Buffalo Bayou

Buffalo Bayou

Buffalo Bayou as it passes by Houston's Memorial Park, May 2014.
Country  United States
State  Texas
County Fort Bend, Harris
Basin features
Main source Junction of Willow Fork and Cane Island Branch
Katy, Texas
29°46′04″N 95°49′33″W / 29.767895°N 95.825756°W / 29.767895; -95.825756
River mouth Galveston Bay
29°45′41″N 95°05′13″W / 29.761408°N 95.086903°W / 29.761408; -95.086903
Basin size 500 square miles (1,300 km2)[1]
Population 440,000
Tributaries
Inland ports Houston Ship Channel, Port of Houston
Physical characteristics
Length 53 miles (85 km)

Buffalo Bayou is a slow-moving river which flows through Houston in Harris County, Texas. Formed some 18,000 years ago, it has its source in the prairie surrounding Katy, Fort Bend County, and flows approximately 53 miles (85 km) east through the Houston Ship Channel into Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. In addition to drainage water impounded and released by the Addicks and Barker reservoirs, the bayou is fed by natural springs, surface runoff, and several significant tributary bayous, including White Oak Bayou, Greens Bayou, and Brays Bayou.

As the principal river of Greater Houston, the Buffalo Bayou watershed is heavily urbanized.[1] Its 102-square-mile (260 km2) direct drainage area contains a population of over 440,000.[2] Including tributaries, the bayou has a watershed area of approximately 500 square miles (1,300 km2).[1]

Route

Map of the Buffalo Bayou and associated watershed

The upper watershed of Buffalo Bayou is impounded by the Addicks and Barker reservoirs, which comprise a major flood control system for the region. The reservoir system plays a crucial role in delaying and attenuating the peak outflow of the river during large rainfall events.[3] Moving eastward, the Buffalo flows under State Highway 6 and into Terry Hershey Park, a linear park which follows the bayou for approximately 6 miles (9.7 km), culminating at Beltway 8.

The bayou meanders around the Memorial Villages between Beltway 8 and Loop 610. This stretch does not contain any public-access parkland or trails.

On the east side of Loop 610, Buffalo Bayou passes along the south side of Memorial Park and the north side of River Oaks Country Club, and is once again accessible to the public. Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens, the former estate of Houston philanthropist Ima Hogg, is located on the north bank of the bayou just east of Memorial Park. After passing under Shepherd Drive, the waterway enters Buffalo Bayou Park, which is bordered on the north by Memorial Drive and the south by Allen Parkway. The park continues for 2.3 miles (3.7 km) to Interstate 45, where it enters Downtown Houston.[4] The bayou flows past Allen's Landing and joins White Oak Bayou before exiting the central business district at Interstate 69. The bayou widens considerably as it travels through the East End, culminating at the Houston Ship Channel.

History

Early settlement

Along with Galveston Island and Galveston Bay itself, Buffalo Bayou was one of the focal points for early Anglo-American settlement in early Texas, first part of the Spanish Empire and then part of Mexico. Early communities began to appear at the beginning of the 19th century, including Lynchburg, Harrisburg, and New Washington (modern Morgan's Point) in the 1820s.[5][6][7] The bayou became important in Texas history when the final battle for Texas Independence was fought along its banks where it merges with the San Jacinto River.[8]

In the 1830s, new communities such as Houston were established along the shoreline.[9] A local entrepreneur named Samuel Allen (unrelated to the founders of Houston) established a large ranch, later known as the Allen Ranch, between Harrisburg and Galveston Bay. Docks at Harrisburg, Houston, and the Allen Ranch gradually became the foundations of what would become the modern Port of Houston.[6][10][11] Harrisburg served as the region's major trade center until the 1870s, when a large fire destroyed its railroad facilities, which were subsequently rebuilt in Houston.[10]

Houston's original docks, today known as Allen's Landing, were established at the foot of Main Street at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou. The first wharves were opened in 1840, and the Port of Houston was established in 1841.[12] This was the most westerly location a small trading schooner could turn around; without extensive dredging, only small vessels could access the city.[13][12] This site is now a public park adjacent to the University of Houston–Downtown.

After the Civil War, which bolstered the local economy, dredging became a more viable option. The Bayou Ship Channel Company began major dredging operations in 1870, and the city began receiving federal aid to complete the project. This first dredging of the Buffalo Bayou was completed in 1876.[12]

Postcard illustration of the Houston Ship Channel Turning Basin north of Magnolia Park, 1914-1924.

