Calvin H. Gurley

Calvin H. Gurley
Photo of Calvin H. Gurley
Born c. 1954[1]
Residence Takoma, Washington, D.C.[2]
Alma mater Bowie State University[2] B.S.
Occupation Accountant[3]
Political party Democratic (until 2014, since 2015) Independent (2014−2015)
Children 2[2]

Calvin H. Gurley is an accountant and perennial candidate[4][5][6] living in Washington, D.C.

Early years

Gurley was raised in Washington, D.C.[7] Gurley attended Eastern High School, where he played defensive back on the football team.[7] Gurley graduated from Bowie State University with a bachelor of science degree.[2] Gurley also took graduate classes in finance at the University of the District of Columbia.[2]

From March 1985 to September 1985, Gurley worked as a tax auditor for the District of Columbia Department of Finance and Revenue.[1]

Political campaigns

1986 campaign for Mayor

Gurley announced his candidacy for mayor of the District of Columbia in 1986.[1][8] Unemployed and living in Anacostia, Gurley ran as an Democratic candidate, challenging Marion Barry's reelection.[1] Gurley said he was running for office so that a lifelong District resident would be in charge of the District's government.[1] Gurley advocated for improvements to the District's prison system and housing department, and he said that Mayor Barry's leadership was "decaying".[1]

The District of Columbia Office of Business and Economic Development opened a neighborhood revitalization office in Anacostia, in order to give low-interest loans to small businesses for upgrades to the business' outside appearance.[9] Gurley described the office as "a solution in search of a problem".[9] Gurley said that businesses in Anacostia needed "money" and "technical assistance" rather than an governmental agency that did little more than "filling office space".[9]

During a scheduled debate among the mayoral candidates, Gurley called for the death penalty for drug addicts who contribute to drug overdoses of other people.[10] The audience loudly booed him for his statement.[10] Gurley later corrected himself, saying he meant to say he supported the death penalty for drug dealers who contribute to drug overdoses.[10]

Gurley said that drug dealers should not be eligible for bail or parole.[11] Gurley said he would decrease the crime rate by increasing funding for job training.[11]

At a candidates forum in Ward 8, Gurley showed a slide show of boarded-up houses, blaming Mayor Barry for their condition.[12] At another campaign stop, Gurley said that vacant houses should be renovated more quickly and that new housing developments should have more homes available for low- and middle-income residents.[11]

Gurley repeated his campaign theme of "anybody but Barry".[13] Gurley criticized Barry for sending his son to a private school.[13] Gurley noted that public schooling was suitable for President Jimmy Carter's daughter but not for Barry's son.[13] Gurley suggested that Barry would increase funding for public schools if his own son were attending them.[13] Gurley said he would voluntarily take a drug test and challenged Barry to do the same.[11]

Gurley said the most serious problem facing the District was that federal authorities had taken control of certain functions of the government of the District of Columbia due to mismanagement, resulting in what Gurley called "the loss of home rule".[14] Gurley said that the District had not improved at all during the previous four years, with the exception of downtown.[14]

At a meeting of the District of Columbia Ward 6 Democrats, the group decided to endorse Barry for reelection.[15] In the straw vote, Barry received 74 percent, candidate Mattie Taylor received 16 percent, and Gurley received 9 percent.[15] Gurley's campaign chairman, Doug McLellan, called the event a "staged event" and accused Barry's campaign of packing the meeting with his supporters.[15] The president of the group said the straw vote was legitimate because it was publicized widely and that Gurley lost the straw vote because his campaign did not have much visibility around the ward.[15] At meeting of the Ward 4 Democrats, the results of the straw vote were 95 percent for Barry, 4 percent for Taylor, and 1 percent for Gurley.[13]

Barry won the primary election with 71 percent of the vote.[16][17] Taylor received 20 percent, Gurley received 6 percent, and 4 percent of voters wrote in another name.[17]

1990 campaign for Mayor

In February 1990, Gurley announced he would run for mayor again.[18]

At a debate held in March, Gurley advocated for a publicly funded military school for youths in order to prevent drug use.[19] In Gurley's words, the District should "grab these kids off the street from mothers who don't care" and enroll them at the military academy.[19]

