Sikorsky H-34

Sikorsky H-34 / S-58
A U.S. Army CH-34
Role Helicopter
Manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft
First flight 8 March 1954
Introduction 1954
Status out of production, still in civilian service
Primary users United States Army
United States Navy
United States Marines
Produced 1954–1970 [1] (Foreign production of derivatives and sub-types continued under license after the Sikorsky production ended.)
Number built 2,108
Developed from Sikorsky S-55
Variants Westland Wessex

The Sikorsky H-34 (company designation S-58) is a piston-engined military helicopter originally designed by American aircraft manufacturer Sikorsky as an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) aircraft for the United States Navy. It has seen extended use when adapted to turbine power by the British licensee as the Westland Wessex and Sikorsky as the later S-58T.

H-34s served, mostly as medium transports, on every continent with the armed forces of twenty-five countries. It saw combat in Algeria, the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and throughout Southeast Asia; other uses included saving flood victims, recovering astronauts, fighting fires, and carrying presidents. It was one of the last piston-powered helicopter designs before its replacement by turbine-powered types such as the UH-1 Huey and CH-46 Sea Knight. A total of 2,108 H-34s were manufactured between 1953 and 1970.[2]

Development

A U.S. Navy HSS-1 with dipping sonar deployed, in 1960.

The Sikorsky S-58 was developed as a lengthened and more powerful version of the Sikorsky Model S-55, or UH-19 Chickasaw, with a similar nose, but with a tail-dragger rear fuselage and landing gear, rather than the high-tail, 4-post pattern. It retained the nose-mounted piston engine with the drive shaft passing through the cockpit placed high above the cargo compartment.

The aircraft first flew on 8 March 1954. The first production aircraft was ready in September and entered in service for the United States Navy initially designated HSS-1 Seabat (in its anti-submarine configuration) and HUS-1 Seahorse (in its utility transport configuration) under the U.S. Navy designation system for U.S. Navy, United States Marine Corps (USMC) and United States Coast Guard (USCG) aircraft. The U.S. Army and Marine Corps, respectively, ordered it in 1955 and 1957. Under the United States Army's aircraft designation system, also used by the United States Air Force, the helicopter was designated H-34. The U.S. Army also applied the name Choctaw to the helicopter. In 1962, under the new unified DoD aircraft designation system, the Seabat was redesignated SH-34, the Seahorse as the UH-34, and the Choctaw as the CH-34.

Roles included utility transport, anti-submarine warfare, search and rescue, and VIP transport. In its standard configuration, transport versions could carry 12 to 16 troops, or eight stretcher cases if utilized in the MedEvac role, while VIP transports carried significantly fewer people in much greater comfort. A small fleet of H-34 helicopters served US Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy from 1958 to 1961 using the call sign Army One.

A total of 135 H-34s were built in the U.S. and assembled by Sud-Aviation in France, 166 were produced under licence in France by Sud-Aviation for the French Air Force, Navy and Army Aviation (ALAT).

The CH-34 was also built and developed under license from 1958 in the United Kingdom by Westland Aircraft as the turboshaft engined Wessex which was used by the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force. The RN Wessex was fitted out with weapons and ASW equipment for use in an antisubmarine role. The RAF used the Wessex, with turboshaft engines, as an air/sea rescue helicopter and as troop transporter. Wessexes were also exported to other countries and produced for civilian use.

Operational history

Algerian War

The helicopters used by the French Army Light Aviation (ALAT), including the Sikorsky H-34, aggregated over 190,000 flying hours in Algeria (over 87,000 for the H-21 alone) and helped to evacuate over 20,000 French combatants from the combat area, including nearly 2,200 at night. By the time the war in Algeria had ended, eight officers and 23 non-commissioned officers from ALAT had given their lives in the course of their duties.