By the mid-20th century, the Port of Houston had established itself as the leading port in Texas, eclipsing the natural harbors at Galveston and Texas City.[9] The Turning Basin terminal in Harrisburg (now part of Houston) became the port's largest shipping point. The Texas oil boom of the early 20th century spurred further industrial development.

Extreme floods in the first half of the 20th century, especially in 1929 and 1935, devastated Downtown Houston and resulted in a number of federally-funded flood control projects in the upper reaches of the watershed. The Texas Legislature created the Harris County Flood Control District (HCFCD) in 1937, and by the end of the 1930s, over $35 million ($603 million in 2016 dollars) of federal, state, and county funds had been earmarked for an extensive drainage program.[12] In then-rural western Harris County, the United States Army Corps of Engineers constructed Barker Reservoir, completed in 1945, and Addicks Reservoir, completed in 1948.[14] Combined, these reservoirs provide 410,000 acre-feet of runoff storage, which has largely prevented downstream flood events.[15] Six miles of Buffalo Bayou between present-day Highway 6 and Beltway 8 was channelized during the construction of the reservoirs.[14] Later, between 1953 and 1958, the stretch between Shepherd Drive and Sabine Street west of Downtown was also straightened.[16] The length of bayou between these two channelized sections, which largely runs through the Memorial Villages, has remained in its natural, meandering state.

Modern history and revitalization

In the 1960s, local resident and conservationist Terry Hershey, working with local congressman George H.W. Bush, prevented the federal government from lining the straightened sections of the bayou with concrete. In 1966, Hershey and a number of other homeowners in the Memorial area formed the Buffalo Bayou Preservation Association, which later expanded its mission and became the Bayou Preservation Association. In 1989, Terry Hershey Park, which runs parallel to the bayou between Beltway 8 and Highway 6, was dedicated to her efforts. The bayou is one of the only bayous in Houston to retain its natural riparian ecosystem.

Following the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, Houston sought to address the untreated sewage that was being discharged into the bayous. The city has invested over $3 billion into new sewers, pumping stations, and sewage treatment plants across the metropolitan area, which has significantly improved water quality in the region.[17]

In 1977, Barbours Cut Terminal was opened at Morgan's Point, shifting shipping traffic away from the Turning Basin.

View of Buffalo Bayou looking east toward Downtown Houston from Rosemont Bridge in Buffalo Bayou Park.

In 1986, the Buffalo Bayou Partnership, a nonprofit organization, was founded to leverage public and private financing towards renovating and expanding park space along the river. The Partnership's 2002 Buffalo Bayou Master Plan established a 20-year, $5.6 billion vision for the bayou centered on a series of linear parks through central Houston.[18] The project goals include the rehabilitation of formerly industrial land, habitat restoration, canoeing and kayaking facilities, hike-and-bike trails, cultural programming, flood control management, and mixed-use urban development.

The Partnership has leveraged over $150 million to implement these projects. The Buffalo Bayou Promenade, opened in 2006, is a 23-acre (9.3-hectare) recreation area with 1.4 miles (2.3 km) of hiking and biking trails extending from Sabine Street west of Downtown to Bagby Street in the Theater District. In 2015, the Partnership completed Buffalo Bayou Park immediately to the west of the Promenade, adding another 160 acres (65 hectares) of renovated parkland along a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) stretch. Buffalo Bayou Park, labeled a "signature, verdant downtown gateway" by the Houston Chronicle, includes a dog park, broad lawns, gardens, restaurants, and an art space inside a historic disused cistern. In 2006 the Houston Cistern, managed by the Buffalo Bayou Partnership, started offering historical tours and immersive art exhibits.[19][20][21]

Role of the watershed

Flood control

The Buffalo Bayou watershed is central to the drainage of Houston and Harris County. Lying over relatively impervious soils and very flat topography, the bayou has extensive natural floodplains, as do most Gulf coastal rivers and streams. Urbanization of the watershed has placed thousands of people in vulnerable areas and has affected the frequency and intensity of flood events.[22]

In response to the disastrous flood of 1935, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in association with the Harris County Flood Control District, began an extensive program of reservoir construction, removal of stream-bank vegetation, and channelization to reduce Houston's flooding risk.[23] The two most prominent flood control features in the Buffalo Bayou watershed are the Addicks and Barker reservoirs in western Harris County, which provide a combined 26,000 acres (11,000 hectares) of open land for runoff storage. In recent years, extensive suburban development upstream of the reservoirs has stressed this flood control infrastructure.[24]

Recreation and wildlife

Buffalo Bayou is home to numerous urban parks, including George Bush Park (located entirely within Barker Reservoir), Terry Hershey Park, Memorial Park, Buffalo Bayou Park, and Marron Park in the East End. San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site, the site of the Battle of San Jacinto which ended the Texas Revolution, includes the USS Texas, a museum ship permanently moored near the mouth of the bayou.