In May, Gurley was interviewed about his mayoral campaign on WHUT's "Evening Exchange".[20]

In August, Gurley dropped out of the race in order to run for the Ward 6 seat on the Council of the District of Columbia.[21]

1990 campaign for Council, Ward 6

At the time of Gurley's candidacy to represent Ward 6 on the Council of the District of Columbia,[21] Gurley was working as a financial accountant for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.[22]

Gurley continued to support the establishment of a public military school for youth in the District. Gurley wanted police officers to walk the streets in order to stop individuals from loitering.[22] Gurley wanted to make sure taxis would serve the neighborhood of Anacostia so that people doing neighborhood patrols could teach children instead.[22] Gurley wanted the District to use property confiscated in drug arrests to be used to fund drug education and prevention, additional pay for police officers, and youth-recreation projects.[22]

Harold Brazil won with 43 percent of the vote, unseating incumbent Nadine P. Winter.[23][24] Gurley received 3 percent of the vote.[24]

2004 proposed ballot initiative

In 2004, Gurley proposed a ballot initiative called "Mr. Bill Cosby’s Age 18 House Rule".[25]

If approved by voters, all child-support payments would end when the reached became 18 years old, rather than 21 years old as District law stated.[25]

At the time, Gurley paid child support for two of his children, a 9-year-old daughter and a nearly 18-year-old son.[25]

Gurley explained the ballot initiative, saying that "black families still carry as their commandment, is once you reach 18, you're out the house."[25]

Gurley did not submit sufficient valid signatures to the District of Columbia Board of Elections, and the proposed ballot initiative did not appear on the ballot.

2004 campaign for Democratic State Committee, Ward 4

Gurley ran to represent Ward 4 on the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee in 2004.[26]

Paul R. McKenzie won the seat with 42 percent of the vote.[27] Gurley came in fourth place with 13 percent.[27]

2010 campaign for Mayor

Gurley ran for mayor in 2010.[28] Gurley did have enough valid signatures to appear on the ballot, so he decided to run as a write-in candidate instead.[28]

Vincent Gray won the Democratic Party primary election for mayor with 54 percent of the vote.[29] Write-in candidates received 0.19 percent of the vote; some of these were for Gurley.[29][28]

2011 campaign for Council, At-large

Vote by Democratic State Committee

When at-large Council member Kwame R. Brown was sworn into office as chair of the Council of the District of Columbia in 2011, the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee announced an election by its members to replace Brown as interim at-large member of the Council until a special election could occur.[30] Gurley, Sekou Biddle, former Council member Vincent Orange, and several others filed to run.[31]

At a debate before the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee, Gurley said that when companies hire people who live outside the District, it is like "genocide".[32]

Kwame Brown endorsed Biddle for the position, as did Council members Harry Thomas Jr., Mary Cheh, Muriel Bowser, Yvette Alexander, and Marion Barry.[30] District mayor Vincent Gray said he supported Brown's endorsement of Biddle.[33]

On January 6, 2011, the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee voted to select Biddle as the interim at-large member of the Council.[34] Vote tallies were not publicly reported.[34]

Special election

After the District of Columbia Democratic State Committee voted to select Sekou Biddle as the interim at-large member of the Council, a special election was announced, to be held on April 26, 2011.[35]

Gurley, Sekou Biddle, Vincent Orange, Patrick Mara, and several others filed to run.[35][36]

Gurley did not appear on the ballot because he did not submit enough valid signatures to the District of Columbia Board of Elections.[37]

2012 campaign for Council, Ward 4

Gurley ran for the Council again in 2012, this time to represent Ward 4.[38]

In the Democratic Party primary election held in January 2012, Muriel Bowser won with 66 percent of the vote.[39] Gurley came in sixth place with 2 percent of the vote.[39]

2012 campaign for Council, Chair

In June 2012, Kwame Brown resigned from the position of Chair of the Council.[40]

Gurley filed to run a special election for the position of Council Chair that was held in November 2012.[41] Phil Mendelson and Gurley were the only two candidates on the ballot.[42]

