Isotopes of californium

Californium (₉₈Cf) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁴⁵Cf in 1950. There are 20 known radioisotopes ranging from ²³⁷Cf to ²⁵⁶Cf and one nuclear isomer, ^249mCf. The longest-lived isotope is ²⁵¹Cf with a half-life of 900 years.

Actinides vs fission products

Californium-252

Californium-252 (Cf-252) undergoes spontaneous fission and is used in small sized neutron sources. Fission neutrons have an energy range of 0 to 13 MeV with a mean value of 2.3 MeV and a most probable value of 1 MeV.^[6]

Uses

This isotope produces high neutron emissions and can be used for a number of applications in industries such as nuclear energy, medicine, and petrochemical exploration.

Nuclear Reactors

The neutron sources produced from Cf-252 are most notably used in the start-up of nuclear reactors. Once a reactor is filled with nuclear fuel, the stable neutron emissions from the source material initiates the fission chain reaction.

Military & Defense

The portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy (PINS) used by United States Armed Forces, the National Guard, Homeland Security, and U.S. Customs and Border Protection, employs the use of Cf-252 sources to detect hazardous contents found inside artillery projectiles, mortar projectiles, rockets, bombs, land mines, and improvised explosive devices (IED).^[7][8]

Oil & Petroleum

In the oil industry, Cf-252 neutron sources are used to find layers of petroleum and water in a well. Instrumentation is lowered into the well which bombards the formation with high energy neutrons to determine porosity, permeability, and hydrocarbon presence along the length of the borehole.^[9]

Medicine

Californium-252 has also been used in the treatment of serious forms of cancer. In patients suffering from certain types of brain and cervical cancer, Cf-252 can be used as a more cost-effective substitute for radium.^[10]

List of isotopes

1. ↑ Abbreviations:
   EC: Electron capture
   SF: Spontaneous fission
2. ↑ Lightest nuclide known to undergo spontaneous fission as the main decay mode
3. ↑ High neutron cross-section, tends to absorb neutrons
4. ↑ Most common isotope
5. ↑ High neutron emitter, average 3.7 neutrons per fission

Notes

• Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
• Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.

References

1. ↑ Plus radium (element 88). While actually a sub-actinide, it immediately precedes actinium (89) and follows a three-element gap of instability after polonium (84) where no nuclides have half-lives of at least four years (the longest-lived nuclide in the gap is radon-222 with a half life of less than four days). Radium's longest lived isotope, at 1,600 years, thus merits the element's inclusion here.
2. ↑ Specifically from thermal neutron fission of U-235, e.g. in a typical nuclear reactor.
3. ↑ Milsted, J.; Friedman, A. M.; Stevens, C. M. (1965). "The alpha half-life of berkelium-247; a new long-lived isomer of berkelium-248". Nuclear Physics. 71 (2): 299. doi:10.1016/0029-5582(65)90719-4. 
   "The isotopic analyses disclosed a species of mass 248 in constant abundance in three samples analysed over a period of about 10 months. This was ascribed to an isomer of Bk²⁴⁸ with a half-life greater than 9 y. No growth of Cf²⁴⁸ was detected, and a lower limit for the β⁻ half-life can be set at about 10⁴ y. No alpha activity attributable to the new isomer has been detected; the alpha half-life is probably greater than 300 y."
4. ↑ This is the heaviest nuclide with a half-life of at least four years before the "Sea of Instability".
5. ↑ Excluding those "classically stable" nuclides with half-lives significantly in excess of ²³²Th; e.g., while ^113mCd has a half-life of only fourteen years, that of ¹¹³Cd is nearly eight quadrillion years.
6. ↑ Dicello, J. F.; Gross, W.; Kraljevic, U. (1972). "Radiation Quality of Californium-252". Physics in Medicine and Biology. 17 (3): 345. Bibcode:1972PMB....17..345D. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/17/3/301. 
7. ↑ "Portable Isotopic Neutron Spectroscopy (PINS) for the Military". Frontier Technology Corp. Retrieved 2016-02-24. 
8. ↑ Martin, R. C.; Knauer, J. B.; Balo, P. A. (2000-11-01). "Production, distribution and applications of californium-252 neutron sources". Applied Radiation and Isotopes: Including Data, Instrumentation and Methods for Use in Agriculture, Industry and Medicine. 53 (4-5): 785–792. ISSN 0969-8043. PMID 11003521. doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(00)00214-1. 
9. ↑ "Californium-252 & Antimony-Beryllium Sources". Frontier Technology Corp. Retrieved 2016-02-24. 
10. ↑ Maruyama, Y.; van Nagell, J. R.; Yoneda, J.; Donaldson, E.; Hanson, M.; Martin, A.; Wilson, L. C.; Coffey, C. W.; Feola, J. (1984-10-01). "Five-year cure of cervical cancer treated using californium-252 neutron brachytherapy". American Journal of Clinical Oncology. 7 (5): 487–493. ISSN 0277-3732. PMID 6391143. doi:10.1097/00000421-198410000-00018. 
11. ↑ "Universal Nuclide Chart". nucleonica. (Registration required (help)). 

• Isotope masses from:
  • G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23. 
• Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
  • J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683. 
  • M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary. 
• Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
  • G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23. 
  • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  • N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9. 
• Other