared with more than 2000 people around the world

On June 11, 1997, Philippe Kahn instantly shared the first pictures from the maternity ward where his daughter Sophie was born. He wirelessly transmitted his cell phone pictures to more than 2,000 family, friends and associates around the world.[19] Kahn's wireless sharing software and camera integrated into his cell phone augured the birth of instant visual communications.[7][20] Kahn's cell phone transmission is the first known publicly shared picture via a cell phone.[21]

Cameras on cell phones proved popular right from the start, as indicated by the J-Phone in Japan having had more than half of its subscribers using cell phone cameras in two years. The world soon followed. By 2003, more camera phones were sold worldwide than stand-alone digital cameras. In 2005, Nokia became the world's most sold digital camera brand. In 2006, half of the world's mobile phones had a built-in camera. In 2006, Thuraya released the first satellite phone with an integrated camera. The Thuraya SG-2520 was manufactured by Korean company APSI and ran Windows CE. In 2008, Nokia sold more camera phones than Kodak sold film-based simple cameras, thus becoming the biggest manufacturer of any kind of camera. In 2010, the worldwide number of camera phones totaled more than a billion.[22] Since 2010, most mobile phones, even cheapest ones, are being sold with a camera. High-end camera phones usually had a relatively good lens and high resolution.

Higher resolution camera phones started to appear in 2010s. 12-megapixel camera phones have been produced by at least two companies.[23][24] To highlight the capabilities of the Nokia N8 (Big CMOS Sensor) camera, Nokia created a short film, The Commuter,[25] in October 2010. The seven-minute film was shot entirely on the phone's 720p camera. A 14-megapixel smartphone with 3× optical zoom was announced in late 2010.[26] Apple's iPhone started including a 12-megapixel camera with the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus in 2015 (it had been 8-megapixel on models released in previous years), and continues to do so with iPhone 7 and iPhone 7 Plus, that were introduced in 2016, while the latter includes a dual-lens camera and includes a 2× optical zoom. In 2012, Nokia announced Nokia 808 PureView. It features a 41-megapixel 1/1.2-inch sensor and a high-resolution f/2.4 Zeiss all-aspherical one-group lens. It also features Nokia's PureView Pro technology, a pixel oversampling technique that reduces an image taken at full resolution into a lower resolution picture, thus achieving higher definition and light sensitivity, and enables lossless zoom. In mid-2013, Nokia announced the Nokia Lumia 1020. It had an improved version of the 41-megapixel sensor.

Manufacturers

Major manufacturers of cameras for phones include Toshiba, ST Micro, Sharp, Omnivision, and Aptina (Now part of ON Semiconductor).

Social impact

Taking a photograph with cell phone.

Personal photography allows people to capture and construct personal and group memory, maintain social relationships as well as expressing their identity.[27] The hundreds of millions[28] of camera phones sold every year provide the same opportunities, yet these functions are altered and allow for a different user experience. As mobile phones are constantly carried, camera phones allow for capturing moments at any time. Mobile communication also allows for immediate transmission of content (for example via Multimedia Messaging Services), which cannot be reversed or regulated. Brooke Knight observes that "the carrying of an external, non-integrated camera (like a DSLR) always changes the role of the wearer at an event, from participant to photographer".[29] The cameraphone user, on the other hand, can remain a participant in whatever moment they photograph. Photos taken on a cameraphone serve to prove the physical presence of the photographer. The immediacy of sharing and the liveness that comes with it allows the photographs shared through cameraphones to emphasize their indexing of the photographer.

While phones have been found useful by tourists and for other common civilian purposes, as they are cheap, convenient, and portable; they have also posed controversy, as they enable secret photography. A user may pretend to be simply talking on the phone or browsing the internet, drawing no suspicion while photographing a person or place in non-public areas where photography is restricted, or perform photography against that person's wishes. At the same time, camera phones have enabled every citizen to exercise her or his freedom of speech by being able to quickly communicate to others what she or he has seen with their own eyes. In most democratic free countries, there are no restrictions against photography in public and thus camera phones enable new forms of citizen journalism, fine art photography, and recording one's life experiences for facebooking or blogging.

Camera phones have also been very useful to street photographers and social documentary photographers as they enable them to take pictures of strangers in the street without them noticing, thus allowing the artist/photographer to get close to her or his subjects and take more liveful photos.[30] While most people are suspect of secret photography, artists who do street photography (like Henri Cartier-Bresson did), photojournalists and photographers documenting people in public (like the photographers who documented the Great Depression in 1930s America) must often work unnoticed as their subjects are often unwilling to be photographed or are not aware of legitimate uses of secret photography like those photos that end up in fine art galleries and journalism.