The bayou supports a significant population of catfish, sunfish, and bass for recreational fishing.[25]

Water quality

As an urban waterway, Buffalo Bayou is especially vulnerable to low water quality. The condition of the bayou's waters has long been a topic of concern in Houston. During the 19th century, the river essentially functioned as both an open sanitary sewer and a source of drinking water.[17] Industrial and agricultural discharge into the water was a common practice, and the bayou took on a reputation as a "cesspool" with an "unbearable stench."[17] It was not until the early 20th century that the city had the resources to construct sewerage and sewage treatment plants.[17] However, environmental progress was slow, and Buffalo Bayou was still heavily polluted through the late 1940s.[17]

Today, the bayou still faces significant environmental challenges, including elevated levels of indicator bacteria, low oxygen saturation, and heavy nutrient pollution.[26]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Buffalo Bayou". University of Massachusetts. The Ecological Cities Project. 2006. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  2. ↑ "Buffalo Bayou Watershed Overview" (PDF). Harris County Flood Control District. December 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  3. ↑ "Stormwater releases from reservoirs will keep Buffalo Bayou levels higher than normal". Houston Chronicle. 23 April 2016. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  4. ↑ Huber, Kathy (10 May 2013). "What to know about the Buffalo Bayou Park project". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  5. ↑ Lynchburg, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  6. 1 2 Harrisburg, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  7. ↑ Morgan's Point, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  8. ↑ Kemp, L.W.; Kilman, E. (1947). "The Battle of San Jacinto (and the San Jacinto Campaign)". Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas (McKeehan, W.L., 1997-2006.
  9. 1 2 Houston, Texas from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  10. 1 2 Forest, Andrew Muir (2010-06-15). "HARRISBURG, TX". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  11. ↑ Allen Ranch from the Handbook of Texas Online. Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Scardino, Barrie (2003). "H2Ouston". Ephemeral City: Cite Looks at Houston. Houston: University of Texas Press. pp. 25–33. ISBN 0-292-70187-X.
  13. ↑ Kleiner, D. J.: Buffalo Bayou from the Handbook of Texas Online (February 3, 2005)
  14. 1 2 "Riding the Waves of Change: 60 Years of Service" (PDF). Harris County Flood Control District. 1997. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
  15. ↑ Long, Richard K. (2011-06-22). "Addicks and Barker Dams & Reservoirs Flood Release Procedures" (PDF). Houston-Galveston Area Council. United States Army Corps of Engineers. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  16. ↑ "Buffalo Bayou Park Vegetation Management Plan" (PDF). Buffalo Bayou Partnership. October 2004. Retrieved 2017-03-23.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Smyer, Susan (May 2008). "City of Houston Wastewater History" (PDF). City of Houston Department of Public Works and Engineering. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  18. ↑ "Master Plan for Buffalo Bayou and Beyond" (PDF). PlanHouston. Buffalo Bayou Partnership. August 2002. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
  19. ↑ "Buffalo Bayou Park Cistern | Buffalo Bayou Partnership". buffalobayou.org. Retrieved 2017-07-12.
  20. ↑ Glentzer, Molly (2015-10-01). "Buffalo Bayou Park gives Houstonians a new perspective on the city". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
  21. ↑ Gray, Lisa (2012-01-26). "Gray: Buffalo Bayou's dark secret". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-03-11.
  22. ↑ Erdman, John (2016-04-19). "Is Houston America's Flood Capital?". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  23. ↑ Gonzales, J.R. (2015-06-02). "Houston's devastating flood of 1935". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-03-21.
  24. ↑ Chadwick, Susan (2016-05-27). "Dammed if they do, dammed if they don't". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  25. ↑ "Buffalo Bayou Paddling Trail". Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Archived from the original on 2017-03-06. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
  26. ↑ "2016 Basin Summary Report: Buffalo Bayou Above Tidal" (PDF). Houston-Galveston Area Council. 2016. Retrieved 2017-04-05.

Preservation websites

Coordinates: 29°45′50″N 95°04′54″W / 29.7638°N 95.0816°W / 29.7638; -95.0816

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