Gurley said that the District did a good job by warning the public about the dangers of Hurricane Sandy.[43] Gurley said that the District should open a Disaster Emergency Management Assistance Office that would distribute power generators and subsidize hotel stays during emergency storms.[43] Gurley said he would ask PEPCO to fund much of the office's cost.[43]

Gurley reported a total of $650 of contributions to his campaign.[44] Gurley was the only donor.[44]

Mendelson won the special election with 71 percent of the vote.[45][46] Gurley received 28 percent of the vote.[45]

When asked by The Washington Post what Gurley did to receive 28 percent of the vote, Gurley said, "I just campaigned hard. It was just traditional grassroots campaigning. Hand to hand, face to face."[47]

2014 campaign for Council, Chair

Gurley filed to run again for Chair of the Council in the 2014 election.[48][49] Gurley and Mendelson were the only candidates on the ballot in the Democratic Party primary election.[50][51]

Gurley and other candidates were invited to speak at a meeting of the Gertrude Stein Democratic Club, the largest LGBT political organization in the District.[52] Gurley did not address any issues specific to LGBT individuals.[52] Instead, Gurley talked about corruption and waste in the District.[52] The group rated Gurley a zero out of a possible ten points because the group had no knowledge of Gurley's view on issues that were important to LGBT individuals.[52]

The Fraternal Order of Police, Metropolitan Police Department Labor Committee said that Mendelson did not do enough to prevent the number of anti-LGBT hate crimes from nearly doubling between 2009 and 2011.[53] The group asked District residents to "vote no on Phil Mendelson", but it did not actually endorse Gurley.[53]

Mendelson won the election with 81 percent of the vote.[54][55] Gurley received 18 percent of the vote.[55]

2014 campaign for Council, At-large

When independent Council Member David Catania decided to run for mayor rather than reelection in 2014,[56] Gurley changed his voter registration to unaffiliated and filed to run for an at-large seat on the Council.[57]

Gurley said the District government should create and maintain its public housing.[2] He said that the mayor should not have full control of the public school system.[2] Gurley said that Congress was responsible for the fact that 70 percent of employees working in the District live outside of the District.[2] If elected, he said he would introduce a bill to create a committee on housing and job development.[2]

The District of Columbia Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance asked each candidate to answer 12 questions about the group's issues.[5] The Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance graded Gurley a 2 out of a possible 10 points.[5] Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance described Gurley's responses as "confused rants".[5]

Gurley's campaign reported $2,087 of contributions, including $1,812 from Gurley himself.[6]

Gurley came in twelfth place with one percent of the total vote.[58]

2016 campaign for Council, Ward 4

Gurley ran as a Democrat in the election to represent Ward 4 on the Council in 2016.[59][60] Brandon Todd ran for reelection.[61] Leon Andrews and Ron Austin were also candidates.[61]

Gurley said that Metropolitan Police Chief Cathy Lanier was "dismantling" of the department's LGBT Liaison Unit by not replacing officers who left the unit to take other assignments.[62] Gurley blamed Todd for not addressing the issue.[62]

Gurley and other candidates completed a questionnaire by the Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance.[63] The Gay and Lesbian Activists Alliance rated Gurley's responses with a score of 3.5 out of 10 points.[63]

Todd was reelected to the Council, receiving 49 percent of the vote.[64] Gurley came in fourth place with 3 percent of the vote.[64]

Activism

Gurley served as the president of the Fairlawn Civic Association between 1987 and 1988, where he helped establish neighborhood patrols.[65]

Gurley served as the executive director of Mothers of Lost Sons in 1988.[66] The group was primarily made of people whose relatives were recently murdered.[66] The group wanted a federally sponsored military academy to be established in the District as an alternative to juvenile detention centers.[66]

Electoral history

1986 primary election

Mayor of the District of Columbia, Democratic Party Primary Election, 1986[17]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Marion Barry Jr. 52,742 71
Democratic Mattie Goodrum Taylor 14,588 20
Democratic Calvin Gurley 4,747 6
Democratic write-in 2,634 4