As a network-connected device, megapixel camera phones are playing significant roles in crime prevention, journalism and business applications as well as individual uses. They can also be used for activities such as voyeurism, invasion of privacy, and copyright infringement. Because they can be used to share media almost immediately, they are a potent personal content creation tool. On January 17, 2007, New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced a plan to encourage people to use their camera-phones to capture crimes happening in progress or dangerous situations and send them to emergency responders. Through the program, people will be able to send their images or video directly to 911.[31] Camera phones have also been used to discreetly take photographs in museums, performance halls, and other places where photography is prohibited. However, as sharing can be instantaneous, even if the action is discovered, it is too late, as the image is already out of reach, unlike a photo taken by a digital camera that only stores images locally for later transfer (however, as the newer digital cameras support Wi-Fi, a photographer can perform photography with a DSLR and instantly post the photo on the internet through the mobile phone's Wi-Fi and 3G capabilities).

Apart from street photographers and social documentary photographers or cinematographers, camera phones have also been used successfully by war photographers.[32] The small size of the camera phone allows a war photographer to secretly film the men and women who fight in a war, without them realizing that they have been photographed, thus the camera phone allows the war photographer to document wars while maintaining her or his safety.

In 2010, in Ireland the annual "RTÉ 60 second short award" was won by 15-year-old Laura Gaynor, who made her winning cartoon,"Piece of Cake" on her Sony Ericsson C510 camera phone.[33][34][35] In 2012, Director/writer Eddie Brown Jr,[36] made the reality thriller Camera Phone[37] which is one of the first commercial produced movies using camera phones as the story's prospective. The film is a reenactment of an actual case and they changed the names to protect those involved. Some modern camera phones (in 2013-2014) have big sensors, thus allowing a street photographer or any other kind of photographer to take photos of similar quality to a semi-pro camera.

Camera as an interaction device

The cameras of smartphones are used as input devices in numerous research projects and commercial applications. A commercially successful example is the use of QR Codes attached to physical objects. QR Codes can be sensed by the phone using its camera and provide an according link to related digital content, usually a URL. Another approach is using camera images to recognize objects. Content-based image analysis is used to recognize physical objects such as advertisement posters[38] to provide information about the object. Hybrid approaches use a combination of unobstrusive visual markers and image analysis. An example is to estimate the pose of the camera phone to create a real-time overlay for a 3D paper globe.[39]

Some smartphones can provide an augmented reality overlay for 2D objects[40] and to recognize multiple objects on the phone using a stripped down object recognition algorithm[41] as well as using GPS and compass. A few can translate text from a foreign language. [42] Auto-geotagging can show where a picture is taken, promoting interactions and allowing a photo to be mapped with others for comparison.

Smartphones can use their front camera (of lesser performance as compared to rear camera) facing the user for purposes like self-portraiture (selfie) and videoconferencing.[43]

Laws

Camera phones, or more specifically, widespread use of such phones as cameras by the general public, has increased exposure to laws relating to public and private photography. The laws that relate to other types of cameras also apply to camera phones. There are no special laws for camera phones. Enforcing bans on camera phones has proven nearly impossible. They are small and numerous and their use is easy to hide or disguise, making it hard for law enforcement and security personnel to detect or stop use. Total bans on camera phones would also raise questions about freedom of speech and the freedom of the press, since camera phone ban would prevent a citizen or a journalist (or a citizen journalist) from communicating to others a newsworthy event that could be captured with a camera phone.

From time to time, organizations and places have prohibited or restricted the use of camera phones and other cameras because of the privacy, security, and copyright issues they pose. Such places include the Pentagon, federal and state courts,[44] museums, schools, theaters, and local fitness clubs. Saudi Arabia, in April 2004, banned the sale of camera phones nationwide for a time before reallowing their sale in December 2004 (although pilgrims on the Hajj were allowed to bring in camera phones). There is the occasional anecdote of camera phones linked to industrial espionage and the activities of paparazzi (which are legal but often controversial), as well as some hacking into wireless operators' network.