The use of armed helicopters during the Algerian War, coupled with helicopter transports which can insert troops into enemy territory, gave birth to some of the tactics of airmobile warfare that continue today.[3]

Vietnam War

A U.S. Coast Guard HUS-1G in 1960.

French evaluations on the reported ground fire vulnerabilities of the CH-34 may have influenced the U.S. Army's decision to deploy the CH-21 Shawnee to Vietnam instead of the CH-34, pending the introduction into widespread service of the Bell UH-1 Iroquois. U.S. Army H-34s did not participate in Vietnam, and did not fly in the assault helicopter role, however a quantity were supplied to the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. These saw little use due to a lack of spare parts and maintenance.[4]

U.S. Marine Corps UH-34Ds over Mekong Delta.
U.S. Marine Corps UH-34Ds over Vietnam, 1965.

Its higher availability and reliability due to its simplicity compared to the newer helicopters led Marines to ask for it by name. The phrases "give me a HUS", "get me a HUS" and "cut me a HUS" entered the U.S. Marine Corps vernacular, being used even after the type was no longer in use to mean "help me out".[5]

USMC H-34s were also among the first helicopter gunships trialled in theatre, being fitted with the Temporary Kit-1 (TK-1), comprising two M60C machine guns and two 19-shot 2.75 inch rocket pods. The operations were met with mixed enthusiasm, and the armed H-34s, known as "Stingers" were quickly phased out. The TK-1 kit would form the basis of the TK-2 kit used on the UH-1E helicopters of the USMC.

An H-34 was featured in the famous early-Vietnam War Time-Life photo essay "One Ride With Yankee Papa 13", photographer Larry Burrows, which depicted stages of a disastrous combat mission in which several crew were wounded or killed.

Post-Vietnam War

The H-34 remained in service with United States Army and Marine Corps aviation units into the late 1960s; at this time it was also standard equipment in Marine Corps Reserve, Army Reserve and Army National Guard aviation units, eventually being replaced by the UH-1 Iroquois utility helicopter. Sikorsky terminated all production activities in 1968, a total of 1,821 having been built.[6] All H-34 helicopters were retired from service in the U.S. military by the early 1970s; the type having the distinction of being the last piston-engined helicopter to be operated by the Marine Corps. On 3 September 1973, the last flight of a USMC UH-34 occurred as Bureau Number 147191 which had been formally assigned to Headquarters Squadron, FMF Pacific was flown from Quantico, Virginia to MCAS New River to be placed on static display.[7][8]

France

France purchased an initial batch of 134 Choctaws; these were shipped in kit-form from the United States and locally assembled by Sud-Aviation. Later, a further 166 were domestically manufactured by Sud-Aviation; these were operated by the French Army Light Aviation (Army), French Naval Aviation (Navy) and Air force.[9]

Wessex at Ascension Island, 1982

United Kingdom

The Wessex was used as an anti-submarine and utility helicopter with the Royal Navy and as a transport and search and rescue helicopter with the Royal Air Force.

South Vietnam

VNAF CH-34As at Tan Son Nhut.
USMC helicopter in Vietnam.
S-58T of New York Helicopter at 34th Street Helicopter pad in 1987

The H-34 was the primary VNAF helicopter until replaced by the Bell UH-1 Huey.[10]

Israel

Israeli Air Force Sikorsky S-58 (1967)

Israeli S-58s flew numerous combat missions after the end of the Six Days War; these missions were mainly against Palestinians infiltrating Israel or against their bases in Jordan. On 21 March 1968, various S-58s participated in the Battle of Karameh, bringing Israeli troops in and out of the theatre as well as evacuating the wounded. This was the last operation of the S-58 as it was retired shortly later, having been replaced by the newer Bell 205 and Aérospatiale Super Frelon.[11]

Civilian use

Civil S-58T powered by a Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T Twin-Pac turbine power plant

