Bulgarian dialects

Map of the Bulgarian dialects within Bulgaria
The yat (*ě) split in the Bulgarian language.
Map of the big yus (*ǫ) isoglosses in Eastern South Slavic and eastern Torlakian according to the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences' atlas from 2001.[1] Pronunciation of man and tooth, derived from proto-words zǫbъ mǫžь on the map:
1. [mɤʃ], [zɤp] (see зъб and ząb)
2. [maʃ], [zap] (see заб)
3. [muʃ], [zup] (see зуб and zub)
4. /mɒʃ/, /zɒp/
5. [mɔʃ], [zɔp] (see zob, mąż)
6. /mæʃ/, /zæp/ (see mężczyzna)
7. [mɤmʃ], [zɤmp]
8. [mamʃ], [zamp]
9. /mɒmʃ/, /zɒmp/ (see ząb)
isogloss clockwise (right or down/left or up of the line)
1. vat- bachva, bochva, etc./bąchva
2.yellow- zhąlt, zhląt, zhąt, etc./zhelt
3. road- pat, put, pot/pąt
4.paw- shąpa, shapa, shaka, etc./shepa
isogloss (clockwise)
1. thirsty- zhąden, zhaden, etc./zheden
2. red- tsraven, tsąrven/cherven, chirven
3. me, you- me, te/mą, tą, etc.
4. white- bel/byal (Yat border)
isogloss (clockwise)
1. meadows- polani/poleni
2. drunk- piyani/piyeni
3. cups- chashi/cheshi
4. caps- shapki/shepki
isogloss (clockwise)
1. frogs- zhabi/zhebi
2. I wait-chekam/chakam,
3.Yat border
isogloss (clockwise)
1. rings- prąstene, prąsteną/prasteni
2. I read- chetem/chetą
3. we read- cheteme, chitami, chetemo, etc./chetem, chitem, etc.
4. Yat border
isogloss (clockwise)
1. leg- noga/krak
2. loom- razboy/stan
3. shirt- koshula/riza
4. hot- zhezhko/goreshto
isogloss (clockwise)
1. don't- nemoy/nedey
2. I- ya, yaz, ye/az
3.he- on/toy
4. Yat border
isogloss (clockwise)
1. meat- méso/mesó
2. I read- chéta, chetem/chetá
3. pick- béri/berí
4. Yat border
Names of Citrullus vulgaris- dinya, lubenica, karpuza, boston
Nanes of Melon- papesh, pipon, kavun, moravec

Bulgarian dialects (Bulgarian: български диалекти, balgarski dialekti, also български говори, balgarski govori or български наречия, balgarski narechiya) are the regional spoken varieties of the Bulgarian language, a South Slavic language. Bulgarian dialectology dates to the 1830s and the pioneering work of Neofit Rilski, Bolgarska gramatika (published 1835 in Kragujevac, Serbia, then Ottoman Empire). Other notable researchers in this field include Marin Drinov, Konstantin Josef Jireček, Lyubomir Miletich, Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan, Stoyko Stoykov.

The dialects of Macedonian were for the most part classified as part of Bulgarian in the older literature.[2][3][4][5][6][7] The Bulgarian linguistics continue to treat it as such in.[8][9][10] Since the second half of the 20th century, foreign authors have mostly adopted the convention of treating these in terms of a separate Macedonian language, following the codification of Macedonian as the literary standard language of Yugoslav Macedonia.[11] However, some contemporary linguists still consider Macedonian as a dialect of Bulgarian.[12][13][14] Macedonian authors in turn tend to treat all dialects spoken in the geographical region of Macedonia as Macedonian, including those spoken in Bulgarian Macedonia.[15] Together with their closest lexical and grammatical relative they comprise the Eastern South Slavic branch. The present article treats all these dialects together, because of their close structural similarity and the fact that many important dialect boundaries intersect both territories.

The Bulgar nation absorbed diverse Slavic tribes and not a particular language. The main isogloss separating the Bulgarian dialects into Eastern and Western is the yat border, marking the different mutations of the Old Bulgarian yat form (ѣ, *ě), pronounced as either /ʲa/ or /ɛ/ to the east (byal, but plural beli in Balkan dialects, "white") and strictly as /ɛ/ to the west of it (bel, plural beli) throughout former Yugoslavia.[8][16] Isoglosses shape three groups. Besides the Eastern and Western dialects, the Rup group of dialects is distinct, which comrpises the Rhodopes and everything southwards from Thessaloniki to Istanbul, although it is an Eastern dialect. The official language derives most often from the northeastern group of dialects nominally based on Veliko Tarnovo dialect. Many Western South Slavic lexical, morphological and phonological isoglosses are present in all Western Bulgarian dialects and rarer in Rup dialects, which peak in Torlakian. Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbian dialects share characteristics far beyond the Torlakian area and beyond the contested territories of the medieval Bulgarian and Serbian states, which are west of Sofia. So, these political entities are not responsible for the transitional features, but they are basically rooted in other type of evolution, likely in a makeup in the contact area of the two sources of Eastern and Western South Slavic tribes. The transitional dialect from Tran shares more similarities with Serbo-Croatian than with Bulgarian.[17] The makeup of the transitional area shows a mix of Eastern and Western South Slavic characteristics found in western Bulgaria, which contact happened in the Balkans assuming the exact location of this area. All isoglosses commonly share gradual borders deep inside the country, but the northeast always don't, which likely means that the contact zone mixed after the settling of the Slavs in the Balkans. In one instance both a and ъ for nasal yus are part of Elin Pelin dialect. Probably one of the words that remain the same on one of the largest areas in Bulgaria is that for night nosht, which is at best rare in other Slavic languages, in which along with the Torlaks in Bulgaria noch means night.