1990 primary election

1990 Council of the District of Columbia, Ward 6, Democratic Party Primary Election[24]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Harold Brazil 6,078 43
Democratic Nadine P. Winter 5,477 39
Democratic John "Peter Bug" Matthews 953 7
Democratic Bernard Gray 796 4
Democratic Calvin Gurley 638 4
Democratic Dwight Prophet 46 1

2004 primary election

2004 District of Columbia Democratic State Committee, Ward 4, Election[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Paul R. McKenzie 6,812 42
Democratic Charles Gaither 3,947 24
Democratic George W. Fenderson 3,402 21
Democratic Calvin Gurley 2,095 13

2010 primary election

2010 Mayor of the District of Columbia, Democratic Party Primary Election[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Vincent C. Gray 72,648 54
Democratic Adrian Fenty 59,524 45
Democratic Leo Alexander 908 1
Democratic Ernest E. Johnson 317 0
Democratic write-in, including Calvin H. Gurley[28] 248 0
Democratic Sulaimon Brown 209 0

2012 primary election

2012 Council of the District of Columbia, Ward 4, Democratic Party Primary Election[39]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Muriel Bowser 7,541 66
Democratic Renee L. Bowser 1,523 13
Democratic Max Skolnik 1,042 9
Democratic Baruti Jahi 619 5
Democratic Judi Jones 371 3
Democratic Calvin Gurley 268 2
Democratic write-in 32 0

2012 special election

2012 Council of the District of Columbia, Chair, Special Election[45]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Phil Mendelson 174,742 71
Democratic Calvin H. Gurley 69,342 28
Democratic write-in 3,017 1

2014 primary election

2014 Council of the District of Columbia, Chair, Democratic Party Primary Election[55]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Phil Mendelson 69,138 81
Democratic Calvin H. Gurley 15,178 18
Democratic write-in 825 1

2014 general election

2014 Council of the District of Columbia, At-Large, General Election[58]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Anita Bonds 85,575 24
Independent Elissa Silverman 41,300 12
Independent Michael D. Brown 28,614 8
Independent Robert White 22,198 6
Independent Courtney R. Snowden 19,551 5
D.C. Statehood Green Eugene Puryear 12,525 4
Independent Graylan Scott Hagler 10,539 3
Independent Khalid Pitts 10,392 3
Republican Marc Morgan 9,947 3
Independent Brian Hart 8,933 3
Independent Kishan Putta 6,135 2
Independent Calvin Gurley 4,553 1
Independent Eric J. Jones 4,405 1
Libertarian Frederick Steiner 3,766 1
Independent Wendell Felder 2,964 1
  write-in 1,472 0

2016 primary election

2016 Council of the District of Columbia, Ward 4, Democratic Party Primary Election[67]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Brandon Todd 8,145 49
Democratic Leon T. Andrews, Jr. 6,738 41
Democratic Ron Austin 574 3
Democratic Calvin H. Gurley 509 3
Democratic write-in 63 0