The H-34's lift capacity was just sufficient to lift a Mercury space capsule. In 1961, the hatch of Mercury-Redstone 4 was prematurely detached and the capsule was filled with seawater. The extra weight was too much for the H-34 and the capsule, Liberty Bell 7, was emergency released and sank in deep water,[12] remaining on the ocean floor until 1999.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, S-58T turbine-powered helicopters were operated by New York Helicopters in scheduled passenger airline service between JFK International Airport and East 34th Street Heliport, New York.[13]

Variants

H-34A
U.S. Army version of the HSS-1 powered by a 1,525 hp R-1820-84, re-designated CH-34A in 1962, 359 built and 21 transferred from the U.S. Navy.
JH-34A
Designation for H-34A used for weapon tests.
VH-34A
Staff transport conversions of H-34A.
H-34B
H-34As converted with detail changes, became CH-34B in 1962.
H-34C
H-34B design with detail changes converted from H-34As, became CH-34C in 1962.
JH-34C
Designation for CH-34C used for weapon tests.
VH-34C
Staff transport conversions of CH-34C.
HH-34D
Designation applied to aircraft given USAF serials to be transferred under MAP and MDAP.
LH-34D
HUS-1L re-designated in 1962
UH-34D
HUS-1 re-designated in 1962 and 54 new build.
VH-34D
HUS-1Z re-designated in 1962
UH-34E
HUS-1A re-designated in 1962
HH-34F
HUS-1G re-designated in 1962
YSH-34G
YHSS-1 re-designated in 1962
SH-34G
HSS-1 re-designated in 1962
SH-34H
HSS-1F re-designated in 1962
YSH-34J
SH-34Js on the USS Essex in 1962
YHSS-1N re-designated in 1962
SH-34J
HSS-1N re-designated in 1962
UH-34J
SH-34J without ASW equipment for cargo and training purposes.
HH-34J
Ex-USN UH-34Js operated by the U.S. Air Force
VH-34J
Staff transport conversions of SH-34J.
XHSS-1 Seabat
Three Sikorsky S-58s for evaluation by the U.S. Navy, re-designated YHSS-1 then YSH-34G in 1962.
HSS-1 Seabat
Production Anti-Submarine model for the U.S. Navy, re-designated SH-34G in 1962, 215 built
HSS-1F Seabat
One HSS-1 re-engined with two YT-58-GE as a flying test bed, re-designated SH-34H in 1962.
YHSS-1N Seabat
One HSS-1 converted as the HSS-1N prototype, re-designated YSH-34J in 1962.
HSS-1N Seabat
Night/Bad weather version of the HSS-1 with improved avionics and autopilot, re-designated SH-34J in 1962, 167 built (an addition 75 HSS-1 airframes were built to CH-34C standard for West Germany).
HUS-1 Seahorse
Utility transport version of the HSS-1 for the U.S. Marine Corps, re-designated UH-34D in 1962, 462 built
HUS-1A Seahorse
Forty HUS-1s fitted with amphibious pontoons, re-designated UH-34E in 1962.
HUS-1G Seahorse
United States Coast Guard version of the HUS-1, re-designated HH-34F in 1962, six built.
HUS-1L Seahorse
Four HUS-1s converted for Antarctic operations with VXE-6, re-designated LH-34D in 1962.
HUS-1Z Seahorse
Seven HUS-1s fitted with VIP interior for the Executive Flight Detachment, re-designated VH-34D in 1962.
CH-126
Canadian military designation for the S-58B.
S-58A
Commercial designation for basic cargo variant, certified in 1956
S-58B
Commercial designation for improved cargo variant, certified in 1956
S-58C
Commercial passenger transport/airliner version, certified in 1956
S-58D
Commercial airliner/freighter version, certified in 1961
S-58E
Certified in 1971
S-58F
Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58B.
S-58G
Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58C.
S-58H
Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58D.
S-58J
Certified in 1972 an increased maximum weight variant of the S-58E
S-58T
Commercial conversion to turboshaft power using Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6T-3 Twin-Pac turboshaft with special nose cowling featuring distinctive twin rectangular air intakes, designations relate to original model:
S-58BT
Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58B
S-58DT
Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58D
S-58ET
Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58E
S-58FT
Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58F
S-58HT
Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58H
S-58JT
Turboshaft powered-converstion of the S-58J
Orlando Heli-Camper
RV conversion by Winnebago Industries and Orlando Helicopter, fitted with a Wright Cyclone R-1820-24 engine.[14]
Orlando Airliner
Commercial conversion. 18-seat passenger transport helicopter.
Westland Wessex
Licence production and development in the United Kingdom.