Notable events involving camera phones

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Evolution of the Camera phone: From Sharp J-SH04 to Nokia 808 Pureview". Hoista.net. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
  2. ↑ Johnson, Joel. "Take High-Quality Pics With Your Phone's Low-Quality Camera". Popular Mechanics.
  3. ↑ "Motorola DROID X vs. HTC Droid Incredible". Phone Arena.
  4. ↑ "Smartphone Telescope Camera Lens, Does It Really Work?".
  5. ↑ Monckton, Paul. "Android 5.0 Camera Tests Show Update Instantly Improves Every Smartphone". Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  6. ↑ Rehm, Lars. "Panasonic announces Lumix DMC-CM1 smartphone with 1-inch sensor". Retrieved December 27, 2014.
  7. 1 2 Parks, Bob (October 2000). "Wired Magazine, The Big Picture - Philippe Kahn". Retrieved 2006-04-20.
  8. ↑ photobug22 (4 October 2013). "Smartphone Attachable Lens-style Camera - DSCQX100/B Review - Sony US". Sony US.
  9. ↑ Crisp, Simon (January 18, 2014). "Kodak smart lens cameras try to take on Sony".
  10. ↑ "Sakar shows QX-style, Vivitar-branded modular smart camera". January 14, 2014.
  11. ↑ "NEW ARRIVAL: HTC RE Camera". March 20, 2016.
  12. ↑ Clark, Don (August 18, 2014). "Add-on thermal imaging". Wall Street Journal.
  13. ↑ "Apple Prototypes: 5 Products We Never Saw". Tech Weird News. 2006-11-30.
  14. ↑ "History of digital camera". 2007-02-19. Archived from the original on February 19, 2007. Retrieved 2016-05-19.
  15. ↑ "United States Patent: D405457 - Digital camera with cellular phone and portable computer".
  16. ↑ "ZoomInfo Cached Page". zoominfo.com.
  17. ↑ tardispanel.swf
  18. ↑ PatentCert.pdf
  19. ↑ "Babyphone – Einfach unabdingbar" (in German).
  20. ↑ Maney, Kevin (2007-01-23). "Baby's birth foretells "birth" of the cell phone camera — and societal evolution". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-25.
  21. ↑ Sullivan, Robert (2011). 100 Photographs That Changed The World. LIFE Books. p. 19. ISBN 978-1-60320-176-6.
  22. ↑ "Dotty but dashing". 8 April 2010 – via The Economist.
  23. ↑ "Samsung Pixon12 M8910 Price in India - 12 megapixel camera-phone". Newtechnology.co.in. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
  24. ↑ "Sony Ericsson Satio – A Phone with Ultimate multimedia experience". Newtechnology.co.in. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
  25. ↑ "The Commuter (2010)". IMDb. 26 October 2010.
  26. ↑ "Crave". CNET. CBS Interactive.
  27. ↑ Gye, Lisa (2007) Picture This: The Impact of Mobile Camera Phones on Personal Photographic Practices in Continuum Vol 21 Issue 2. pp 279-288
  28. ↑ "Asia-Pacific Camera Phone Market Tops 600 Million Units in 2010, Says New Lyra Report". PRWeb. 10 October 2006.
  29. ↑ Brooke A. Knight, "Performative Pictures: Camera Phones at the Ready," in New Visualities, New Technologies: The New Ecstasy of Communication, ed. J. Macgregor Wise and Hille Koskela (Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2012), 162.
  30. ↑ Kim, Eric. "3 Reasons Why You Should Use the iPhone 5 For Street Photography by Mike Avina". Eric Kim Street Photography Blog.
  31. ↑ "Textually.org, NY Mayor Bloomberg outlines citizen camphone hotline". January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
  32. ↑ Estrin, James (2010-11-21). "Finding the Right Tool to Tell a War Story". The New York Times.
  33. ↑ LauraGaynorTV (31 March 2010). "Two Tube -Piece of cake - RTE 60 second short award 2010" – via YouTube.
  34. ↑ "Life after the Leaving: “You have to be a bit of a chancer.”".
  35. ↑ LauraGaynorTV (9 May 2010). "Piece of cake (original mobile version)" – via YouTube.
  36. ↑ "Eddie Brown Jr.". IMDb.
  37. ↑ "Camera Phone (2012)". IMDb. 29 September 2012.
  38. ↑ Pielot, M.; Henze, N.; Nickel, C.; Menke, C.; Smadi, S.; Boll, S. (2008). "Evaluation of Camera Phone Based Interaction to Access Information Related to Posters" (PDF). Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World.
  39. ↑ Schöning, J.; Rohs, M.; Krüger, A (2008). "Mobile Interaction with the "Real World"" (PDF). Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World.
  40. ↑ Wagner, D.; Reitmayr, G; Mulloni, A; Drummond, T; Schmalstieg, D (2008). "Pose Tracking from Natural Features on Mobile Phones" (PDF). Proceedings of the Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality.
  41. ↑ Henze, N.; Schinke, T.; Boll, S. (2009). "What is that? Object recognition from Natural Features on a mobile Phone" (PDF). Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World.
  42. ↑ "Smartphone app to boost translation". Press Association. Jan 14, 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  43. ↑ "Front-Facing Camera". phonescoop.com.
  44. ↑ Notice from the Clerk
  45. ↑ "Guard at Hanging Blamed for Covert Video of Hussein". washingtonpost.com.

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