Post-canonical Buddhist texts
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In Buddhist studies, particularly East Asian Buddhist studies, post-canonical Buddhist texts or Buddhist apocrypha designate texts that are not accepted as canonical by the various traditions of Buddhism.[1] In East Asian Buddhist studies, the term is principally applied to texts that were actually written in East Asia, primarily China, but purport to be translations of Indian texts.[1]
Many of these texts were rejected by Buddhist monks or even banned as of low religious value and mostly have been lost.[2][3][4][5]
Examples
- Awakening of Faith in the Mahayana[6]
- Brahma's Net Sutra[7]
- Amitayurdhyana Sutra (觀無量壽佛經, Kuan wu-liang-shou fo ching)[8]
- Heart Sutra[9][lower-alpha 1]
- High King Avalokiteshvara Sutra
- Humane King Sutra
- Innumerable Meanings Sutra
- Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment[6]
- Sutra of the Heroic March, Śūraṅgama Sūtra (首楞嚴經, Shou-leng-yen ching)[7][lower-alpha 2]
- Sutra of the Original Acts which Adorn the Bodhisattvas (菩薩本業瓔珞經, P'u-sa ying-lo pen-yeh ching)[10]
- Sutra of Adamantine Absorption (金剛三昧經, Kŭmgang sammaegyŏng) – possibly of Korean origin
- Ullambana Sutra
- Sutra on the Conversion of the Barbarians (老子化胡經, Lao-tzu Hua-hu ching)[6]
Collections
- Fragments[11][12][13]
- Sutras found in Dunhuang[14]
- Sutras found in Japan[15][16]
- Folk sutras[17]
- Some Jataka tales
See also
Notes
- ↑ Combination of original Chinese text and excerpts from work translated from Sanskrit, later back-translated into Sanskrit; scholarly consensus, disputed by some authors. See Heart Sutra#Nattier hypothesis.
- ↑ Chinese edition of Indic sources; see Śūraṅgama Sūtra#History.
References
Citations
- 1 2 Muller 1998, p. 63.
- ↑ 臺灣客語勸世文之研究－以〈娘親渡子〉為例
- ↑ 怎样辨别伪经？－外道魔障问答
- ↑ 助印佛经须知
- ↑ 涉嫌封建迷信、邪教、伪经伪书、混淆知见的书籍一览
- 1 2 3 Muller 1998, p. 64.
- 1 2 Muller 1998, p. 69.
- ↑ Muller 1998, p. 68.
- ↑ Nattier, Jan. 'The Heart Sūtra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?'. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Vol. 15 (2), 1992. p. 153-223.
- ↑ Muller 1998, p. 68, 69.
- ↑ 疑經研究─中國佛教中之真經與疑經─
- ↑ 中國佛教偽經研究概述
- ↑ 中國疑偽佛典研究（Ⅰ-Ⅱ）
- ↑ CBETA 數位藏經閣古逸部全、疑似部全T85
- ↑ 七寺古逸経典研究叢書 全6巻
- ↑ The Digital Archives of Old Japanese Buddhist Manuscripts
- ↑ 藏外佛教文獻
Sources
- Muller, Charles (1998). "East Asian Apocryphal Scriptures: Their Origin and Role in the Development of Sinitic Buddhism". Bulletin of Toyo Gakuen University. 6: 63–76.
Bibliography
- Arai, K.; Bando, S.; Cleary, J.C.; Gregory, P.N.; Shih, H. (2005). Apocryphal Scriptures, Berkeley, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, ISBN 1-886439-29-X. (Translations of the Bequeathed Teaching Sutra, the Ullambana Sutra, the Sutra of Forty-two Sections, The Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, and the Sutra on the Profundity of Filial Love)
- Buswell, Robert E.; ed. (1990). Chinese Buddhist Apocrypha, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0585349630
- Buswell, Robert E.; ed. (2003). Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib. ISBN 0028657187
- Epstein, Ron (1976). The Shurangama-Sutra (T. 945): A Reappraisal of its Authenticity, presented at the annual meeting of the American Oriental Society, March 16-18, 1976, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Mizuno, Kogen (1982). Buddhist Sūtras: Origin, Development, Transmission. Tokyo: Kosei Publishing,
- Mochizuki, Shinko, Pruden, Leo M.; trans.; Pure Land Buddhism in China: A Doctrinal History, The Translation of Texts-Spurious Scriptures. In: Pacific World Journal, Third Series Number 3, Fall 2001, pp. 271-275
- Nadeau, Randall L. (1987). The "Decline of the Dharma" in Early Chinese Buddhism, Asian Review volume 1 (transl. of the "Scripture Preached by the Buddha on the Total Extinction of the Dharma")
- Nattier, Jan (1992). 'The Heart Sūtra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?', Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Vol. 15 (2), pp. 153-223
- Swanson, Paul (1998). Apocryphal Texts in Chinese Buddhism. T'ien-t'ai Chih-i's Use of Apocryphal Scriptures: In: Arie Van Debeek, Karel Van Der Toorn (eds.), Canonization and Decanonization, Leiden; Boston: Brill, ISBN 9004112464
- Skilling, Peter (2010). Scriptural Authenticity and the Śrāvaka Schools: An Essay towards an Indian Perspective, The Eastern Buddhist Vol. 41. No. 2, 1-48
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