Operators

 Argentina
 Belgium
 Brazil
 Canada
 Chile
 Costa Rica
 Dominican Republic
 France
 West Germany
 Haiti
 Indonesia
 Italy
 Israel
 Japan
 Khmer Republic
Laos Kingdom of Laos
 Netherlands
 Nicaragua
 Philippines
 South Vietnam
 Republic of China
 Thailand
 United States
 Uruguay

Accidents and incidents

Aircraft on display

Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse in National Air and Space Museum
Chile
France
Germany
Netherlands
Thailand
Philippines
United States

Specifications (H-34 Choctaw)

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

Notable appearances in media

See also

Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

Related lists

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "S58 (CH-34, UH-34, VH-34, SH-34, HH-34, S-58A, C, D, S-58T)." Sikorsky Product History. Retrieved: 5 March 2013.
  2. "H-34." Warplanes.net. Retrieved: 30 December 2010.
  3. helicopters during the war in Algeria, Military History
  4. Mesko 1984, pp. 4–6.
  5. Fails 1995, p. 9.
  6. Endres, Günter G. Jane's Helicopter Markets and Systems. Coulsdon, Surrey, UK: Jane's Information Group, 1996. ISBN 978-0-7106-1363-9.
  7. Fails 1995, p. 127.
  8. MARINES AND HELICOPTERS, 1962–1973, pp.127–128, retrieved 9 December 2014.
  9. "Sikorsky H-34 / CH-34 Choctaw."militaryfactory.com. Retrieved: 17 January 2011.
  10. The Vietnamese Air Force, 1951–1975. An Analysis of Its Role in Combat and Fourteen Hours at Koh Tang. Volume 3, USAF Southeast Asia monograph series 4 and 5. Washington D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1985.
  11. Gunston 1982, p. 92.
  12. Wade, Mark. "Mercury MR-4." astronautix.com, 29 April 2009. Retrieved (from archive): 26 July 2011.
  13. Brown, Allan. "S-58ET from New York Helicopter." airliners.net. Retrieved: 17 January 2011.
  14. "The Flying Winnebago".
  15. "H-58." Fuerza Aerea Argentina. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  16. "World Air Forces 1968, p. 48." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "World Air Forces 1968, p. 49." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
  18. Griffin, 1969, p.17
  19. "SH-34J." Armada de Chile. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  20. "Sikorsky-HSS-1N-(S-58A)." Demand media. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  21. "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 332. flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "World Air Forces 1968, p. 51." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
  23. "World Air Forces 1971, p. 928." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  24. "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 346." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  25. "World's Air Forces 2004, p. 65." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  26. "World Air Forces 1968, p. 52." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  27. "World Air Forces 1968, p. 52 (m)." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
  28. "=World Air Forces 1971, p. 932." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  29. "World Air Forces 1968, p. 53." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
  30. "World Air Forces 1968, p. 54." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
  31. "World's Air forces 1981, p. 362." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  32. "Sikorsky H-34 / CH-34 Choctaw - Transport / Close-Support Helicopter - History, Specs and Pictures - Military Aircraft." Militaryfactory.com. Retrieved: 20 January 2014.
  33. "World Air Forces 1968, p. 60."flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 1 March 2013.
  34. "World's Air Forces 1981, p. 377." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  35. "World Air Forces 1968, p. 55." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  36. "Air America: Sikorsky UH-34s (1st series)." utdallas.edu. Retrieved: 10 August 2014.
  37. "US Air Force H-34." Helicopter History Site. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  38. "USCG HH-34.' USCG History. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  39. "World's Air Forces 1987, p. 104." flightglobal.com. Retrieved: 7 March 2013.
  40. "CAA 429 World Airline Accident Summary with reference to Civil Aeronautics Board Aircraft Accident Report SA-357." United Kingdom CAA Document.
  41. Chicago Tribune: Helicopter crash kills Woodridge man
  42. "NTSB Identification: WPR11FA163." ntsb.gov. Retrieved: 26 July 2011.
  43. "Colecciones". Museo Nacional Aeronáutico y del Espacio. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  44. Romero, Álvaro (8 December 2014). "Presentaron al Sikorsky SH-34J Seabat Naval 52". ModoCharlie (in Spanish). ModoCharlie. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  45. Romero, Álvaro (August 2008). "Ilustre desconocido v3.0". ModoCharlie (in Spanish). ModoCharlie. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  46. "Le Sikorsky de Palyvestre." Avions-légendaire.net, 29 July 2012. Retrieved: 22 August 2014. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
  47. "Les Sikorsky H-34 et HSS-1." Les hélicoptères anciens en France, 22 August 2014. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
  48. "Sikorsky S-58 (H-34 G)". Deutsches Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  49. "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 80+73 Marineflieger, c/n 58-1557". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  50. "Sikorsky S-58 (H-34 GIII)". Das Hubschraubermuseum Buckeburg. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  51. "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 81+09 Heeresfliegertruppe, c/n 58-1679". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  52. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky S-58C, s/n B-11 FABe, c/n 58-0356, c/r D-HAUF". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  53. 1 2 "Building 5:Helicopters and last propeller fighter". Royal Thai Air Force Museum. Archived from the original on 26 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  54. "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n H4k-64/30 RTAF, c/n 58-1117, c/r N1170U". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  55. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, c/n 58-1683". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca.
