Caiman
| Caimans Temporal range: Paleocene—Present, 60–0 Ma | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Yacare caiman, Caiman yacare | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Crocodilia |
| Family: | Alligatoridae |
| Subfamily: | Caimaninae Brochu, 1999 |
| Type species | |
| Caiman latirostris Daudincrrefwad, 1825 | |
| Genera and Species | |
|
See below | |
A caiman is an alligatorid crocodilian belonging to the subfamily Caimaninae, one of two primary lineages within Alligatoridae, the other being alligators.
Description
Caimans inhabit Central and South America from marshes and swamps to mangrove rivers and lakes. As with other reptiles, caimans have scaly skin and live a fairly nocturnal existence.
They are relatively small sized crocodilians, with an average maximum weight of 6 to 40 kg (13 to 88 lb) depending on species, with the exception of the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), which can grow more than 5 m (16 ft) in length and weigh up to 1,100 kg (2,400 lb). The black caiman is the largest caiman species in the world and is found in the slow-moving rivers and lakes that surround the Amazon basin. The smallest species is the Cuvier's dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus), which grows to 1.2 to 1.5 m (3.9 to 4.9 ft) long. There are six different species of caiman found throughout the watery, jungle habitats of Central and Southern America. The average length for most of the other caiman species is about 2 to 2.5 m (6.6 to 8.2 ft) long.
Caimans are distinguished from alligators, their closest (and more widely known) relatives, by a few defining features: a lack of a bony septum between the nostrils, ventral armour composed of overlapping bony scutes formed from two parts united by a suture, and relatively longer, more slender, teeth than those possessed by alligators. The calcium rivets on its scales make their hides stiffer, and thus less valuable, than that of alligators and crocodiles, both of whose have a similar appearance but are more pliable.[1] Several extinct forms are known, including Purussaurus, a giant Miocene genus that grew to 12 m (39 ft) and the equally large Mourasuchus, which had a wide duck-like snout.[2]
Behaviour
The caiman is a predator and, like the alligator and the crocodile, its diet consists of a great deal of fish. The caiman also hunts insects, birds and small mammals and reptiles.
Due to the large size and ferocious nature of the caiman, it has few natural predators within its environment. Humans are the main predators of the caiman as they have been hunted for their meat and skin. Jaguars are the only other predator of the caiman.
Female caimans build a large nest in which to lay their eggs, which can be more than 1.5 metres wide. Female caimans lay between 10 and 50 eggs which hatch within about 6 weeks. Once they have hatched, the mother caiman takes her young to a shallow pool of water where they can learn how to hunt and swim.
Taxonomy
- Subfamily Caimaninae
- Genus †Centenariosuchus
- Genus †Culebrasuchus
- Genus †Eocaiman
- Genus †Globidentosuchus
- Genus Paleosuchus
- P. palpebrosus, Cuvier's dwarf caiman
- P. trigonatus, smooth-fronted caiman
- Genus †Purussaurus
- Genus †Mourasuchus
- Genus †Necrosuchus
- Genus †Orthogenysuchus
- Genus †Tsoabichi
- Clade Jacarea
- Genus Caiman
- C. yacare, yacare caiman
- C. crocodilus, spectacled caiman
- C. c. apaporiensis, Rio Apaporis caiman
- C. c. fuscus, brown caiman
- †C. lutescens
- †C. venezuelensis
- C. latirostris, broad-snouted caiman
- Genus Melanosuchus
- †M. fisheri
- M. niger, black caiman
- Genus Caiman
Phylogeny
Below is a cladogram modified from Brochu (2011).[3]
| Alligatoridae |
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Below is a cladogram modified from Hastings et al. (2013).[4]
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References
- ↑ Mendal, Abram. "Comparing Exotic Leathers: American Alligator vs. Caiman Skins". Retrieved 2016-12-04.
- ↑ Brochu, C. A. (1999). "Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea". Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir. 6: 9–100. JSTOR 3889340. doi:10.2307/3889340.
- ↑ Brochu, C. A. (2011). "Phylogenetic relationships of Necrosuchus ionensis Simpson, 1937 and the early history of caimanines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 163: S228–S256. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00716.x.
- ↑ Hastings, A. K.; Bloch, J. I.; Jaramillo, C. A.; Rincon, A. F.; MacFadden, B. J. (2013). "Systematics and biogeography of crocodylians from the Miocene of Panama". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 33 (2): 239. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.713814.