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Evans, Sandra. "Anacostia Resident Announces Candidacy for District Mayor".The Washington Post. April 6, 1986. p. B5.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Meet an at-large D.C. Council candidate: Calvin H. Gurley". The Washington Post. October 24, 2014.
  3. ↑ Brisbane, Arthur S.; Walsh, Elsa. "Clarke Rules Out Challenging Barry: D.C. Council Chairman to Seek Reelection". The Washington Post. April 21, 1986. p. D1.
  4. ↑ Sommer, Will. "Meet the Many, Many D.C. Council At-Large Candidates". Washington City Paper. September 3, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Sommer, Will. "Catania, Bowser Score Top Ratings From Gay Group". Washington City Paper. September 17, 2014.
  6. 1 2 Sommer, Will. "With Election Looming, Pitts Leads At-Large Race in Cash Reserves". Washington City Paper. October 15, 2014.
  7. 1 2 DuPree, David. "All-Met Leads Thorobreds". The Washington Post. November 2, 1972. p. D3.
  8. ↑ Evans, Sandra. "Wilson Says He Probably Will Not Run for Mayor". The Washington Post. April 9, 1986. p. B1.
  9. 1 2 3 Jackson, Kirk. "Third Neighborhood Revitalization Office Opens". Washington Informer. May 21, 1986. p. 7.
  10. 1 2 3 Brisbane, Arthur S. "Barry, Challengers Clash on issues at Forum". The Washington Post. July 24, 1986. p. C5.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Brisbane, Arthur S. "D.C. Mayoral Campaign Not a Single-Issue Race: Candidates Cite Drugs, Crime, Housing and Jobs". The Washington Post. September 3, 1986. p. C7.
  12. ↑ Brisbane, Arthur S. "Foes Challenge Barry's Record On Housing and Rent Control". The Washington Post. July 30, 1986. p. B7.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Brisbane, Arthur S. "Challengers Accuse Barry of Mismanagement: Mayor Defends Record, Says He Has Decreased Crime, Improved Employment". The Washington Post. August 20, 1986. p. C3.
  14. 1 2 "District of Columbia Voters' Guide". The Washington Post. September 4, 1986. p. VG2.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Brisbane, Arthur S. "Barry Wins Endorsement: Foes Decry 'Staged Event' in D.C. Ward 6". The Washington Post. August 6, 1986. p. B7.
  16. ↑ Brisbane, Arthur S. "Barry Gains Landslide In District: Clarke, Nathanson Win, Spaulding Loses In Voting for Council". The Washington Post. September 10, 1986. p. A1.
  17. 1 2 3 "Final and Complete Election Totals: September 9, 1986 Primary". District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics. September 19, 1986.
  18. ↑ York, Michael. "Barry Perjury Charge To Be Sought Today: Two Key Supporters Turn to Fauntroy". The Washington Post. February 15, 1990. p. A1.
  19. 1 2 Melton, R. H. "Democratic Hopefuls Debate Without Barry". The Washington Post. March 22, 1990. p. D1.
  20. ↑ Carmody, John. "The TV Column". The Washington Post. May 15, 1990. p. C6.
  21. 1 2 Abramowitz, Michael. "Candidates Play Beat the Clock: D.C. Board of Elections Gets Crush of Petitions Near Deadline". July 6, 1990. p. D3.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Voter's Guide: Ward 6". The Washington Post. September 6, 1990. p. H5.
  23. ↑ Sanchez, Rene. "Winter Loses Ward 6 Seat: Wilson, Cropp Triumph". The Washington Post. September 12, 1990. p. A21.
  24. 1 2 3 "District of Columbia". The Washington Post. September 12, 1990. p. A27.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Silverman, Elissa. "Don't Call It a Comeback...Yet". Washington City Paper. June 4, 2004.
  26. ↑ "September 14, 2004 - Primary Election Specimen Ballot". District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics. 2004.
  27. 1 2 3 "Certified Summary Report: September 14, 2004 Election". District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics. September 27, 2004.
  28. 1 2 3 4 DeBonis, Mike. "Where did Calvin H. Gurley find 57,119 votes? The Washington Post. November 7, 2012.
  29. 1 2 3 "Election Results, Primary Election 2010, DC Mayor". District of Columbia Board of Elections. September 14, 2010. Retrieved on August 27, 2011. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011.
  30. 1 2 Craig, Tim; DeBonis, Mike. "D.C. Democrats to pick interim at-large council member". The Washington Post. January 4, 2011.