  56. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 153131 USN, c/n 58-1769". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  57. "Helicopters". Evergreen Museum Campus. Evergreen Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  58. "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 138460 USN". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  59. "H-34 Seabat". USS Midway Museum. USS Midway. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  60. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky H-34A Choctaw, s/n 143939 USN, c/n 58-0709". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  61. "SIKORSKY UH-34D "SEA BAT"". Harold F. Pitcairn Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum. Wings of Freedom Aviation Museum. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  62. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky SH-34J Seabat, s/n 145694 USN, c/r N46920". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  63. "Sikorsky LH-34D (S-58) 'Seabat'". New England Air Museum. New England Air Museum. Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  64. "UH-34D SEAHORSE" (PDF). Patriots Point. Patriots Point. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  65. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 147171 USN, c/n 58-1087". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  66. Burns, Sarah (1 August 2013). "Squadron restores pre-Vietnam helicopters". JDNews.com. Jacksonville, North Carolina: GateHouse Media, LLC. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  67. "c/n 58-1142". helis.com. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  68. "SH-34J Sea Horse." Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
  69. "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 148002 USN". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  70. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky S-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 148764 USMC, c/n 58-1315". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  71. "Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse". Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Archived from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  72. Panko, Ray (26 August 2013). "Sikorsky H-34 Choctaw/Seabat/Seahorse". Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  73. "Aircraft". Cavanaugh Flight Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  74. "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 150213 USN". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  75. "Aircraft Listing" (PDF). Flying Leathernecks. Flying Leatherneck Historical Foundation. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  76. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150219 USN, c/n 58-1559". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  77. "H-34 SEABAT/SEAHORSE". National Naval Aviation Museum. Naval Aviation Museum Foundation. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  78. O'Connell, Jim. "Pete VX-6." Radiocom.net. Retrieved: 4 September 2012.
  79. "SIKORSKY UH-34D". Wings & Rotors Air Museum. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  80. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150255 USMC". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  81. "Sikorsky UH-34D". Platinum Fighter Sales. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  82. "UH-34D Seahorse". USS Hornet Sea, Air & Space Museum. USS Hornet. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  83. Kristy, Ben. "Sikorsky UH-34D". National Museum of the Marine Corps. National Museum of the Marine Corps. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  84. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 150570 USN, c/n 58-1699, c/r N19YN". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  85. "Aircraft". Palm Springs Air Museum. Palm Springs Air Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  86. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky UH-34D Seahorse, s/n 154895 USMC, c/n 58-1805". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  87. "Aircraft Inventory". Flight Test Historical Foundation. Flight Test Historical Foundation. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  88. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky S-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 57-1726 USAF". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  89. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 53-4526 US, c/n 58-0088". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  90. "CH-34 "Choctaw"". The California Military Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  91. "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 53-4544 USAF, c/n 58-0106". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  92. "RUSSELL MILITARY MUSEUM EXHIBITS". Russell Military Museum. Russell Military Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  93. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34C Choctaw, s/n 54-0914 US, c/n 58-0194". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  94. "Helicopters". Carolinas Aviation Museum. Carolinas Aviation Museum. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  95. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 55-4496 US, c/n 58-0509". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  96. "c/n 58-509". helis.com. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  97. "Rotary Wing". United States Army Aviation Museum. Army Aviation Museum Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  98. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky VH-34C, s/n 56-4320 US, c/n 58-718". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  99. "Choctaw." Pimaair.org. Retrieved: 13 March 2015.
  100. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34A, s/n 57-1698 USAF, c/n 58-0842, c/r N94485". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  101. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky CH-34C Choctaw, s/n 57-1705 US". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  102. "H-34 Choctaw Helicopter". Pacific Coast Air Museum. Pacific Coast Air Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  103. "Airframe Dossier - SikorskyS-58 / H-34 / HSS / Wessex, s/n 57-1708 USAF, c/n 58-0868". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  104. "THE EXECUTIVE FLIGHT DETACHMENT". US Army Transportation Museum. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  105. "Airframe Dossier - Sikorsky VH-34C, s/n 57-1725 US, c/n 58-0910". Aerial Visuals. AerialVisuals.ca. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  106. Apostolo 1984, p. 84.