The same diversity of phonetic characteristics of the nosal big yus (*ǫ) isoglosses as a root of the words zab maž, pat, bachva, etc. featuring other vowels than u or o, are likely documented only in Eastern South Slavic and Lechitic dialects. The official pronunciation of a was used in Medieval Polish and is now used in Kashubian. The modern official Polish this is still inscribed with a, but pronounced in number of varieties such as om as preserved in the Kostur dialect or e as in Varna dialect. Present and medieval Lechitic dialects are also likely the only documented speech that would match analogously with the ending of the standard Bulgarian verbs in first person in present tense with yus endings am or a in singular form (1st conj.- cheta "I read"; 2 conj.- slusham "I listen") or in plural form (1st conj.- chetem "we read"; 2nd conj.- slushame "we listen"). In eastern Bulgarian dialects in contrast with the other South Slavic languages, standard Ukrainian and Czech, the unstressed vowel e by palatalization turns into i or ie. The Bulgarian pronouns in third person toy, te are documented in some Ukrainian dialects.

Bulgarian dialects can be divided into the following dialectal groups and individual dialects:[18]

Eastern Bulgarian dialects:

Western Bulgarian dialects:

Among the traditional diaspora:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Кочев (Kochev), Иван (Ivan) (2001). Български диалектен атлас (Bulgarian dialect atlas) (in Bulgarian). София: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. ISBN 954-90344-1-0. OCLC 48368312.
  2. ↑ Mazon, Andre. Contes Slaves de la Macédoine Sud-Occidentale: Etude linguistique; textes et traduction; Notes de Folklore, Paris 1923, p. 4.
  3. ↑ Селищев, Афанасий. Избранные труды, Москва 1968.
  4. ↑ Max Vasmer Die Slaven in Griechenland. Verlag der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1941. Kap. VI: Allgemeines und sprachliche Stellung der Slaven Griechenlands.
  5. ↑ K. Sandfeld, Balkanfilologien (København, 1926, MCMXXVI).
  6. ↑ Konstantin Josef Jireček, Die Balkanvölker und ihre kulturellen und politischen Bestrebungen, Urania, II, Jg. 13, 27. März 1909, p. 195.
  7. ↑ Stefan Verković, Описание быта македонских болгар; Топографическо-этнографический очерк Македонии (Петербург, 1889).
  8. 1 2 Стойков (Stoykov), Стойко (2002) [1962]. Българска диалектология (Bulgarian dialectology) (in Bulgarian). София: Акад. изд. "Проф. Марин Дринов". ISBN 954-430-846-6. OCLC 53429452.
  9. ↑ Institute of Bulgarian Language (1978). Единството на българския език в миналото и днес (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. p. 4. OCLC 6430481.
  10. ↑ Шклифов, Благой. Речник на костурския говор, Българска диалектология, София 1977, с. кн. VІІІ, с. 201–205.
  11. ↑ Friedman, Victor (2001). "Macedonian". In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl. Facts about the World's Languages: an Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. New York: Holt. pp. 435–439.
  12. ↑ Who are the Macedonians?, Hugh Poulton, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 2000, ISBN 1-85065-534-0,p. 116.
  13. ↑ When languages collide: perspectives on language conflict, language competition, and language coexistence, Brian D. Joseph, Ohio State University Press, 2003, p. 281 ISBN 0-8142-0913-0.
  14. ↑ Language profile Macedonian, UCLA International Institute
  15. ↑ isp. Большaя Советская Энциклопедия, tom. 37, Moskva 1938, р 743–744
  16. ↑ Mazon, A. Documents, contes et chansons slaves de l’Albanie du sud. Paris, 1936, 462 p.
  17. ↑ Речник на трънския говор, ISBN 9789549184853
  18. ↑ Per Stoykov.
  19. 1 2 3 Bulgarian dialectology, p. 170
  20. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 171
  21. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 172
  22. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 173
  23. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 174
  24. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 175
  25. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 176
  26. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 179
  27. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 180
  28. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 181
  29. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 182
  30. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 183
  31. ↑ Bulgarian dialectology, p. 184

References

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