  31. ↑ Wright, James. "Eight File with Democrats to Replace Kwame Brown". Washington Informer. December 15, 2010.
  32. ↑ Orvetti, P.J. "DMV Daily: Lanier Stays". WRC. December 17, 2010.
  33. ↑ Stewart, Nikita R (January 6, 2011). "Mayor stops just short of endorsing Sekou Biddle". The Washington Post.
  34. 1 2 Craig, Tim. "D.C. Democrats secretly select Biddle". The Washington Post. January 7, 2011.
  35. 1 2 Craig, Tim. "11 enter at-large D.C. Council race". The Washington Post. February 18, 2011. p. B5.
  36. ↑ "Johnson, Reginald. "You want to be a council member too?" Washington Examiner. February 19, 2011.
  37. ↑ Suderman, Alan. "Loose Lips Daily: Kwame Keep Digging Edition". Washington City Paper. February 22, 2011.
  38. ↑ Suderman, Alan. "Challengers Having A Hard Time Knocking Bowser". Washington City Paper. March 14, 2012.
  39. 1 2 3 "Council Primary Official Results" (PDF). District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics. April 19, 2012.
  40. ↑ Wilber, Del Quentin; Craig, Tim. "D.C. Council Chairman Kwame Brown resigns after he is charged with bank fraud". The Washington Post. June 6, 2012.
  41. ↑ "Duly Voted". Washington City Paper. October 26, 2012.
  42. ↑ "DC voters ready to cast ballots on Election Day". Washington Examiner. November 6, 2012.
  43. 1 2 3 "Hurricane Sandy DC Voter Guide 2012: Calvin Gurley". Washington Examiner. October 31, 2012.
  44. 1 2 Sommer, Will. "October Campaign Reports: Everything Else". Washington City Paper. October 14, 2013.
  45. 1 2 3 "Certified Results, Special Election, 2012". District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics. April 14, 2014.
  46. ↑ Phipps-Evans, Michelle. "The Council Shuffle Begins". Washington Informer. November 15, 2012. p. 5.
  47. ↑ Suderman, Alan. "Calvin Gurley: 'I Just Campaigned Hard'". Washington City Paper. November 8, 2012.
  48. ↑ Sommer, Will. "December Finance Reports: Everyone Else". Washington City Paper. December 12, 2013.
  49. ↑ Sommer, Will. "Thought 2013 Was a Wild Year for D.C. Politics? Just Wait". Washington City Paper. December 30, 2013.
  50. ↑ "Who to Vote for (and Who Not to Vote for) in D.C.'s 2014 Democratic Primary". Washington City Paper. March 26, 2014.
  51. ↑ Sommer, Will. "Fuss With Mendelson—But to What End?" Washington City Paper. May 7, 2014.
  52. 1 2 3 4 Chibbaro Jr., Lou. "Stein Club unable to endorse in 3 Council races". Washington Blade. February 27, 2014.
  53. 1 2 Chibbaro Jr., Lou. "Attack ad blames Mendelson for rise in hate crimes". Washington Blade. March 31, 2014.
  54. ↑ Sommer, Will. "Three More Candidates Enter At-Large Race". Washington City Paper. June 16, 2014.
  55. 1 2 3 "Certified Results, Primary Election, 2014". District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics. April 23, 2014.
  56. ↑ DeBonis, Mike. "Democrats consider independent runs for council". The Washington Post. April 10, 2014. p. B2.
  57. ↑ Sommer, Will. "More Candidates Enter At-Large Race". Washington City Paper. June 16, 2014.
  58. 1 2 "General Election Certified Results". District of Columbia Board of Elections. December 3, 2014.
  59. ↑ Sommer, Will. "Behold" The 2016 Primary Ballot Orders". Washington City Paper. April 22, 2016.
  60. ↑ Sommer, Will. "Leon Andrews Is Spending Tens of Thousands of His Own Dollars To Oust Brandon Todd in Ward 4". Washington City Paper. May 5, 2016.
  61. 1 2 McDermott, Ryan M. "Muriel Bowser's fortunes with D.C. council hinge on elections". The Washington Times. June 13, 2016.
  62. 1 2 Chibbaro Jr., Lou. "Clinton wins Stein Club endorsement". Washington Blade. April 27, 2016.
  63. 1 2 Chibbaro Jr., Lou. "Gay candidate 2nd in fundraising for D.C. Council race". Washington Blade. June 8, 2016.
  64. 1 2 Chibbaro Jr., Lou. "Clinton, Gray win big in D.C. primary". Washington Blade. June 15, 2016.
  65. ↑ "Ward 6". The Washington Post. September 6, 1990. p. H5.
  66. 1 2 3 Sanchez, Carlos. "National Guard Aid Urged in Drug War". The Washington Post. March 31, 1988. p. C4.
  67. ↑ "Certified Results, Primary Election, 2016". District of Columbia Board of Elections. June 28, 2016.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.