Bibliography

  • Apostolo, Giorgio. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Helicopters. New York: Bonanza Books, 1984. ISBN 0-517-439352.
  • Duke, R.A. Helicopter Operations in Algeria [Translated French]. Washington, DC: Dept. of the Army, 1959.
  • Fails, William R. Marines & Helicopters, 1962–1973. Darby, Pennsylvania: Diane Publishing, 1995. ISBN 0-7881-1818-8.
  • Griffin, John A. Canadian Military Aircraft Serials & Photographs 1920–1968. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Queen's Printer, Publication No. 69-2, 1969.
  • Gunston, Bill. An Illustrated Guide To the Israeli Air Force. London: Salamander Books, 1982. ISBN 978-0-668-05506-2.
  • Leuliette, Pierre. St. Michael and the Dragon: Memoirs of a Paratrooper, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1964.
  • Mesko, Jim: Airmobile: The Helicopter War in Vietnam. Carollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1984. ISBN 0-89747-159-8.
  • Riley, David. "French Helicopter Operations in Algeria." Marine Corps Gazette, February 1958, pp. 21–26.
  • Shrader, Charles R. The First Helicopter War: Logistics and Mobility in Algeria, 1954–1962. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1999. ISBN 0-275-96388-8.
  • Spenser, Jay P. Whirlybirds: A History of the U.S. Helicopter Pioneers. Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press, 1998. ISBN 0-295-97699-3.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sikorsky S-58 and Sikorsky H-34.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.